MasteringA&P CH08 IHW Biol 1020 (2018)
The somatic nervous system is part of the ______.
Efferent division of the PNS
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________.
Either depolarize or hyperpolarize
Which CSF-producing cells line both the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain?
Ependymal cells
The pineal gland is part of which of the following structures?
Epithalamus
Which cerebral processing area integrates sensory information, coordinating access to complex visual and auditory memories?
General interpretive area (Wernicke's area)
Which eye condition is caused by an interference in the normal circulation and reabsorption of aqueous humor leading to greater pressure inside the eye?
Glaucoma
Which of the following events accounts for the fact that individuals over age 60 generally need twice as much light for reading than individuals at age 40?
Gradual loss of rods
Which special sense declines with age due to the thinning of mucous membranes?
Gustation (or taste)
The concentration of ___ is higher outside than inside the cell.
Na+
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell.
Na+ and Cl-
The Na+-K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped?
Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.
Which of the following pathways delivers highly localized sensations of fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception to the primary sensory cortex?
Posterior column pathway
Sensory nuclei are found in which of the following parts of the spinal cord?
Posterior gray horn
sensory nuclei are found in which of the following parts of the spinal cord?
Posterior gray horn
Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following fibers form distinct pelvic nerves that innervate intramural ganglia in the kidney, urinary bladder, large intestine, and sex organs?
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.
Presynaptic neuron
Which general sense monitors body position?
Proprioception
Which of the following senses is a general sense?
Proprioception
The spectrum of visible light seen in a rainbow can be remembered by which acronym?
ROY G. BIV
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
The membrane potential of an unstimulated cell is known as its ___________.
Resting membrane potential
Which of the following is not part of the vascular layer of the eye?
Retina
The movement of the stapes at the oval window sends pressure waves into which of the following structures?
Scala vestibuli
Oligodendrocytes are to CNS as ________ are to PNS.
Schwann cells
Which of the following cells cover every axon outside the CNS?
Schwann cells
Spinal nerves from the brachial plexus innervate the
Shoulder girdle and upper limb
Hyperpolarization results from __________.
Slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels
Which of the following systems provides control over skeletal muscle contractions?
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Which of the following pathways delivers proprioceptive information concerning the positions of muscles, bones, and joints to the cerebellar cortex?
Spinocerebellar
Which pathway delivers poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the primary sensory cortex?
Spinothalamic pathway
Which of the following systems is called the "fight or flight" system?
Sympathetic division of ANS
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the
Synaptic cleft
Which of the following synapse structures contains neurotransmitters?
Synaptic vesicles
Which tactile receptors, sensitive to fine touch and pressure and low-frequency vibration, are abundant in the eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, and external genitalia?
Tactile (or Meissner) corpuscles
The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the
Temporal lobe
Which of the following structures acts as a switching and processing center that relays visual information to the brain stem and cerebral cortex?
Thalamic nuclei
Why does the action potential only move away from the cell body?
The areas that have had the action potential are refractory to a new action potential.
Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?
The basal nuclei and the midbrain
The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________.
The opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,
The receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why?
There would be no possible damage to the spinal cord itself when the needle is inserted into the space
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,
They cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
Touch receptors on which of the following areas have the smallest receptive fields?
Tongue
The cranial nerve that has three branches is the
Trigeminal
In the visual pathway, the message must cross how many synapses before it moves toward the brain?
Two
Which of the following structures is not part of the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
Which of the following tastes is described as corresponding to the taste of beef broth, chicken broth, and Parmesan cheese?
Umami
In which type of cell are the dendrites and axon continuous, with the cell body lying off to one side?
Unipolar neurons
Which of the following groupings of cranial nerves is involved with monitoring taste buds?
VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)
Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.
Vagus
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus as well as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder?
Vagus nerve (N X)
Which of the following structures functions to secrete and resorb the aqueous humor?
Vascular layer
Which of the following spinal cord structures contain the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?
Ventral roots
The utricle and saccule are found in which structure?
Vestibule
Descending instructions along which of the following tracts of the spinal cord adjust peripheral muscle tone to complement reflexive neck movements?
Vestibulospinal tract
What is the posterior cavity of the eye filled with?
Vitreous humor
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels?
Voltage-gated NA+ channels
The generation of an action potential in a neuron requires the presence what type of membrane channels?
Voltage-gated channels
Action potentials are generated by the opening and closing of which of the following channels?
Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels
Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.
Withdrawal
Within moments after jumping into a cold lake, the temperature change no longer seems extreme; this is an example of ___________.
adaptation
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?
both the electrical and chemical gradients
The cells of the retina that are within a layer adjacent to the posterior cavity and synapse with bipolar cells are __________.
ganglion cells
Which of the following cranial nerves are mixed nerves innervating the tongue and pharynx?
glossopharyngeal (N IX)
As we age, the near point of vision __________.
increases (is farther from the eye)
The somatic nervous system is part of the ____
efferent division of the PNS
The ________ the receptive field, the ________ is the ability to locate a stimulus.
larger; poorer
The patellar reflex is an example of a ___________.
stretch reflex
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found in the ____.
subarachnoid space
The combination of gustation and ___________ is what provides the flavor, or distinctive quality of a particular food or drink.
olfaction
What fluid is found between the membranous and bony labyrinths?
Perilymph
Which meningeal layer is bound firmly to the underlying neural tissue?
Pia mater
In accommodation for close vision, the ciliary muscle is _________, and the lens is __________.
contracted; rounded
Most neurons in the brain are
Multipolar
Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called
Multipolar
Which of the following taste sensitivities has survival value because it is a characteristic of many biological toxins?
Bitter
Which nerve plexus serves the pectoral girdle and upper limbs?
Brachial plexus
Which is the most common type of neuron in the CNS?
Multipolar neurons
most common type of neuron in the central nervous system
Multipolar neurons
How does a neurotransmitter move across the synaptic cleft?
By diffusion
Which of the following structures is the most superficial?
Dura mater
The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholinesterase
The ________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.
Afferent
Which of the meninges of the brain consists of two fibrous layers?
Dura mater
In its influence over the nervous system, the skeletal system __________.
All of the listed responses are correct. protects the brain provides calcium for neural function protects the spinal cord
The all-or-none principle states that
All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
Which of the following structures links the limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems, and also functions in linking emotions with specific memories?
Amygdaloid bodies
List the three meninges in order, from the outermost to the innermost layer.
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
How is an action potential propagated along an axon?
An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.
Which of the following structures provides the key ingredients and most of the volume of tears?
Lacrimal gland
Which tactile receptors are large and sensitive to deep pressure and pulsing or high-frequency vibrations?
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Which of the following statements regarding age-related sensory changes is true?
Lights must be brighter to see well
Where do the ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division exist?
Located in ganglia near the vertebral column
What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?
100 mV
You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the
Ascending and/or descending tracts
Severe damage to the spinal cord can result in general paralysis that reflects the specific nuclei, tracts, or spinal nerves involved. For example extensive damage at the fourth or fifth cervical vertebral levels will eliminate sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs. The extensive paralysis produced is called quadriplegia. Paraplegia, the loss of motor control of the lower limbs, may follow damage at the thoracic vertebral level. How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
The near point of vision in young adults is generally __________.
15-20 cm
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
Astrocytes
Where does an action potential in a neuron begin?
At the axon hillock
Which of the following structures enables the equalization of pressure on either side of the eardrum (tympanic membrane)?
Auditory tube (or Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube)
Cardiac muscle is an effector of the __________.
Autonomic nervous system
Which nervous system division is also called the "visceral motor system"?
Autonomic nervous system
Which of the following controls involuntary regulation of glandular secretions?
Autonomic nervous system
Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
Axon hillock
Which of the following is abnormal in the adult?
Babinski sign
Which of the following types of receptors in the digestive and urinary tracts trigger various visceral reflexes?
Baroreceptors
Which of the following events causes the depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane at a cholinergic synapse?
Binding of ACh to sodium channels
Sensory afferent fibers from the taste buds synapse within a nucleus located within which of the following structures?
Medulla oblongata
There are ________ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers?
Medulla oblongata
The resting potential of a neuron is ________.
-70 mV
What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?
-70 mV
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in each vertebral level?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
The simplest reflex arc is known as which of the following?
A monosynaptic reflex
The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which of the following axons?
A small myelinated axon
Recall that a single axon of a motor neuron may branch to control more than one skeletal muscle fiber (as you saw in Chapter 7: The Muscular System). Each branch ends in an axon terminal that is part of a neuromuscular junction. Each skeletal muscle fiber has only one neuromuscular junction. A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by a neuron to communicate with skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
Unlike neurons, neuroglia are ________.
Capable of cell division
Ascending pathways
Carry sensory information to the brain
The brain and spinal cord comprise the
Central nervous system
Which of the following structures extends laterally from the longitudinal fissure?
Central sulcus
Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the
Cerebellum
Which of the following is an automatic processing center that controls balance and fine-tuning of learned movements?
Cerebellum
Which structure functions to adjust the postural muscles of the body to maintain balance, and consciously and unconsciously fine-tunes movements?
Cerebellum
Which of the following structures secrete a waxy substance that helps prevent the entry of foreign objects and insects into the ear?
Ceruminous glands
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.
Chemically gated; postsynaptic
What type of receptors monitoring concentations of hydrogen ions are found within the carotid bodies and aortic bodies?
Chemoreceptors
Which of the following pathways is sometimes called the "pyramidal system?"
Corticospinal pathway
Which of the following structures convey motor commands into the spinal cord?
Descending tracts
Which neuronal pool occurs when information spreads from one neuron to several neurons?
Divergence
The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain. It is the site where conscious thought and intellectual functions originate. Disorders of the cerebrum can affect the ability to perform daily intellectual tasks, for example speaking, reading and motor control. Aphasia is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read and is often the result of a severe stroke or tumor that affects a large area of the cerebral cortex, including the speech and language areas. Dyslexia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words. A seizure is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behavior. Much of our conscious and intellectual functions reside in the cortex of the cerebrum. What is the name of the folds or convolutions that are found on the cerebral cortex and expand its surface area?
Gyri
The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called
Horns
Axons leaving the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach which of the following locations?
Hypothalamus and limbic system
Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles acts to move the eye both superiorly and laterally?
Inferior oblique
Which portion of a photoreceptor contains typical cellular organelles and forms synapses with other cells?
Inner segment
Which cells are responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor activity within the CNS?
Interneurons
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,
Ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
The concentration of ___ is higher inside than outside the cell.
K+
The membrane is more permeable to ___.
K+
The resting membrane potential is maintained by Na+-K+ pumps that actively transport ___ into ___ out of the cell.
K+, Na+
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.
K+; Na+
Another name for the patellar reflex is the
Knee-jerk reflex
Which of the following contains glands that produce thick secretions that contribute to the gritty deposits occasionally found after a night's sleep?
Lacrimal caruncle
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a
Neurotransmitter
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release which of the following neurotransmitters?
Norepinephrine
Four of the six extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve?
Oculomotor (N III)
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to more than one extrinsic muscle that moves the eye?
Oculomotor nerve (N III)
Which of the following provides us with the sense of smell?
Olfactory organs
Demyelination is the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The result is a gradual loss of sensation and motor control that leaves affected body regions numb and paralyzed. One demyelination disorder is multiple sclerosis. What is the name of the glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
Which cranial nerve can be classified as a special sensory nerve?
Optic nerve (N II)
What is the name of the calcium carbonate crystals found in the maculae of the vestibule?
Otoliths
Recall that sensory receptors are present in the dermis and deeper layers of the epidermis (as you saw in Chapter 5: The Integumentary System). Dermal nerve fibers monitor these sensory receptors, which provide sensations of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. What is the name of the dermal layer that consists of areolar tissue that contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin?
Papillary
The central canal of the spinal cord is filled with ____________.
cerebrospinal fluid
The exposed knob of each olfactory receptor cell provides a base for __________ that extend into the surrounding mucus.
cilia-shaped dendrite
Nissl bodies are __________.
clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes
A mixed nerve
contains both sensory (affarent) & motor (efferent) neurons
The chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors are called __________
odorants
An action potential jumps from node to node in ___________.
saltatory propagation
