Mastication/swallowing/ hearing
The basilar membrane is anchored to the
spiral lamina.
the ____________ muscle pulls the stapes posteriorly
stapedius
apneic period
temporary suspension of breathing
Each inner hair cell innervates as many as ten VIII nerve fibers, referred to as
"many-to-one" innervation.
each outer hair cell shares its innervation with ten other outer hair cells, all being innervated by the same VIII nerve fiber
"one-to-many" innervation
Bitter tastes are mediated by the _______________ nerve (which, by the way, also controls the gag, retch, and vomit reflexes)
(IX) glossopharyngeal
The anterior tongue sensation strongly favors your favorite tastes: sweet, sour, and salty. The _________ nerve mediates this information
(VII) facial
The _________ nerve mediates taste sense from the region of the epiglottis
(X) vagus
As a little primer to the issue of dysphagia, realize that the goals of dysphagia therapy are
(a) to keep the patient safe from aspiration of food or liquid, (b) to maintain adequate caloric intake, and (c) to provide the best possible quality of life.
DIVA model of speech production
- Directions Into Velocities of Articulation - Explains learning and ability to compensate for perturbations to the system - Used to pinpoint regions of the brain important for speech for neural implants
INTRACELLULAR RESTING POTENTIAL
-found within the hair cells -Reveals negative potential difference between endolymph and hair cell of 70 mV
How many outer hair cells are there?
12,000
The intracellular resting potential is ___ mV.
150
The lever advantage results in an improvement of about ___ dB.
2
The area ratio between the tympanic membrane and the oval window provides a ______ dB gain, and the lever advantage gives a ______ dB gain
25 2
How many rows of outer hair cells are there?
3
The cochlea coils makes just less than ___ turns from base to apex.
3
How many inner hair cells are there
3500
The scala media is about ___ mV more positive than the scala vestibuli.
80
The auditory tube is the sole means of bringing oxygen to the middle ear space. This process is known as
AERATION.
The semicircular canals all open onto the vestibule by means of __________
APERTURES.
The pinna is also called the
AURICLE.
___________ neurons slowly increase in firing rate through the initial stages of firing.
Build-up
These taste buds are _________________, in that they process a chemical quality of the molecule of food you've eaten.
CHEMORECEPTORS
the DEEP PART of the intermediate layer is made up of _________________ that are mostly found in the periphery of the membrane.
CIRCULAR FIBERS
Because ions don't travel between the scala media and the scala tympani, or between the scala media and scala vestibuli, there are __________________ DIFFERENCES among those spaces.
COCHLEAR POTENTIAL
The primary purpose of the pinna is to
COLLECT SOUND.
The vertical canals (anterior and posterior semicircular canals) share an aperture, the __________________
CRUS COMMUNE.
The ________ reflex involved rotary motion of the muscles of mastication
Chewing
_____________ responses do not appear related to stimulus frequency, but appear to respond with a periodic, chopped temporal pattern as long as a tone is present.
Chopper
The ________ reflex involves contracting the muscles of addiction and forcefully blowing them open to expel foreign matter from the respiratory passageway
Cough
DIVA stands for
Directions Into Velocities of Articulation
the difference in voltage between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces is called the
ENDOCOCHLEAR POTENTIAL.
The fluid in the inner labyrinth is called
ENDOLYMPH
The auditory tube also ______________ differences between the atmosphere and the middle ear space
EQUALIZES PRESSURE
the INTERMEDIATE LAYER of the EAM is also called the
FIBROUS LAYER.
____ muscles have muscle spindles
Facial
Muscle tension is sensed by ___________________, found within tendons and fascia.
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (GTO)
the ratio of force to displacement is called
IMPEDANCE
The fluid is stiffer, more resistant to input of energy; this kind of resistance is called
IMPEDANCE.
The modiolus is continuous with the ____________________ of temporal bone.
INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
Taste from the posterior one third of the tongue is mediated by the ____ cranial nerve.
IX glossopharyngeal
The _______ later of the tympanic membrane is made up primarily of radiating fibers
Intermediate
This is part of the vestibular system that helps you perceive your body's position in space.
LATERAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL.
the pinna helps to ___________ sound in space and to __________ sound energy.
LOCALIZE capture
The corpus or body of the incus articulates with the head of the malleus by means of the MALLEOLAR FACET; this forms the
MALLEOINCUDAL JOINT.
The handle or _______________ of the malleus is a long process that provides the point of attachment of the malleus to the tympanic membrane.
MANUBRIUM
physical qualities of the basilar membrane:
MASS, WIDTH, and STIFFNESS.
The sense of touch is mediated by means of a number of _______________, which are sensors that are sensitive to physical contact.
MECHANORECEPTORS
Glabrous skin contains _________________ and _________________
MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES MERKEL DISK RECEPTORS.
The core of the osseous labyrinth is the
MODIOLUS.
The INNER LAYER of the tympanic membrane is also called the
MUCOUS LAYER.
Muscle stretch is sensed by __________________, which consist of nuclear chain fibers and nuclear bag fibers within muscle tissue itself.
MUSCLE SPINDLE FIBERS
Corpuscles reasons to minute mechanical movements in the superficial epithelia
Meissner's
____ in superficial tissue respond to pressure.
Merkel Disk Receptors
Receptors transmit the sense of pressure within the superficial epithelia
Merkel disk
The sublingual glands release _______ into the anterior oral cavity
Mucus
Muscle stretch is sensed by
Muscle spindles
The head and manubrium of the malleus are separated by the
NECK.
the moving part in the utricle and saccule is a membrane containing little bone-like crystals called
OTOLITHS
Refers to the sense of smell
Olfaction
__________ responses are those in which there is an initial response to onset of a stimulus, followed by silence.
Onset
The _________ serves the function of sound collection
Outer ear
Deeper cutaneous tissues contain _____________ and cells with the ___________
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES RUFFINI ENDING
The ______________ is located posterior to the mandibular ramus and superior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and secretions from it empty into the pharynx.
PAROTID GLAND
Saliva is produced by three major glands
PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, and SUBLINGUAL GLANDS.
The outer fluid is called
PERILYMPH
The _____________ canal is oriented roughly parallel to the length of the temporal bone.
POSTERIOR
Responds to rapid deep pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
The SUPERFICIAL PART of the intermediate layer is composed of fibers that ____________ out from the handle of malleus to the periphery.
RADIATE
_______________________ separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media.
REISSNER'S MEMBRANE
The ________ or _________ POTENTIALS are those voltage potential differences that can be measured from the cochlea at rest
RESTING OR STANDING
Cells with ___ endings sense stretch within the deep layers of the epithelium
Ruffini
The cochlear duct resides between the scala vestibuli and tympani. It is called the
SCALA MEDIA
The cochlea performs _____________ , causing different frequency components of the sound to stimulate different hair cells by mechanical means.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
The ____________ muscle is embedded in the bone of the posterior wall of the middle ear. Its tendon emerges from the _________________ in the middle ear space.
STAPEDIUS STAPEDIAL PYRAMID
Each receptor cell has about 50 HAIR CELLS or __________ protruding from it.
STEREOCILIA
The ________________ is above the mylohyoid muscle.
SUBLINGUAL GLAND
Refers to the production and release of saliva into the oral caviry
Salivation
The parotid glands release _________ into the posterior oral cavity
Serous
five basic tastes of the palate
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
________________ look the same as pain sensors, in that they are bare nerve endings.
THERMAL RECEPTORS
The ___________________ of the cochlea is clearly relayed to the auditory nervous system in the form of individual nerve fiber activation.
TONOTOPIC ARRAY
The hearing system can be considered as a ________________, converting _____________ ENERGY into __________________ ENERGY.
TRANSDUCER, ACOUSTIC ELECTROCHEMICAL
Why doesn't the traveling wave excite areas beyond its point of maximum excursion?
The wave very quickly damps down after that point, so there is only one truly strong point of disturbance from the traveling wave.
The tympanic membrane is made up of ________ layers of tissue
Three
Notice that the taste pore is open to the surface of the tongue and that it is covered with saliva. _______________ protrude up from the taste bud.
Tiny microvilli (hairs)
This closure, by the constriction of the cricopharyngeus muscles, is the
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (UES).
The _______ is a landmark produced by the most distal part of the manubrium malli
Umbo
The __________ reflex involves elevation of the soft palate
Uvular (palatal)
oral chemesthetic sensations are mediated by the ______ cranial nerve
V Trigeminal
Touch, pressure, thermal sense, pain sense, and joint and tendon sense of the face and oral cavity are primarily mediated by the
V trigeminal nerve, (although IX glossopharyngeal and X vagus also have pathways associated with these sensations)
The _______________ is the common linkage among the three semicircular canals
VESTIBULE
The OVAL WINDOW, which is where the stapes inserts into the labyrinth, can be seen in the lateral wall of the
VESTIBULE.
The taste of bitterness is predominantly mediated by the ________ cranial nerve
VII facial
The taste of sourness and saltiness is predominantly mediated by the ________ cranial nerve
VII facial
The taste of sweetness is predominantly mediated by the ________ cranial nerve
VII facial
taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue is mediated by the ________ cranial nerve
VII facial
Salivary glands are activated by stimulation of taste receptors (anterior 2/3 of tongue) by means of the
VII facial nerve.
Primary-like responses are those firing patterns that most resemble ________ nerve responses.
VIII
Fibers of the _______________________ pass through the perforations en route to ganglion cells within the modiolus.
VIII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
The _______ reflex involves evacuation of the contents of the stomach
Vomit
There are four classes of thermal stimulation that are differentiated by human senses:
Warm, hot, cool, and cold.
Taste form the epiglottis and esophagus is mediated by the _______ cranial nerve
X Vagus
Oral Stage of Swallow
You elevate your tongue to approximate the alveolar ridge, and then you squeeze the bolus back as you also propel your tongue back.
Serous saliva is much thinner in consistency and serves as
a lubricant to the bolus.
The ear converts ___ energy into ___ energy.
acoustic; electrochemical
When the basilar membrane is displaced "upwardly" (toward the scala vestibuli), the hair cells are
activated.
The tympanic membrane follows the vibrations of the incoming ______ molecules; but the cochlea contains fluid, not air.
air
The liquid-filled cochlea has a higher impedance than the
air-filled canal.
The ___ houses the sensory organ of each semicircular canal.
ampulla
The ___ of each semicircular canal houses the sensory mechanism for that canal.
ampulla
The ___ canal senses lateral head movement, as in tilting your head side-to-side.
anterior
The ___ canal senses movement along the sagittal plane, as in nodding "yes".
anterior
the lower frequency information reaches its peak near the
apex (right side).
Low-frequency sound will cause the traveling wave to "break" closer to the
apex.
Low-frequency sound is favored by the ___________ of the basilar membrane.
apical end
___ refers to the PROCESSES associated with HEARING.
audition
Feedback systems include
auditory information tactile kinesthetic feedback feedback from external sources
The ___ conveys and further processes that signal.
auditory pathway
The auditory mechanism consists of which four components?
auditory pathway, outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
Reflexes provide the basis for what will later become voluntary muscular activity, and provide the infant with a marvelous set of
automated protective and nutritive responses.
The traveling wave for high frequency information will peak toward the
basal end (left side)
High-frequency stimulation is processed at the ___ of the cochlea.
base
the basilar membrane is less stiff at the apex than at the
base
The basilar membrane is more massive at the apex than the
base.
The ORGAN OF CORTI rests on the __________ membrane.
basilar
the organ of corti rests on the
basilar membrane
the _______ region of the auditory cortex surrounds the core area for auditory reception
belt
The superior olivary complex (SOC) is the first site of
binaural interaction.
A _____ is a collection of food or liquid that is swallowed.
bolus
refers to a "ball" of food or drink
bolus
List seven of the critical elements of the pharyngeal stage of deglutition.
bolus enters oropharynx velum elevates larynx elevates vocal folds adduct epiglottis inverts to protect airway tongue contacts posterior pharyngeal wall upper esophageal sphincter opens pharynx contracts with peristaltic action
___ neurons slowly increase in firing rate through the initial stages of firing.
build-up
The ___ interprets the signal.
cerebral cortex
the _____________ frequency of a neuron is the frequency to which it responds best
characteristic
is the class of receptors that respond to chemical stimulation
chemoreceptor
___ responses do not appear related to stimulus frequency, but appear to respond with a periodic, chopped temporal pattern as long as a tone is present.
chopper
High muscle tone resulting from muscle spindle disinhibition may result in _____________ response to passive stretching.
clasp-knife
Which structure houses the sensory organ for hearing?
cochlea
The ___ is an AC potential that directly follows stimulation of the hair cell.
cochlear microphonic
The ___ is the first way station in the auditory pathway.
cochlear nucleus
The ___ is the result of the tension arising from attachment of the manubrium to the tympanic membrane.
cones of light
The "high road" within the neural circuit passes information from sensors through the nucleus solitarius of the brainstem, to the thalamus, and finally to the insula where the senses are perceived
consciously.
List the four classes of thermal receptors that mediate thermal events
cool, cold, warm, hot
the ______ of the auditory cortex is responsible for primary reception of the auditory signal and is divided into three portions
core
The _____ muscle is the muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter.
cricopharyngeus
The esophagus carries food down to the stomach. It can be closed at the top end by constriction of the _____________________, which wraps around the larynx and esophagus
cricopharyngeus muscle
A ___ is found in each ampulla. This is the sensory organ.
crista ampularis
stimulation of the ________________________ bundle and the ______________________ bundle reduces the firing rate of neurons innervated by them.
crossed-olivocochlear uncrossed-olivocochlear
the ___ overlays each crista ampularis.
cupola
The outer layer of the tympanic membrane is called the ___ layer.
cuticular
The OUTER LAYER of the EAM is a continuation of the epithelial lining of the EAM and pinna. it is called the
cuticular layer
refers to the process of swallowing
deglutition
interaural intensity difference
difference between the intensity of a sound at one ear and at the other ear
___ processes occur as a result of stimulation by mechanical processes.
electrochemical
An infant's airway is protected during swallowing by the
elevated larynx.
The larynx ________ and ________ during a swallow
elevates, closes
The voltage difference between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces is called the ___.
endocochlear potential
___ is the fluid within the membranous labyrinth
endolymph
The _____ collapses down over the laryngeal aditus during the pharyngeal phase.
epiglottis
The ________ is attached to the larynx and the tongue.
epiglottis
The outer layer of the tympanic membrane is continuous with the ________.
epithelium of external auditory meatus
The sensors embedded within the __________________ are highly refined, and you are able to distinguish more than a thousand different smells.
epithelium of the mucous membrane
The _____ stage is the one in which the bolus reaches the lower esophageal sphincter.
esophageal
The esophageal stage begins as the bolus enters the
esophagus.
The point of maximum amplitude excursion of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane is the primary point of _________ of the hair cells.
excitation
The ________________ meatus is a conduit for sound reaching the tympanic membrane
external auditory
The ___ transfers sound to the tympanic membrane.
external auditory meatus
(T/F) The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and the inner hair cells causes the cilia to bend.
false
(T/F) When the stapes compresses the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, Reissner's membrane is distended away from the scala media.
false
Every 3rd or 4th suck an infant will stop to take a breath and then continue sucking. (True/False)
false
In an infant the velum cannot reach the tongue. (True/False)
false
MBS is called "modified" because the view is modified from normal.
false
The DIVA model proposes that learning speech happens as a result of a feed-forward process rather than a feedback process.
false
The auditory stimulus is the only feedback system that guides learning of speech.
false
The flatter the tuning curve is, the greater is the frequency specificity of the basilar membrane. (True / False)
false
HIGH-THRESHOLD neurons require a higher level of stimulation to
fire. (They respond to the higher intensities and have little or no random background firing noise.)
the oral preparation stage
food gets prepared for swallowing
list five of the elements of the oral preparatory stage of mastication and deglutition
food is received in mouth, and food is impounded in mouth by lip sealing, tongue dorm elevating and velum depressing food is moved onto molars by tongue food is mixed with saliva food is formed into bolus food is removed from buccal cavity by tongue action
the ____________ of the stapes articulates with the oval window
footplate
Because liquid is denser and less compressible, transferring sound requires more ______ and less _________ than in air.
force movement
the external auditory meatus serves as a resonant cavity, enhancing and damping certain
frequencies.
Hair cells and VIII nerve fibers reveal the ______________________ of the cochlea
frequency specificity
refers to the ability of the cochlea to differentiate the various spectral components of a signal
frequency specificity
the tuning curves are composites of the responses of a single fiber at each frequency of presentation. The sharper the tuning curve, the greater the ____________________ of the basilar membrane
frequency specificity
the last three are the stages of swallowing, while the first stage (oral preparation) is the process of
getting ready to swallow.
Hairless skin is referred to as ____ skin.
glabrous
The ____ are responsible for sensing overall muscle tension.
golgi organs
Refers to the sense of taste
gustation
The efferent innervation of the hair cell is inhibitory, reducing the afferent activity caused by
hair cell stimulation.
At the apex of the osseous cochlea is the ___.
helicotrema
___ is resistance to flow of energy.
impedance
resistance to the flow of energy is termed
impedance
the articulated ossicles provide an ______________________ for energy arriving at the tympanic membrane
impedance matching device
High muscle tone found in spasticity results from
inadequately inhibited response of muscle spindle sensors.
Applying the same force over a smaller area results in ___ pressure.
increased
HIGH-THRESHOLD fibers may pick up where the low-threshold fibers stop, as the signal
increases.
the _______________ of the brainstem is involved in both localization and intersensory interaction
inferior colliculus
When the basilar membrane is displaced toward the scala tympani, electrical activity of the hair cell is
inhibited
The ___ performs temporal and spectral analysis on the acoustical signal.
inner ear
LOW-THRESHOLD neurons respond at very low signal
intensities (They have random firing even when there is no stimulus present.)
the rate of firing of neurons increases as the ________________ increases
intensity
Because neurons are all-or-none devices, every unit response is equal to the next in
intensity and duration
Neurons in the SOC sense the difference in the binaural signal strength, and this is called the ___.
interaural intensity difference
Neurons in the SOC sense the difference in arrival time difference of a signal at the two ears, and this is called ___.
interaural phase difference
The ______ meatus is a conduit for the ______ nerve fibers coursing to the brainstem
internal auditory cranial nerve VIII
One ___ protrudes from each hair cell.
kinocilium
During a swallow, the epiglottis is pushed back by the tongue and then clapped down over the_________.
laryngeal aditus
When the food has entered the esophagus, we will relax the_______________ so it can return to its original position, we'll open the ______ to breathe, and we'll begin breathing, typically with an exhalation that blows any errant bread crumbs away from the larynx
laryngeal elevators velum
List the two essential differences between the oral-pharyngeal anatomy and physiology of an infant to that of an adult.
larynx is elevated in infant tongue fills greater proportion of oral cavity
the manubrium attaches to the tympanic membrane along its length ending with the _________________ , which is visible as a protrusion at the superior end of the TM.
lateral process
Guenther and his research group propose that a model of speech production must include both a
learning component based upon feedback, and a means of allowing the speech system to produce accurate speech without requiring the same level of monitoring that occurs during the learning process.
The basilar membrane has ___ stiffness at the apex.
less
The two primary ways the middle ear matches impedance are ___ and ___.
lever advantage area advantage
Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel disk receptors have small receptor fields, which means that the effective sensory area is more
limited than deeply embedded Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles, which have larger receptive fields.
Meissner's Corpuscle and the Merkel Disk are found in the superficial layer of
lingual epithelium.
There are two basic types of VIII nerve neurons:
low spontaneous rate (high threshold) and high spontaneous rate (low threshold) fibers.
__________________ neurons respond at very low signal levels and display random firing even when no stimulus is present
low threshold
___ have random firing even when there is no stimulus present.
low-threshold neurons
___ respond at very low signal intensities.
low-threshold neurons
The _____ sphincter prevents stomach contents from re-entering the esophagus.
lower esophageal
the bolus will travel, through esophageal peristalsis, to the end of the esophagus where it passes through the________________ into the stomach.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Low muscle tone results from inadequate tonic stimulation, either from
lower motor neuron disease or cerebellum lesion.
the __________ is the bone of the middle ear directly attached to the tympanic membrane
malleus
the ___________ of the malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane
manubrium
Each inner hair cell innervates as many as ten VIII nerve fibers. This is referred to as ___ innervation.
many to one
refers to the process of preparing food for swallowing
mastication
___ processes are those that cause excitation of the hair cells.
mechanical
There are two major processes that occur at the cochlea:
mechanical and electrochemical.
Meissner's corpuscles respond to minute
mechanical movement.
Fingerprints are collections of ____.
mechanoreceptors
The ossicles are ___ to the tympanic membrane.
medial
the ___ is the last final sensory way station of the brainstem.
medial geniculate body
the __________________ os the thalamus is the primary source of input to the core of the auditory cortex
medial geniculate body
____ in superficial tissue respond to minute movement.
meissner's corpuscles
The ___ is a fluid-filled sac that rests within the cavity of the osseous labyrinth.
membranous labyrinth
The _______________ can be thought of as a fluid-filled sac that rests within the cavity of the osseous labyrinth.
membranous labyrinth
the ________________ is a fluid filled sac attached to the walls of the osseous labyrinth and is filled with endolymph
membranous labyrinth
the _________________ is the space between Reissner's membrane and the basilar membrane
membranous labyrinth
The ___ matches the airborne acoustic signal with the fluid medium of the cochlea.
middle ear
The ___ serves as an impedance matching device between the airborne sound and the fluid-filled cavities of the cochlea.
middle ear
match-to-model feedback mechanism
mirror neurons
the core of the osseous cochlea is the ___
modiolus
The basilar membrane has ___ mass at the apex than at the base.
more
The basilar membrane has ___ width at the apex than at the base.
more
Salivation (the production and release of saliva into the oral cavity) is not a sensory system but rather a
motor response
____ saliva is useful in forming the bolus.
mucoid
____ give the signal that returns a muscle to its original position after a passive stretch.
muscle spindles
Muscle tone is regulated partially through the interaction of
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.
The auditory tube opens up into the ___.
nasopharynx
LOW-THRESHOLD neurons may be a mechanism for hearing sound at
near-threshold levels
The ___ separates the manubrium from the head of malleus.
neck
The term ____ refers to pain sense.
nociception
pain sense
nociception
refers to the sense of pain
nociception
Information for smell is transmitted via the
olfactory nerve and tract.
Guenther proposes that skilled motor control requires two feedback systems:
one for learning, and one for the learned motor act.
Each outer hair cell shares its innervation with ten other outer hair cells. This is referred to as ___ innervation.
one to many
___ responses are those in which there is an initial response to onset of a stimulus, followed by silence.
onset
The _____ stage is the one in which we move the food back toward the pharynx.
oral
the ______ stage is the stage of swallowing involving the oral transit of the bolus to the pharynx
oral
refers to the detection of chemicals that stimulate pain and thermal sense within the oral cavity
oral chemesthesis
Stretch receptors are found predominantly in larger muscles, such as the anti-gravity muscles of the legs, but are also found within
oral musculature as well.
four stages involved in eating and swallowing
oral preparation stage oral stage pharyngeal stage esophageal stage
The _____ stage is the one in which we prepare food for swallowing.
oral preparatory
the _____________ stage is the stage in which food is prepared for a swallow
oral preparatory
the _________________________ is the system of cavities within bone that houses the membranous labyrinth
osseous labyrinth
The ___ partially divides the osseous labyrinth into two chambers.
osseous spiral lamina
Pausers, found in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, take a little longer to respond than
other neurons
Cilia of the ___ are embedded within the tectorial membrane.
outer hair cells
the ___________ window permits communication between the scala vestibule and the middle ear space
oval
The ___ connects the scala vestibuli with the middle ear space.
oval window
____ in deep epithelial tissue respond to deep pressure
pacinian corpuscles
The ____ gland produces primarily serous saliva.
parotid
The ___ is in the superior aspect of the tympanic membrane.
pars flaccida
The ___ is produced by the articulation of the lateral process with the tympanic membrane.
pars flaccida
When the stapes footplate pushes into the vestibule of the cochlea, it makes a disturbance in the ___________. This initiates the chain of mechanical processes that stimulate the hair cells to fire.
perilymph
___ is the fluid outside of the membranous labyrinth.
perilypmh
refers to mouth region
perioral
refers to wavelike action
peristalsis
The bolus is propelled through the pharynx by ___________ (wave-like) action of the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
peristaltic
Once the food enters, the epiglottis pulls the food downward by
peristaltic contractions
The _____ stage is the one in which we move the bolus through the pharynx.
pharyngeal
the __________ stage is the stage of swallow involving the transit of the bolus to the esophagus, and includes numerous physiological protective responses
pharyngeal
___ refers to the quality of a neuron in which it responds to the period of the stimulus.
phase-locking
The ___ acts as a sound funnel, focusing acoustic energy into the external auditory meatus.
pinna
The ___ collects sound and shapes its frequency components somewhat.
pinna
the _______ of the outer ear is important for the localization of sound in space
pinna
the planum __________ is anterior to heschel's gyrus
polare
In the pharyngeal stage of swallow, the tongue continues to push back, making contact with the _____________________. The velum remains up, the lips remain closed, and the bolus has entered the pharyngeal space.
posterior pharyngeal wall
when the stapedius muscle contracts, the stapes is rotated _______________
posteriorly.
The Pacinian corpuscle is similar to the Meissner's corpuscle and responds to
pressure
Merkel disk receptors transmit the sense of
pressure.
___ responses are those firing patterns that most resemble VIII nerve responses.
primary-like
____________ are those firing patterns that most resemble VIII nerve responses
primary-like
if the signal is of higher intensity, the pauser has an initial on-response, is _________, and then responds with a low-level firing rate throughout stimulation.
quiet
The superficial layer of intermediate fibers ___ out from the malleus.
radiates
The only way neurons can provide differential response is in
rate of firing
The "low road" is strictly
reflexive
the oral preparation stage can occur either
reflexively or voluntarily
___________ membrane separates the scala vestibule and the scala media; the _____________ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani
reissner's basilar
The ____ reflex involves turning the head toward a tactile stimulus on the cheek.
rooting
the _______ reflex involves orienting toward the direction of tactile stimulation to the cheek.
rooting
the ________ window provides communication between the scala tympani and the middle ear
round
The ___ connects the scala tympani with the middle ear.
round window
the ____ sense stretching within the deep epithelium.
ruffini endings
Related to taste, smell, and noxious stimulation is the
salivation response.
The ___ houses the sensory organ for hearing.
scala media
the osseous spiral lamina divides the chamber into ___ and ___.
scala media scala vestibuli
the molecule of smell is held on the nasal mucous membrane by the ____________ of the epithelium.
secreted mucus
Deep pressure has the potential to stimulate a larger field and greater array of
sensors than light pressure.
___ saliva helps the bolus pass into the pharynx because it is slippery.
serous
The submandibular gland produces both
serous and mucus secretions.
The parotid gland produces only ___________, which helps the bolus glide over the tongue and down the pharynx during swallow
serous saliva
Ruffini endings sense stretch within the deep tissues and are critical to our perception of
shape of objects perceived by touch.
The ossicles transform force and displacement in two different ways.
simple leverage changing area
Cutaneous, thermal, and pain sensors may be used to reduce or inhibit
spastic responses in pathological conditions
The cochlea performs both ____ analysis and ____ analysis
spectral temporal
___ is the process of extracting information about frequency components of sound.
spectral analysis
The muscle arising from the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity is the ___.
stapedius muscle
the __________ is the bone of the middle ear directly communicating with the oval window
stapes
Many ___ protrude from each hair cell.
stereocilia
The mandibular elevators (especially the masseter and temporalis) are richly endowed with ______________, as are the deep tongue fibers of the genioglossus and the palatoglossus muscle.
stretch receptors
The ____ gland produces primarily mucoid saliva.
sublingual
The _______________ produces mucus, a high-viscosity (thick), protein-rich secretion that helps in the formation of the bolus of food
sublingual gland
The ____ reflex involves tongue protrusion and retraction, with every 3rd or 4th pump resulting in swallow.
sucking
the ________ reflex is elicited by soft contact with the lower lip, and results in tongue protrusion and retraction
sucking
The ___ is a sustained, direct current (DC) shift in the endocochlear potential that occurs upon stimulation of the organ of Corti by sound.
summating potentials
the pars flaccida is in the _________ aspect of the TM
superior
The ___ is the first site of binaural interaction.
superior olivary complex
the ______________ is the primary brain stem location for localization of sound in space
superior olivary complex
the _____________________ is the primary site of localization of sound in space.
superior olivary complex
what receives information from the cochlear nuclei of both ears and is specialized for localization of sound in space
superior olivary complex
The MBS is a radiographic procedure that lets you see how well a person's
swallow physiology is working.
Deglutition refers to
swallowing
Salivation is an essential component of
taste, mastication, and deglutition
Cilia of outer hair cells are embedded in __ membrane?
tectorial
The ___ rests atop the hair cells.
tectorial membrane
The _________________ lays over the hair cells and helps to stimulate the hair cells when sound disturbs the fluid of the cochlea.
tectorial membrane
the planum ________ is posterior to heschel's gyrus
temporale
The ________________ arises from the anterior wall of the middle ear space
tensor tympani
When the______________ contracts, it pulls the malleus antero-medially and reduces the range of movement of the tympanic membrane by placing tension on it.
tensor tympani
the _____________ muscle pulls the malleus anteromedially
tensor tympani
the muscle that tenses the tympanic membrane is the ___
tensor tympani muscle
interaural phase difference
the difference in phase of the sound wave arriving to the left ear and right ear
Remember that the tongue and epiglottis are connected so that the elevation of the larynx relative to the tongue helps invert
the epiglottis to cover the laryngeal aditus
Mastication
the processes involved in food preparation, including moving unchewed food onto the grinding surface of the teeth, chewing it, and mixing it with saliva in preparation for swallowing.
The food that entered the pharynx passes over the epiglottis that is covering the airway, splits into two more-or-less equal parts, and passes around the larynx through
the pyriform sinuses
POST-STIMULUS HISTOGRAMS
the stimulus was presented and plot the responses relative to the onset of the stimulus.
at the apex, the basil membrane is ________ than at the base
thicker
there are _________ rows of outer hair cells and __________ row of inner hair cells
three one
list three of the elements of the oral transport stage of deglutition
tongue tip elevates to alveolar ridge bolus is propelled posteriorly by squeezing action bolus makes contact with faucial pillars and velum
high-frequency sounds resolved at the base of the cochlea, with progressively lower frequency sounds processed at progressively higher positions on the cochlea. This array is termed
tonotopic
When the basilar membrane is displaced ___, the hair cells are activated.
toward scala vestibuli
The ear is a ___, in that it converts acoustical energy into electrochemical energy.
transducer
The ear converts energy from one form to another, a process called ___.
transduction
we consider the ossicles to be an impedance_________ or impedance __________
transformer matcher.
Both tensor tympani and stapedius muscles stiffen the middle ear ______________ system. This stiffness reduces transmission of ___________________ information to the cochlea.
transmission lower-frequency
Compression in the fluid of the scala vestibuli is translated directly to the basilar membrane, and the disturbance at the at the basilar membrane causes the initiation of a _____ wave
traveling
Stimulation of the basilar membrane results in the action known as the ___.
traveling wave
That periodic vibration is translated to the basilar membrane, where it initiates a wave action known as the
traveling wave.
histograms also supports the PLACE THEORY OF HEARING. The place theory of hearing states that frequency resolution of the cochlea occurs as a result of place of stimulation by the
traveling wave.
(T/F) Movement of the stapes footplate is a direct analog to the compressions and rarefactions of sound.
true
(T/F) The point of maximum amplitude excursion of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane is the primary point of excitation of the hair cells.
true
(T/F) The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and the outer hair cells causes the cilia to bend.
true
(T/F) When the tympanic membrane moves inward, the stapes footplate in the oval window also moves in.
true
Guenther's DIVA model suggests that we learn speech through matching an input to an internal model.
true
In the A-P view of an MBS, you may see the bolus split around the larynx. (T/F)
true
MBS is called "modified" because it consists of a series of trials with various foods. (T/F)
true
The DIVA model hypothesizes that we modify the direction and velocity of articulators based on comparing our production with some internal target.
true
The basal end is stiffer than the apical end.
true
The basal end processes higher frequencies than the apical end.
true
The cochlea and VIII nerve represent only the first stage of information extraction of the auditory signal.
true
The larynx of an infant is markedly elevated relative to that of an adult (True/False)
true
The stiffer a vibrating body is, the higher will be its frequency of vibration.
true
the scala vestibule is 5 mV more positive than the scala tympani, but the scala media is 80 mV more positive than the scala vestibuli
true
To protect the airway when swallowing, we will first stop breathing, and then close the ____________, constrict the __________, contract the _______________ to pull the epiglottis down, and elevate the larynx.
true vocal folds false fold region thyroepiglottic muscle
the ______________ separates the outer and inner hair cells
tunnel of corti
The ___ marks the inferior-most point of attachment of the manubrium to the tympanic membrane.
umbo
The _____ sphincter provides a means of closing the esophagus before and after swallowing.
upper esophageal
The cricopharyngeal muscle is attached to the larynx, and that this is the muscle that makes up the
upper esophageal sphincter, or opening to the esophagus.
The ___ and ___ (push two!) are within the membranous vestibule.
utricle saccule
The ___________ is both pushed by the tongue and lifted by its elevator muscles during a swallow. It serves to close off the nasal cavity during the passage of food.
velum
The infant's ________ locks into the space between the epiglottis and tongue, and seals off the airway of the infant so that the liquid bolus can't enter the respiratory passageway, providing an extra safeguard against accidental aspiration of liquid.
velum
list three critical elements related to the pressures of deglutition.
velum elevates tongue and lips form oral seal cricophrayngeus opens as larynx elevates
Movement of the tongue back toward the pharynx results in the tongue contacting the __________ and ___________, which triggers the velum to elevate.
velum, faucial pillars
Which structure houses the sensory organ for balance?
vestibular organ
the entryway to the cochlea and vestibular system is via space known as the _______________
vestibule
the oval window is in the lateral wall of the ___.
vestibule
the scala ___________ and the scala __________ are incomplete spaces within the osseous labrynth
vestibuli, tympani
The _____ clamp shut during the pharyngeal stage.
vocal folds
By inhibiting spastic responses you can begin to regain
voluntary control of muscles.
The ___ arises directly from stimulation of a large number of hair cells simultaneously.
whole-nerve action potential
the __________________ arises directly from the stimulation of a large number of hair cells simultaneously
whole-nerve action potential
the frequency analysis ability of the basilar membrane is determined by grading ____________, ______________, and _____________
width stiffness thickness
How many rows of inner hair cells are there?
1
The area advantage gives an improvement of about ___ dB.
25
The separation between the scala tympani and scala media is more complicated, consisting of both the _____________ and the ______________.
BASILAR MEMBRANE spiral lamina
Stimulation of the hair cells results in
ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS.
________________ processes occur inside the hair cells and the neural pathway as a result of stimulation by mechanical processes.
Electrochemical
sense muscle tension
Golgi tendon organs
The ossicles of the middle ear are the
MALLEUS, INCUS, and STAPES.
______________ membrane separates the scala vestibuli and scala media
Reissner's
Thermal sensors and pain sensors share the same morphology
True
The ___ passes through the modiolus.
VIII Nerve
The hair cells of the cochlea receive both __________ and ____________
afferent and efferent
the sharper the tuning curve is, the greater is the frequency specificity of the
basilar membrane.
The ___________ is the receptor organ for movement, and there is one for each semicircular canal.
crista
The intermediate layer is also called ___ layer.
fibrous
The scala media houses the sensory organ for
hearing
_____________ neurons require a higher intensity and encompass the higher end of our auditory range of signal intensity
high threshold
___ require a higher level of stimulation to fire.
high-threshold neurons
___ respond to the higher intensities and have little or no random background firing noise.
high-threshold neurons
The ___ canal senses rotatory movement of the head or body, as in shaking your head "no."
horizontal
The efferent innervation of the hair cell is ___.
inhibitory
The VIII vestibulolochlear nerve exits the temporal bone and enters the cranial space by means of the ___.
internal auditory meatus
The rooting reflex
involves orienting toward the direction of tactile contact of the mouth region (perioral region)