MasteringA&P CH08 IHW Biol 1020 (2018)

The somatic nervous system is part of the ______.

Efferent division of the PNS

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________.

Either depolarize or hyperpolarize

Which CSF-producing cells line both the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain?

Ependymal cells

The pineal gland is part of which of the following structures?

Epithalamus

Which cerebral processing area integrates sensory information, coordinating access to complex visual and auditory memories?

General interpretive area (Wernicke's area)

Which eye condition is caused by an interference in the normal circulation and reabsorption of aqueous humor leading to greater pressure inside the eye?

Glaucoma

Which of the following events accounts for the fact that individuals over age 60 generally need twice as much light for reading than individuals at age 40?

Gradual loss of rods

Which special sense declines with age due to the thinning of mucous membranes?

Gustation (or taste)

The concentration of ___ is higher outside than inside the cell.

Na+

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell.

Na+ and Cl-

The Na+-K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped?

Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.

Which of the following pathways delivers highly localized sensations of fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception to the primary sensory cortex?

Posterior column pathway

Sensory nuclei are found in which of the following parts of the spinal cord?

Posterior gray horn

sensory nuclei are found in which of the following parts of the spinal cord?

Posterior gray horn

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following fibers form distinct pelvic nerves that innervate intramural ganglia in the kidney, urinary bladder, large intestine, and sex organs?

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.

Presynaptic neuron

Which general sense monitors body position?

Proprioception

Which of the following senses is a general sense?

Proprioception

The spectrum of visible light seen in a rainbow can be remembered by which acronym?

ROY G. BIV

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

The membrane potential of an unstimulated cell is known as its ___________.

Resting membrane potential

Which of the following is not part of the vascular layer of the eye?

Retina

The movement of the stapes at the oval window sends pressure waves into which of the following structures?

Scala vestibuli

Oligodendrocytes are to CNS as ________ are to PNS.

Schwann cells

Which of the following cells cover every axon outside the CNS?

Schwann cells

Spinal nerves from the brachial plexus innervate the

Shoulder girdle and upper limb

Hyperpolarization results from __________.

Slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels

Which of the following systems provides control over skeletal muscle contractions?

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Which of the following pathways delivers proprioceptive information concerning the positions of muscles, bones, and joints to the cerebellar cortex?

Spinocerebellar

Which pathway delivers poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the primary sensory cortex?

Spinothalamic pathway

Which of the following systems is called the "fight or flight" system?

Sympathetic division of ANS

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

Synaptic cleft

Which of the following synapse structures contains neurotransmitters?

Synaptic vesicles

Which tactile receptors, sensitive to fine touch and pressure and low-frequency vibration, are abundant in the eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, and external genitalia?

Tactile (or Meissner) corpuscles

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

Temporal lobe

Which of the following structures acts as a switching and processing center that relays visual information to the brain stem and cerebral cortex?

Thalamic nuclei

Why does the action potential only move away from the cell body?

The areas that have had the action potential are refractory to a new action potential.

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?

The basal nuclei and the midbrain

The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________.

The opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

The receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why?

There would be no possible damage to the spinal cord itself when the needle is inserted into the space

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

They cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

Touch receptors on which of the following areas have the smallest receptive fields?

Tongue

The cranial nerve that has three branches is the

Trigeminal

In the visual pathway, the message must cross how many synapses before it moves toward the brain?

Two

Which of the following structures is not part of the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane

Which of the following tastes is described as corresponding to the taste of beef broth, chicken broth, and Parmesan cheese?

Umami

In which type of cell are the dendrites and axon continuous, with the cell body lying off to one side?

Unipolar neurons

Which of the following groupings of cranial nerves is involved with monitoring taste buds?

VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.

Vagus

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus as well as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder?

Vagus nerve (N X)

Which of the following structures functions to secrete and resorb the aqueous humor?

Vascular layer

Which of the following spinal cord structures contain the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?

Ventral roots

The utricle and saccule are found in which structure?

Vestibule

Descending instructions along which of the following tracts of the spinal cord adjust peripheral muscle tone to complement reflexive neck movements?

Vestibulospinal tract

What is the posterior cavity of the eye filled with?

Vitreous humor

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels?

Voltage-gated NA+ channels

The generation of an action potential in a neuron requires the presence what type of membrane channels?

Voltage-gated channels

Action potentials are generated by the opening and closing of which of the following channels?

Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

Withdrawal

Within moments after jumping into a cold lake, the temperature change no longer seems extreme; this is an example of ___________.

adaptation

During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?

both the electrical and chemical gradients

The cells of the retina that are within a layer adjacent to the posterior cavity and synapse with bipolar cells are __________.

ganglion cells

Which of the following cranial nerves are mixed nerves innervating the tongue and pharynx?

glossopharyngeal (N IX)

As we age, the near point of vision __________.

increases (is farther from the eye)

The somatic nervous system is part of the ____

efferent division of the PNS

The ________ the receptive field, the ________ is the ability to locate a stimulus.

larger; poorer

The patellar reflex is an example of a ___________.

stretch reflex

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found in the ____.

subarachnoid space

The combination of gustation and ___________ is what provides the flavor, or distinctive quality of a particular food or drink.

olfaction

What fluid is found between the membranous and bony labyrinths?

Perilymph

Which meningeal layer is bound firmly to the underlying neural tissue?

Pia mater

In accommodation for close vision, the ciliary muscle is _________, and the lens is __________.

contracted; rounded

Most neurons in the brain are

Multipolar

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called

Multipolar

Which of the following taste sensitivities has survival value because it is a characteristic of many biological toxins?

Bitter

Which nerve plexus serves the pectoral girdle and upper limbs?

Brachial plexus

Which is the most common type of neuron in the CNS?

Multipolar neurons

most common type of neuron in the central nervous system

Multipolar neurons

How does a neurotransmitter move across the synaptic cleft?

By diffusion

Which of the following structures is the most superficial?

Dura mater

The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholinesterase

The ________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

Afferent

Which of the meninges of the brain consists of two fibrous layers?

Dura mater

In its influence over the nervous system, the skeletal system __________.

All of the listed responses are correct. protects the brain provides calcium for neural function protects the spinal cord

The all-or-none principle states that

All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

Which of the following structures links the limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems, and also functions in linking emotions with specific memories?

Amygdaloid bodies

List the three meninges in order, from the outermost to the innermost layer.

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

How is an action potential propagated along an axon?

An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.

Which of the following structures provides the key ingredients and most of the volume of tears?

Lacrimal gland

Which tactile receptors are large and sensitive to deep pressure and pulsing or high-frequency vibrations?

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Which of the following statements regarding age-related sensory changes is true?

Lights must be brighter to see well

Where do the ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division exist?

Located in ganglia near the vertebral column

What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?

100 mV

You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the

Ascending and/or descending tracts

Severe damage to the spinal cord can result in general paralysis that reflects the specific nuclei, tracts, or spinal nerves involved. For example extensive damage at the fourth or fifth cervical vertebral levels will eliminate sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs. The extensive paralysis produced is called quadriplegia. Paraplegia, the loss of motor control of the lower limbs, may follow damage at the thoracic vertebral level. How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

The near point of vision in young adults is generally __________.

15-20 cm

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

Astrocytes

Where does an action potential in a neuron begin?

At the axon hillock

Which of the following structures enables the equalization of pressure on either side of the eardrum (tympanic membrane)?

Auditory tube (or Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube)

Cardiac muscle is an effector of the __________.

Autonomic nervous system

Which nervous system division is also called the "visceral motor system"?

Autonomic nervous system

Which of the following controls involuntary regulation of glandular secretions?

Autonomic nervous system

Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?

Axon hillock

Which of the following is abnormal in the adult?

Babinski sign

Which of the following types of receptors in the digestive and urinary tracts trigger various visceral reflexes?

Baroreceptors

Which of the following events causes the depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane at a cholinergic synapse?

Binding of ACh to sodium channels

Sensory afferent fibers from the taste buds synapse within a nucleus located within which of the following structures?

Medulla oblongata

There are ________ pairs of spinal nerves.

31

Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers?

Medulla oblongata

The resting potential of a neuron is ________.

-70 mV

What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?

-70 mV

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in each vertebral level?

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

The simplest reflex arc is known as which of the following?

A monosynaptic reflex

The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which of the following axons?

A small myelinated axon

Recall that a single axon of a motor neuron may branch to control more than one skeletal muscle fiber (as you saw in Chapter 7: The Muscular System). Each branch ends in an axon terminal that is part of a neuromuscular junction. Each skeletal muscle fiber has only one neuromuscular junction. A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by a neuron to communicate with skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

Unlike neurons, neuroglia are ________.

Capable of cell division

Ascending pathways

Carry sensory information to the brain

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

Central nervous system

Which of the following structures extends laterally from the longitudinal fissure?

Central sulcus

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

Cerebellum

Which of the following is an automatic processing center that controls balance and fine-tuning of learned movements?

Cerebellum

Which structure functions to adjust the postural muscles of the body to maintain balance, and consciously and unconsciously fine-tunes movements?

Cerebellum

Which of the following structures secrete a waxy substance that helps prevent the entry of foreign objects and insects into the ear?

Ceruminous glands

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.

Chemically gated; postsynaptic

What type of receptors monitoring concentations of hydrogen ions are found within the carotid bodies and aortic bodies?

Chemoreceptors

Which of the following pathways is sometimes called the "pyramidal system?"

Corticospinal pathway

Which of the following structures convey motor commands into the spinal cord?

Descending tracts

Which neuronal pool occurs when information spreads from one neuron to several neurons?

Divergence

The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain. It is the site where conscious thought and intellectual functions originate. Disorders of the cerebrum can affect the ability to perform daily intellectual tasks, for example speaking, reading and motor control. Aphasia is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read and is often the result of a severe stroke or tumor that affects a large area of the cerebral cortex, including the speech and language areas. Dyslexia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words. A seizure is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behavior. Much of our conscious and intellectual functions reside in the cortex of the cerebrum. What is the name of the folds or convolutions that are found on the cerebral cortex and expand its surface area?

Gyri

The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called

Horns

Axons leaving the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach which of the following locations?

Hypothalamus and limbic system

Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles acts to move the eye both superiorly and laterally?

Inferior oblique

Which portion of a photoreceptor contains typical cellular organelles and forms synapses with other cells?

Inner segment

Which cells are responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor activity within the CNS?

Interneurons

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

Ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

The concentration of ___ is higher inside than outside the cell.

K+

The membrane is more permeable to ___.

K+

The resting membrane potential is maintained by Na+-K+ pumps that actively transport ___ into ___ out of the cell.

K+, Na+

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.

K+; Na+

Another name for the patellar reflex is the

Knee-jerk reflex

Which of the following contains glands that produce thick secretions that contribute to the gritty deposits occasionally found after a night's sleep?

Lacrimal caruncle

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release which of the following neurotransmitters?

Norepinephrine

Four of the six extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve?

Oculomotor (N III)

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to more than one extrinsic muscle that moves the eye?

Oculomotor nerve (N III)

Which of the following provides us with the sense of smell?

Olfactory organs

Demyelination is the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The result is a gradual loss of sensation and motor control that leaves affected body regions numb and paralyzed. One demyelination disorder is multiple sclerosis. What is the name of the glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes

Which cranial nerve can be classified as a special sensory nerve?

Optic nerve (N II)

What is the name of the calcium carbonate crystals found in the maculae of the vestibule?

Otoliths

Recall that sensory receptors are present in the dermis and deeper layers of the epidermis (as you saw in Chapter 5: The Integumentary System). Dermal nerve fibers monitor these sensory receptors, which provide sensations of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. What is the name of the dermal layer that consists of areolar tissue that contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin?

Papillary

The central canal of the spinal cord is filled with ____________.

cerebrospinal fluid

The exposed knob of each olfactory receptor cell provides a base for __________ that extend into the surrounding mucus.

cilia-shaped dendrite

Nissl bodies are __________.

clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes

A mixed nerve

contains both sensory (affarent) & motor (efferent) neurons

The chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors are called __________

odorants

An action potential jumps from node to node in ___________.

saltatory propagation