Mastication/swallowing/ hearing

The basilar membrane is anchored to the

spiral lamina.

the ____________ muscle pulls the stapes posteriorly

stapedius

apneic period

temporary suspension of breathing

Each inner hair cell innervates as many as ten VIII nerve fibers, referred to as

"many-to-one" innervation.

each outer hair cell shares its innervation with ten other outer hair cells, all being innervated by the same VIII nerve fiber

"one-to-many" innervation

Bitter tastes are mediated by the _______________ nerve (which, by the way, also controls the gag, retch, and vomit reflexes)

(IX) glossopharyngeal

The anterior tongue sensation strongly favors your favorite tastes: sweet, sour, and salty. The _________ nerve mediates this information

(VII) facial

The _________ nerve mediates taste sense from the region of the epiglottis

(X) vagus

As a little primer to the issue of dysphagia, realize that the goals of dysphagia therapy are

(a) to keep the patient safe from aspiration of food or liquid, (b) to maintain adequate caloric intake, and (c) to provide the best possible quality of life.

DIVA model of speech production

- Directions Into Velocities of Articulation - Explains learning and ability to compensate for perturbations to the system - Used to pinpoint regions of the brain important for speech for neural implants

INTRACELLULAR RESTING POTENTIAL

-found within the hair cells -Reveals negative potential difference between endolymph and hair cell of 70 mV

How many outer hair cells are there?

12,000

The intracellular resting potential is ___ mV.

150

The lever advantage results in an improvement of about ___ dB.

2

The area ratio between the tympanic membrane and the oval window provides a ______ dB gain, and the lever advantage gives a ______ dB gain

25 2

How many rows of outer hair cells are there?

3

The cochlea coils makes just less than ___ turns from base to apex.

3

How many inner hair cells are there

3500

The scala media is about ___ mV more positive than the scala vestibuli.

80

The auditory tube is the sole means of bringing oxygen to the middle ear space. This process is known as

AERATION.

The semicircular canals all open onto the vestibule by means of __________

APERTURES.

The pinna is also called the

AURICLE.

___________ neurons slowly increase in firing rate through the initial stages of firing.

Build-up

These taste buds are _________________, in that they process a chemical quality of the molecule of food you've eaten.

CHEMORECEPTORS

the DEEP PART of the intermediate layer is made up of _________________ that are mostly found in the periphery of the membrane.

CIRCULAR FIBERS

Because ions don't travel between the scala media and the scala tympani, or between the scala media and scala vestibuli, there are __________________ DIFFERENCES among those spaces.

COCHLEAR POTENTIAL

The primary purpose of the pinna is to

COLLECT SOUND.

The vertical canals (anterior and posterior semicircular canals) share an aperture, the __________________

CRUS COMMUNE.

The ________ reflex involved rotary motion of the muscles of mastication

Chewing

_____________ responses do not appear related to stimulus frequency, but appear to respond with a periodic, chopped temporal pattern as long as a tone is present.

Chopper

The ________ reflex involves contracting the muscles of addiction and forcefully blowing them open to expel foreign matter from the respiratory passageway

Cough

DIVA stands for

Directions Into Velocities of Articulation

the difference in voltage between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces is called the

ENDOCOCHLEAR POTENTIAL.

The fluid in the inner labyrinth is called

ENDOLYMPH

The auditory tube also ______________ differences between the atmosphere and the middle ear space

EQUALIZES PRESSURE

the INTERMEDIATE LAYER of the EAM is also called the

FIBROUS LAYER.

____ muscles have muscle spindles

Facial

Muscle tension is sensed by ___________________, found within tendons and fascia.

GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (GTO)

the ratio of force to displacement is called

IMPEDANCE

The fluid is stiffer, more resistant to input of energy; this kind of resistance is called

IMPEDANCE.

The modiolus is continuous with the ____________________ of temporal bone.

INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

Taste from the posterior one third of the tongue is mediated by the ____ cranial nerve.

IX glossopharyngeal

The _______ later of the tympanic membrane is made up primarily of radiating fibers

Intermediate

This is part of the vestibular system that helps you perceive your body's position in space.

LATERAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL.

the pinna helps to ___________ sound in space and to __________ sound energy.

LOCALIZE capture

The corpus or body of the incus articulates with the head of the malleus by means of the MALLEOLAR FACET; this forms the

MALLEOINCUDAL JOINT.

The handle or _______________ of the malleus is a long process that provides the point of attachment of the malleus to the tympanic membrane.

MANUBRIUM

physical qualities of the basilar membrane:

MASS, WIDTH, and STIFFNESS.

The sense of touch is mediated by means of a number of _______________, which are sensors that are sensitive to physical contact.

MECHANORECEPTORS

Glabrous skin contains _________________ and _________________

MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES MERKEL DISK RECEPTORS.

The core of the osseous labyrinth is the

MODIOLUS.

The INNER LAYER of the tympanic membrane is also called the

MUCOUS LAYER.

Muscle stretch is sensed by __________________, which consist of nuclear chain fibers and nuclear bag fibers within muscle tissue itself.

MUSCLE SPINDLE FIBERS

Corpuscles reasons to minute mechanical movements in the superficial epithelia

Meissner's

____ in superficial tissue respond to pressure.

Merkel Disk Receptors

Receptors transmit the sense of pressure within the superficial epithelia

Merkel disk

The sublingual glands release _______ into the anterior oral cavity

Mucus

Muscle stretch is sensed by

Muscle spindles

The head and manubrium of the malleus are separated by the

NECK.

the moving part in the utricle and saccule is a membrane containing little bone-like crystals called

OTOLITHS

Refers to the sense of smell

Olfaction

__________ responses are those in which there is an initial response to onset of a stimulus, followed by silence.

Onset

The _________ serves the function of sound collection

Outer ear

Deeper cutaneous tissues contain _____________ and cells with the ___________

PACINIAN CORPUSCLES RUFFINI ENDING

The ______________ is located posterior to the mandibular ramus and superior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and secretions from it empty into the pharynx.

PAROTID GLAND

Saliva is produced by three major glands

PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, and SUBLINGUAL GLANDS.

The outer fluid is called

PERILYMPH

The _____________ canal is oriented roughly parallel to the length of the temporal bone.

POSTERIOR

Responds to rapid deep pressure

Pacinian corpuscles

The SUPERFICIAL PART of the intermediate layer is composed of fibers that ____________ out from the handle of malleus to the periphery.

RADIATE

_______________________ separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media.

REISSNER'S MEMBRANE

The ________ or _________ POTENTIALS are those voltage potential differences that can be measured from the cochlea at rest

RESTING OR STANDING

Cells with ___ endings sense stretch within the deep layers of the epithelium

Ruffini

The cochlear duct resides between the scala vestibuli and tympani. It is called the

SCALA MEDIA

The cochlea performs _____________ , causing different frequency components of the sound to stimulate different hair cells by mechanical means.

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

The ____________ muscle is embedded in the bone of the posterior wall of the middle ear. Its tendon emerges from the _________________ in the middle ear space.

STAPEDIUS STAPEDIAL PYRAMID

Each receptor cell has about 50 HAIR CELLS or __________ protruding from it.

STEREOCILIA

The ________________ is above the mylohyoid muscle.

SUBLINGUAL GLAND

Refers to the production and release of saliva into the oral caviry

Salivation

The parotid glands release _________ into the posterior oral cavity

Serous

five basic tastes of the palate

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.

________________ look the same as pain sensors, in that they are bare nerve endings.

THERMAL RECEPTORS

The ___________________ of the cochlea is clearly relayed to the auditory nervous system in the form of individual nerve fiber activation.

TONOTOPIC ARRAY

The hearing system can be considered as a ________________, converting _____________ ENERGY into __________________ ENERGY.

TRANSDUCER, ACOUSTIC ELECTROCHEMICAL

Why doesn't the traveling wave excite areas beyond its point of maximum excursion?

The wave very quickly damps down after that point, so there is only one truly strong point of disturbance from the traveling wave.

The tympanic membrane is made up of ________ layers of tissue

Three

Notice that the taste pore is open to the surface of the tongue and that it is covered with saliva. _______________ protrude up from the taste bud.

Tiny microvilli (hairs)

This closure, by the constriction of the cricopharyngeus muscles, is the

UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (UES).

The _______ is a landmark produced by the most distal part of the manubrium malli

Umbo

The __________ reflex involves elevation of the soft palate

Uvular (palatal)

oral chemesthetic sensations are mediated by the ______ cranial nerve

V Trigeminal

Touch, pressure, thermal sense, pain sense, and joint and tendon sense of the face and oral cavity are primarily mediated by the

V trigeminal nerve, (although IX glossopharyngeal and X vagus also have pathways associated with these sensations)

The _______________ is the common linkage among the three semicircular canals

VESTIBULE

The OVAL WINDOW, which is where the stapes inserts into the labyrinth, can be seen in the lateral wall of the

VESTIBULE.

The taste of bitterness is predominantly mediated by the ________ cranial nerve

VII facial

The taste of sourness and saltiness is predominantly mediated by the ________ cranial nerve

VII facial

The taste of sweetness is predominantly mediated by the ________ cranial nerve

VII facial

taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue is mediated by the ________ cranial nerve

VII facial

Salivary glands are activated by stimulation of taste receptors (anterior 2/3 of tongue) by means of the

VII facial nerve.

Primary-like responses are those firing patterns that most resemble ________ nerve responses.

VIII

Fibers of the _______________________ pass through the perforations en route to ganglion cells within the modiolus.

VIII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE

The _______ reflex involves evacuation of the contents of the stomach

Vomit

There are four classes of thermal stimulation that are differentiated by human senses:

Warm, hot, cool, and cold.

Taste form the epiglottis and esophagus is mediated by the _______ cranial nerve

X Vagus

Oral Stage of Swallow

You elevate your tongue to approximate the alveolar ridge, and then you squeeze the bolus back as you also propel your tongue back.

Serous saliva is much thinner in consistency and serves as

a lubricant to the bolus.

The ear converts ___ energy into ___ energy.

acoustic; electrochemical

When the basilar membrane is displaced "upwardly" (toward the scala vestibuli), the hair cells are

activated.

The tympanic membrane follows the vibrations of the incoming ______ molecules; but the cochlea contains fluid, not air.

air

The liquid-filled cochlea has a higher impedance than the

air-filled canal.

The ___ houses the sensory organ of each semicircular canal.

ampulla

The ___ of each semicircular canal houses the sensory mechanism for that canal.

ampulla

The ___ canal senses lateral head movement, as in tilting your head side-to-side.

anterior

The ___ canal senses movement along the sagittal plane, as in nodding "yes".

anterior

the lower frequency information reaches its peak near the

apex (right side).

Low-frequency sound will cause the traveling wave to "break" closer to the

apex.

Low-frequency sound is favored by the ___________ of the basilar membrane.

apical end

___ refers to the PROCESSES associated with HEARING.

audition

Feedback systems include

auditory information tactile kinesthetic feedback feedback from external sources

The ___ conveys and further processes that signal.

auditory pathway

The auditory mechanism consists of which four components?

auditory pathway, outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Reflexes provide the basis for what will later become voluntary muscular activity, and provide the infant with a marvelous set of

automated protective and nutritive responses.

The traveling wave for high frequency information will peak toward the

basal end (left side)

High-frequency stimulation is processed at the ___ of the cochlea.

base

the basilar membrane is less stiff at the apex than at the

base

The basilar membrane is more massive at the apex than the

base.

The ORGAN OF CORTI rests on the __________ membrane.

basilar

the organ of corti rests on the

basilar membrane

the _______ region of the auditory cortex surrounds the core area for auditory reception

belt

The superior olivary complex (SOC) is the first site of

binaural interaction.

A _____ is a collection of food or liquid that is swallowed.

bolus

refers to a "ball" of food or drink

bolus

List seven of the critical elements of the pharyngeal stage of deglutition.

bolus enters oropharynx velum elevates larynx elevates vocal folds adduct epiglottis inverts to protect airway tongue contacts posterior pharyngeal wall upper esophageal sphincter opens pharynx contracts with peristaltic action

___ neurons slowly increase in firing rate through the initial stages of firing.

build-up

The ___ interprets the signal.

cerebral cortex

the _____________ frequency of a neuron is the frequency to which it responds best

characteristic

is the class of receptors that respond to chemical stimulation

chemoreceptor

___ responses do not appear related to stimulus frequency, but appear to respond with a periodic, chopped temporal pattern as long as a tone is present.

chopper

High muscle tone resulting from muscle spindle disinhibition may result in _____________ response to passive stretching.

clasp-knife

Which structure houses the sensory organ for hearing?

cochlea

The ___ is an AC potential that directly follows stimulation of the hair cell.

cochlear microphonic

The ___ is the first way station in the auditory pathway.

cochlear nucleus

The ___ is the result of the tension arising from attachment of the manubrium to the tympanic membrane.

cones of light

The "high road" within the neural circuit passes information from sensors through the nucleus solitarius of the brainstem, to the thalamus, and finally to the insula where the senses are perceived

consciously.

List the four classes of thermal receptors that mediate thermal events

cool, cold, warm, hot

the ______ of the auditory cortex is responsible for primary reception of the auditory signal and is divided into three portions

core

The _____ muscle is the muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter.

cricopharyngeus

The esophagus carries food down to the stomach. It can be closed at the top end by constriction of the _____________________, which wraps around the larynx and esophagus

cricopharyngeus muscle

A ___ is found in each ampulla. This is the sensory organ.

crista ampularis

stimulation of the ________________________ bundle and the ______________________ bundle reduces the firing rate of neurons innervated by them.

crossed-olivocochlear uncrossed-olivocochlear

the ___ overlays each crista ampularis.

cupola

The outer layer of the tympanic membrane is called the ___ layer.

cuticular

The OUTER LAYER of the EAM is a continuation of the epithelial lining of the EAM and pinna. it is called the

cuticular layer

refers to the process of swallowing

deglutition

interaural intensity difference

difference between the intensity of a sound at one ear and at the other ear

___ processes occur as a result of stimulation by mechanical processes.

electrochemical

An infant's airway is protected during swallowing by the

elevated larynx.

The larynx ________ and ________ during a swallow

elevates, closes

The voltage difference between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces is called the ___.

endocochlear potential

___ is the fluid within the membranous labyrinth

endolymph

The _____ collapses down over the laryngeal aditus during the pharyngeal phase.

epiglottis

The ________ is attached to the larynx and the tongue.

epiglottis

The outer layer of the tympanic membrane is continuous with the ________.

epithelium of external auditory meatus

The sensors embedded within the __________________ are highly refined, and you are able to distinguish more than a thousand different smells.

epithelium of the mucous membrane

The _____ stage is the one in which the bolus reaches the lower esophageal sphincter.

esophageal

The esophageal stage begins as the bolus enters the

esophagus.

The point of maximum amplitude excursion of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane is the primary point of _________ of the hair cells.

excitation

The ________________ meatus is a conduit for sound reaching the tympanic membrane

external auditory

The ___ transfers sound to the tympanic membrane.

external auditory meatus

(T/F) The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and the inner hair cells causes the cilia to bend.

false

(T/F) When the stapes compresses the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, Reissner's membrane is distended away from the scala media.

false

Every 3rd or 4th suck an infant will stop to take a breath and then continue sucking. (True/False)

false

In an infant the velum cannot reach the tongue. (True/False)

false

MBS is called "modified" because the view is modified from normal.

false

The DIVA model proposes that learning speech happens as a result of a feed-forward process rather than a feedback process.

false

The auditory stimulus is the only feedback system that guides learning of speech.

false

The flatter the tuning curve is, the greater is the frequency specificity of the basilar membrane. (True / False)

false

HIGH-THRESHOLD neurons require a higher level of stimulation to

fire. (They respond to the higher intensities and have little or no random background firing noise.)

the oral preparation stage

food gets prepared for swallowing

list five of the elements of the oral preparatory stage of mastication and deglutition

food is received in mouth, and food is impounded in mouth by lip sealing, tongue dorm elevating and velum depressing food is moved onto molars by tongue food is mixed with saliva food is formed into bolus food is removed from buccal cavity by tongue action

the ____________ of the stapes articulates with the oval window

footplate

Because liquid is denser and less compressible, transferring sound requires more ______ and less _________ than in air.

force movement

the external auditory meatus serves as a resonant cavity, enhancing and damping certain

frequencies.

Hair cells and VIII nerve fibers reveal the ______________________ of the cochlea

frequency specificity

refers to the ability of the cochlea to differentiate the various spectral components of a signal

frequency specificity

the tuning curves are composites of the responses of a single fiber at each frequency of presentation. The sharper the tuning curve, the greater the ____________________ of the basilar membrane

frequency specificity

the last three are the stages of swallowing, while the first stage (oral preparation) is the process of

getting ready to swallow.

Hairless skin is referred to as ____ skin.

glabrous

The ____ are responsible for sensing overall muscle tension.

golgi organs

Refers to the sense of taste

gustation

The efferent innervation of the hair cell is inhibitory, reducing the afferent activity caused by

hair cell stimulation.

At the apex of the osseous cochlea is the ___.

helicotrema

___ is resistance to flow of energy.

impedance

resistance to the flow of energy is termed

impedance

the articulated ossicles provide an ______________________ for energy arriving at the tympanic membrane

impedance matching device

High muscle tone found in spasticity results from

inadequately inhibited response of muscle spindle sensors.

Applying the same force over a smaller area results in ___ pressure.

increased

HIGH-THRESHOLD fibers may pick up where the low-threshold fibers stop, as the signal

increases.

the _______________ of the brainstem is involved in both localization and intersensory interaction

inferior colliculus

When the basilar membrane is displaced toward the scala tympani, electrical activity of the hair cell is

inhibited

The ___ performs temporal and spectral analysis on the acoustical signal.

inner ear

LOW-THRESHOLD neurons respond at very low signal

intensities (They have random firing even when there is no stimulus present.)

the rate of firing of neurons increases as the ________________ increases

intensity

Because neurons are all-or-none devices, every unit response is equal to the next in

intensity and duration

Neurons in the SOC sense the difference in the binaural signal strength, and this is called the ___.

interaural intensity difference

Neurons in the SOC sense the difference in arrival time difference of a signal at the two ears, and this is called ___.

interaural phase difference

The ______ meatus is a conduit for the ______ nerve fibers coursing to the brainstem

internal auditory cranial nerve VIII

One ___ protrudes from each hair cell.

kinocilium

During a swallow, the epiglottis is pushed back by the tongue and then clapped down over the_________.

laryngeal aditus

When the food has entered the esophagus, we will relax the_______________ so it can return to its original position, we'll open the ______ to breathe, and we'll begin breathing, typically with an exhalation that blows any errant bread crumbs away from the larynx

laryngeal elevators velum

List the two essential differences between the oral-pharyngeal anatomy and physiology of an infant to that of an adult.

larynx is elevated in infant tongue fills greater proportion of oral cavity

the manubrium attaches to the tympanic membrane along its length ending with the _________________ , which is visible as a protrusion at the superior end of the TM.

lateral process

Guenther and his research group propose that a model of speech production must include both a

learning component based upon feedback, and a means of allowing the speech system to produce accurate speech without requiring the same level of monitoring that occurs during the learning process.

The basilar membrane has ___ stiffness at the apex.

less

The two primary ways the middle ear matches impedance are ___ and ___.

lever advantage area advantage

Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel disk receptors have small receptor fields, which means that the effective sensory area is more

limited than deeply embedded Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles, which have larger receptive fields.

Meissner's Corpuscle and the Merkel Disk are found in the superficial layer of

lingual epithelium.

There are two basic types of VIII nerve neurons:

low spontaneous rate (high threshold) and high spontaneous rate (low threshold) fibers.

__________________ neurons respond at very low signal levels and display random firing even when no stimulus is present

low threshold

___ have random firing even when there is no stimulus present.

low-threshold neurons

___ respond at very low signal intensities.

low-threshold neurons

The _____ sphincter prevents stomach contents from re-entering the esophagus.

lower esophageal

the bolus will travel, through esophageal peristalsis, to the end of the esophagus where it passes through the________________ into the stomach.

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Low muscle tone results from inadequate tonic stimulation, either from

lower motor neuron disease or cerebellum lesion.

the __________ is the bone of the middle ear directly attached to the tympanic membrane

malleus

the ___________ of the malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane

manubrium

Each inner hair cell innervates as many as ten VIII nerve fibers. This is referred to as ___ innervation.

many to one

refers to the process of preparing food for swallowing

mastication

___ processes are those that cause excitation of the hair cells.

mechanical

There are two major processes that occur at the cochlea:

mechanical and electrochemical.

Meissner's corpuscles respond to minute

mechanical movement.

Fingerprints are collections of ____.

mechanoreceptors

The ossicles are ___ to the tympanic membrane.

medial

the ___ is the last final sensory way station of the brainstem.

medial geniculate body

the __________________ os the thalamus is the primary source of input to the core of the auditory cortex

medial geniculate body

____ in superficial tissue respond to minute movement.

meissner's corpuscles

The ___ is a fluid-filled sac that rests within the cavity of the osseous labyrinth.

membranous labyrinth

The _______________ can be thought of as a fluid-filled sac that rests within the cavity of the osseous labyrinth.

membranous labyrinth

the ________________ is a fluid filled sac attached to the walls of the osseous labyrinth and is filled with endolymph

membranous labyrinth

the _________________ is the space between Reissner's membrane and the basilar membrane

membranous labyrinth

The ___ matches the airborne acoustic signal with the fluid medium of the cochlea.

middle ear

The ___ serves as an impedance matching device between the airborne sound and the fluid-filled cavities of the cochlea.

middle ear

match-to-model feedback mechanism

mirror neurons

the core of the osseous cochlea is the ___

modiolus

The basilar membrane has ___ mass at the apex than at the base.

more

The basilar membrane has ___ width at the apex than at the base.

more

Salivation (the production and release of saliva into the oral cavity) is not a sensory system but rather a

motor response

____ saliva is useful in forming the bolus.

mucoid

____ give the signal that returns a muscle to its original position after a passive stretch.

muscle spindles

Muscle tone is regulated partially through the interaction of

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.

The auditory tube opens up into the ___.

nasopharynx

LOW-THRESHOLD neurons may be a mechanism for hearing sound at

near-threshold levels

The ___ separates the manubrium from the head of malleus.

neck

The term ____ refers to pain sense.

nociception

pain sense

nociception

refers to the sense of pain

nociception

Information for smell is transmitted via the

olfactory nerve and tract.

Guenther proposes that skilled motor control requires two feedback systems:

one for learning, and one for the learned motor act.

Each outer hair cell shares its innervation with ten other outer hair cells. This is referred to as ___ innervation.

one to many

___ responses are those in which there is an initial response to onset of a stimulus, followed by silence.

onset

The _____ stage is the one in which we move the food back toward the pharynx.

oral

the ______ stage is the stage of swallowing involving the oral transit of the bolus to the pharynx

oral

refers to the detection of chemicals that stimulate pain and thermal sense within the oral cavity

oral chemesthesis

Stretch receptors are found predominantly in larger muscles, such as the anti-gravity muscles of the legs, but are also found within

oral musculature as well.

four stages involved in eating and swallowing

oral preparation stage oral stage pharyngeal stage esophageal stage

The _____ stage is the one in which we prepare food for swallowing.

oral preparatory

the _____________ stage is the stage in which food is prepared for a swallow

oral preparatory

the _________________________ is the system of cavities within bone that houses the membranous labyrinth

osseous labyrinth

The ___ partially divides the osseous labyrinth into two chambers.

osseous spiral lamina

Pausers, found in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, take a little longer to respond than

other neurons

Cilia of the ___ are embedded within the tectorial membrane.

outer hair cells

the ___________ window permits communication between the scala vestibule and the middle ear space

oval

The ___ connects the scala vestibuli with the middle ear space.

oval window

____ in deep epithelial tissue respond to deep pressure

pacinian corpuscles

The ____ gland produces primarily serous saliva.

parotid

The ___ is in the superior aspect of the tympanic membrane.

pars flaccida

The ___ is produced by the articulation of the lateral process with the tympanic membrane.

pars flaccida

When the stapes footplate pushes into the vestibule of the cochlea, it makes a disturbance in the ___________. This initiates the chain of mechanical processes that stimulate the hair cells to fire.

perilymph

___ is the fluid outside of the membranous labyrinth.

perilypmh

refers to mouth region

perioral

refers to wavelike action

peristalsis

The bolus is propelled through the pharynx by ___________ (wave-like) action of the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles

peristaltic

Once the food enters, the epiglottis pulls the food downward by

peristaltic contractions

The _____ stage is the one in which we move the bolus through the pharynx.

pharyngeal

the __________ stage is the stage of swallow involving the transit of the bolus to the esophagus, and includes numerous physiological protective responses

pharyngeal

___ refers to the quality of a neuron in which it responds to the period of the stimulus.

phase-locking

The ___ acts as a sound funnel, focusing acoustic energy into the external auditory meatus.

pinna

The ___ collects sound and shapes its frequency components somewhat.

pinna

the _______ of the outer ear is important for the localization of sound in space

pinna

the planum __________ is anterior to heschel's gyrus

polare

In the pharyngeal stage of swallow, the tongue continues to push back, making contact with the _____________________. The velum remains up, the lips remain closed, and the bolus has entered the pharyngeal space.

posterior pharyngeal wall

when the stapedius muscle contracts, the stapes is rotated _______________

posteriorly.

The Pacinian corpuscle is similar to the Meissner's corpuscle and responds to

pressure

Merkel disk receptors transmit the sense of

pressure.

___ responses are those firing patterns that most resemble VIII nerve responses.

primary-like

____________ are those firing patterns that most resemble VIII nerve responses

primary-like

if the signal is of higher intensity, the pauser has an initial on-response, is _________, and then responds with a low-level firing rate throughout stimulation.

quiet

The superficial layer of intermediate fibers ___ out from the malleus.

radiates

The only way neurons can provide differential response is in

rate of firing

The "low road" is strictly

reflexive

the oral preparation stage can occur either

reflexively or voluntarily

___________ membrane separates the scala vestibule and the scala media; the _____________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani

reissner's basilar

The ____ reflex involves turning the head toward a tactile stimulus on the cheek.

rooting

the _______ reflex involves orienting toward the direction of tactile stimulation to the cheek.

rooting

the ________ window provides communication between the scala tympani and the middle ear

round

The ___ connects the scala tympani with the middle ear.

round window

the ____ sense stretching within the deep epithelium.

ruffini endings

Related to taste, smell, and noxious stimulation is the

salivation response.

The ___ houses the sensory organ for hearing.

scala media

the osseous spiral lamina divides the chamber into ___ and ___.

scala media scala vestibuli

the molecule of smell is held on the nasal mucous membrane by the ____________ of the epithelium.

secreted mucus

Deep pressure has the potential to stimulate a larger field and greater array of

sensors than light pressure.

___ saliva helps the bolus pass into the pharynx because it is slippery.

serous

The submandibular gland produces both

serous and mucus secretions.

The parotid gland produces only ___________, which helps the bolus glide over the tongue and down the pharynx during swallow

serous saliva

Ruffini endings sense stretch within the deep tissues and are critical to our perception of

shape of objects perceived by touch.

The ossicles transform force and displacement in two different ways.

simple leverage changing area

Cutaneous, thermal, and pain sensors may be used to reduce or inhibit

spastic responses in pathological conditions

The cochlea performs both ____ analysis and ____ analysis

spectral temporal

___ is the process of extracting information about frequency components of sound.

spectral analysis

The muscle arising from the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity is the ___.

stapedius muscle

the __________ is the bone of the middle ear directly communicating with the oval window

stapes

Many ___ protrude from each hair cell.

stereocilia

The mandibular elevators (especially the masseter and temporalis) are richly endowed with ______________, as are the deep tongue fibers of the genioglossus and the palatoglossus muscle.

stretch receptors

The ____ gland produces primarily mucoid saliva.

sublingual

The _______________ produces mucus, a high-viscosity (thick), protein-rich secretion that helps in the formation of the bolus of food

sublingual gland

The ____ reflex involves tongue protrusion and retraction, with every 3rd or 4th pump resulting in swallow.

sucking

the ________ reflex is elicited by soft contact with the lower lip, and results in tongue protrusion and retraction

sucking

The ___ is a sustained, direct current (DC) shift in the endocochlear potential that occurs upon stimulation of the organ of Corti by sound.

summating potentials

the pars flaccida is in the _________ aspect of the TM

superior

The ___ is the first site of binaural interaction.

superior olivary complex

the ______________ is the primary brain stem location for localization of sound in space

superior olivary complex

the _____________________ is the primary site of localization of sound in space.

superior olivary complex

what receives information from the cochlear nuclei of both ears and is specialized for localization of sound in space

superior olivary complex

The MBS is a radiographic procedure that lets you see how well a person's

swallow physiology is working.

Deglutition refers to

swallowing

Salivation is an essential component of

taste, mastication, and deglutition

Cilia of outer hair cells are embedded in __ membrane?

tectorial

The ___ rests atop the hair cells.

tectorial membrane

The _________________ lays over the hair cells and helps to stimulate the hair cells when sound disturbs the fluid of the cochlea.

tectorial membrane

the planum ________ is posterior to heschel's gyrus

temporale

The ________________ arises from the anterior wall of the middle ear space

tensor tympani

When the______________ contracts, it pulls the malleus antero-medially and reduces the range of movement of the tympanic membrane by placing tension on it.

tensor tympani

the _____________ muscle pulls the malleus anteromedially

tensor tympani

the muscle that tenses the tympanic membrane is the ___

tensor tympani muscle

interaural phase difference

the difference in phase of the sound wave arriving to the left ear and right ear

Remember that the tongue and epiglottis are connected so that the elevation of the larynx relative to the tongue helps invert

the epiglottis to cover the laryngeal aditus

Mastication

the processes involved in food preparation, including moving unchewed food onto the grinding surface of the teeth, chewing it, and mixing it with saliva in preparation for swallowing.

The food that entered the pharynx passes over the epiglottis that is covering the airway, splits into two more-or-less equal parts, and passes around the larynx through

the pyriform sinuses

POST-STIMULUS HISTOGRAMS

the stimulus was presented and plot the responses relative to the onset of the stimulus.

at the apex, the basil membrane is ________ than at the base

thicker

there are _________ rows of outer hair cells and __________ row of inner hair cells

three one

list three of the elements of the oral transport stage of deglutition

tongue tip elevates to alveolar ridge bolus is propelled posteriorly by squeezing action bolus makes contact with faucial pillars and velum

high-frequency sounds resolved at the base of the cochlea, with progressively lower frequency sounds processed at progressively higher positions on the cochlea. This array is termed

tonotopic

When the basilar membrane is displaced ___, the hair cells are activated.

toward scala vestibuli

The ear is a ___, in that it converts acoustical energy into electrochemical energy.

transducer

The ear converts energy from one form to another, a process called ___.

transduction

we consider the ossicles to be an impedance_________ or impedance __________

transformer matcher.

Both tensor tympani and stapedius muscles stiffen the middle ear ______________ system. This stiffness reduces transmission of ___________________ information to the cochlea.

transmission lower-frequency

Compression in the fluid of the scala vestibuli is translated directly to the basilar membrane, and the disturbance at the at the basilar membrane causes the initiation of a _____ wave

traveling

Stimulation of the basilar membrane results in the action known as the ___.

traveling wave

That periodic vibration is translated to the basilar membrane, where it initiates a wave action known as the

traveling wave.

histograms also supports the PLACE THEORY OF HEARING. The place theory of hearing states that frequency resolution of the cochlea occurs as a result of place of stimulation by the

traveling wave.

(T/F) Movement of the stapes footplate is a direct analog to the compressions and rarefactions of sound.

true

(T/F) The point of maximum amplitude excursion of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane is the primary point of excitation of the hair cells.

true

(T/F) The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and the outer hair cells causes the cilia to bend.

true

(T/F) When the tympanic membrane moves inward, the stapes footplate in the oval window also moves in.

true

Guenther's DIVA model suggests that we learn speech through matching an input to an internal model.

true

In the A-P view of an MBS, you may see the bolus split around the larynx. (T/F)

true

MBS is called "modified" because it consists of a series of trials with various foods. (T/F)

true

The DIVA model hypothesizes that we modify the direction and velocity of articulators based on comparing our production with some internal target.

true

The basal end is stiffer than the apical end.

true

The basal end processes higher frequencies than the apical end.

true

The cochlea and VIII nerve represent only the first stage of information extraction of the auditory signal.

true

The larynx of an infant is markedly elevated relative to that of an adult (True/False)

true

The stiffer a vibrating body is, the higher will be its frequency of vibration.

true

the scala vestibule is 5 mV more positive than the scala tympani, but the scala media is 80 mV more positive than the scala vestibuli

true

To protect the airway when swallowing, we will first stop breathing, and then close the ____________, constrict the __________, contract the _______________ to pull the epiglottis down, and elevate the larynx.

true vocal folds false fold region thyroepiglottic muscle

the ______________ separates the outer and inner hair cells

tunnel of corti

The ___ marks the inferior-most point of attachment of the manubrium to the tympanic membrane.

umbo

The _____ sphincter provides a means of closing the esophagus before and after swallowing.

upper esophageal

The cricopharyngeal muscle is attached to the larynx, and that this is the muscle that makes up the

upper esophageal sphincter, or opening to the esophagus.

The ___ and ___ (push two!) are within the membranous vestibule.

utricle saccule

The ___________ is both pushed by the tongue and lifted by its elevator muscles during a swallow. It serves to close off the nasal cavity during the passage of food.

velum

The infant's ________ locks into the space between the epiglottis and tongue, and seals off the airway of the infant so that the liquid bolus can't enter the respiratory passageway, providing an extra safeguard against accidental aspiration of liquid.

velum

list three critical elements related to the pressures of deglutition.

velum elevates tongue and lips form oral seal cricophrayngeus opens as larynx elevates

Movement of the tongue back toward the pharynx results in the tongue contacting the __________ and ___________, which triggers the velum to elevate.

velum, faucial pillars

Which structure houses the sensory organ for balance?

vestibular organ

the entryway to the cochlea and vestibular system is via space known as the _______________

vestibule

the oval window is in the lateral wall of the ___.

vestibule

the scala ___________ and the scala __________ are incomplete spaces within the osseous labrynth

vestibuli, tympani

The _____ clamp shut during the pharyngeal stage.

vocal folds

By inhibiting spastic responses you can begin to regain

voluntary control of muscles.

The ___ arises directly from stimulation of a large number of hair cells simultaneously.

whole-nerve action potential

the __________________ arises directly from the stimulation of a large number of hair cells simultaneously

whole-nerve action potential

the frequency analysis ability of the basilar membrane is determined by grading ____________, ______________, and _____________

width stiffness thickness

How many rows of inner hair cells are there?

1

The area advantage gives an improvement of about ___ dB.

25

The separation between the scala tympani and scala media is more complicated, consisting of both the _____________ and the ______________.

BASILAR MEMBRANE spiral lamina

Stimulation of the hair cells results in

ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS.

________________ processes occur inside the hair cells and the neural pathway as a result of stimulation by mechanical processes.

Electrochemical

sense muscle tension

Golgi tendon organs

The ossicles of the middle ear are the

MALLEUS, INCUS, and STAPES.

______________ membrane separates the scala vestibuli and scala media

Reissner's

Thermal sensors and pain sensors share the same morphology

True

The ___ passes through the modiolus.

VIII Nerve

The hair cells of the cochlea receive both __________ and ____________

afferent and efferent

the sharper the tuning curve is, the greater is the frequency specificity of the

basilar membrane.

The ___________ is the receptor organ for movement, and there is one for each semicircular canal.

crista

The intermediate layer is also called ___ layer.

fibrous

The scala media houses the sensory organ for

hearing

_____________ neurons require a higher intensity and encompass the higher end of our auditory range of signal intensity

high threshold

___ require a higher level of stimulation to fire.

high-threshold neurons

___ respond to the higher intensities and have little or no random background firing noise.

high-threshold neurons

The ___ canal senses rotatory movement of the head or body, as in shaking your head "no."

horizontal

The efferent innervation of the hair cell is ___.

inhibitory

The VIII vestibulolochlear nerve exits the temporal bone and enters the cranial space by means of the ___.

internal auditory meatus

The rooting reflex

involves orienting toward the direction of tactile contact of the mouth region (perioral region)