MCAT
telophase 1
-nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus -at this point each chromosome consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere -cells are ahploid when they seperate
Telophase and Cytokinesis
-nuclear membrane reformes around both sets of chromatid -nucleoli reappear -chromosomes uncoil and resume their interphase form -seperation of cytoplasm and organelles
Cortical reaction
-occurs after the penetration of sperm through cell membrane -results in the release of calcium ions depolarizes the membrane
Translation
-occurs at the ribosome -creates proteins from mRNA
Gluconeogenesis
-occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria -predominantly in the liver -mostly just the reverse ofglycolysis -generates glucose
Glycolysis
-occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells -does not require oxygen -yeilds 2 ATP per glucose
Fussion
-occurs when small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus
Smell
-olfactory chemoreceptors -can carry interpersonal information through medium of pheromones - when olfactory chemoreceptors are actived they send singlas to the olfactory bulb
Point mutation
-one nucleotide is substituted by another; they are silent if the sequence of amino acids doesnt change
Specific phobia
-one whihc anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation
selective transcription of genome
-only genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed -helps develope distinct cells
Channels (transporters)
-open and close allowing particles to cross membrane
Glottis
-opening in the larynx that keeps food out
Oncotic pressure
-osmotic pressure attributable to plasma protein
Impressive management
-our attempt to influence how others oercieve us -this is done by regulation or controlling of information in social interactions
Pitch
-our perception of frequency as sound -low frequency=low pitch -higher frequency=higher pitch -normal range of human hearing is 20hz-20,000hz
Immunoglobulins
-part of humoral immunity -can carry out many differeny jobs thoughout the body -antibodies
Nores
-part of the nose -where air enters and eventually goes to the lungs
Granulocytes
-parts of innate immune system -cells are phagocytic
Competitive inhibition
-substrate and inhibitor compete for the active site -can be overcome by [substrate] -Vmax is same but Km is higher
Magical thinking
-superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance
Connective tissue
-supports the body and provides a framework for epithelial cells to carry out function -cologen and elastin
Trophoblast cells
-surround the blastocoel & give rise to the chorion & later the placenta
DNA polymerase
-synthesizes new DNA strands reading the template DNA 3'->5' and synthesizing the new strand 5'->3'
Mucociliar escalator
-system where mucus traps particles and expells it out
Citric acid cycle
-takes place in the mitochondrial matrix -main purpose is to oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generate high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and GTP
The electron transport chain
-takes place on the matrix-facing surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane -NADH donates electrons to the chain, which are passed from one complex to the enxt -reduction potential increase down the chain until electrons end up on oxygen
Enamines
-tautomers of imines
Nucleophile
-tend to have lone pairs or pi bonds that can form new bonds -increased with electron densitiy
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
-that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time. -sensory information is recieved and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously
Delusion of reference
-the belief that common elements in enviroment are directed toward the individual -characters on a tv show are talking direclty to them
Glycogenesis
-the building of glycogen
hypermutation
-the changing of the antigen-binding region of B-cell to find the best match for the atigen -why B-ccells take so long
Hypothyroidism
-thyroid hormones are secreted in insufficient amounts or not at all -may result due to deficiency of iodine or inflamation of the thyroid gland
alveoli
-tiny structures where air exchange occurs -allow for an exceptionally large surface area for gas exchange
Current
A flow of electric charge.
Operant conditioning
A for of associative learning in which the frequency of a behavior is modified by using reinforcement and punishment
Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Endocrine gland
A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion -- called also ductless gland, gland of internal secretion.
Melatonin
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Kenetic energy is related to temp Ke=3/2(Kb)(T) Kb=1.38*10^-23
is reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction what does that mean about Keq
Keq>1
Lateal phase
LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum, which secretes proesterone that maintains the uterine lining
what do animals produce during anaerobic metabolism
Lactic acid
Demographic transition
a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
triacylglycerol
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.
Migration
A movement from one country or region to another
relative refractory period
A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual
Autonomic nervous system
A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.
zona pellucida
A thick, transpartent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte protecting it and allowing sperm to bind
Okazaki fragments
Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
Termination
UAA, UGA, UAG
combustion reaction
a fuel (usually a hhydrocarbon) is mixed with an oxident (usually oxygen) forming carbon dioxide and water CH4+2O2-->CO2+ 2H2O
Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Correspondent inference theory
a judgment that a person's personality matches or corresponds to his or her behavio
Flat affect
a lack of emotional responsiveness
Cataplexy
a loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking ours
lag phase of bacterial growth
bacteria adapt to new local conditions
obligated anaerobes
bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen containing enviroments
Anaerobes
bacteria that does not require oxygen
Obligated areobes
bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism
Freud's stages of psychosexual development
based on tensions caused by the libido, with failure at any given stage leading to fixation iceberg
antinormative behavior
behavior against the norm
Incentive theory
behavior is motivated not by needs or arousal but by the desire to prusue rewards and avoid punishment
positve symptoms of schizophrenia
behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform task one is already good at and hinders the performance of less familiar task
thought broadcasting
belief that one's thoughts are broadcast directly from one's head to the external world
Thought insertion
belief that thoughts are being placed in one's head
Pragmatics
dependency of language on context
Beta waves of sleep
high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration
Nuclear pores
holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus
Cortisol
hormones that cuases you to feel awake released by the adrenal cortex released during times of stress increase blood sugar and provides a ready soucre of fuel
tropic hormones
hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones
Needs Based theory
how we are motivated is determined by or needs needs show how we allocate energy and time
Social perception
how we form impressions about the characteristic of an individual and group of people
Golden ratio
humans are attached to individuals with certain body proportions
colligative properties
hysical properties derived solely from the number of particles present not the nature of those particles
Image distance i>0; i<0
i>0= real image i<0= virtual image
Symbolic culture
ideas associated with a cultural group
monozygotic twins
identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
Sister chromatids
idnetical copies of the same DNA held togehter at the centromere
posterior chamber of eye
between iris and lens
single strand binding proteins
bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA
Coagulation
blood clotting
C and G pairs
bond with 3 hydrogen bonds making them stronger bonds than A and T
What produces leukocytes
bone marrow produces white and red blood cells
Law of Similarity (Gestalt)
objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
Phenotypic Benefits
observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
Silent mutation
occur without an effect on protein synthesis
Primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitude in our society by observing others in close proximity
The pentose phosphate pathway
occurs in the cytoplasm of most cells, generating NADPH and sugars for biosynthesis
Dishabituation
occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitation o the original stimulus
Distress
occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
Choroidal vessel and retinal vessels
complex of intermingling of blood vessels between sclera and retina supply eye with nutrients
Clots
composed of both proteins and platelets minimize blood lose
Wernicke's aphasia
comprehension of speach is lost
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time
Real image
if light actually converges at the position of the image
Virtual image
light only appears to be coming from the position of the image and does not actually converge there
Miessner's corpuscles
light touch
Interpersonal attraction
liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person
Multiple intelegence
linguistic logical-mathmatical muscial visual-spatial bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal
Emotional support
listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings
Spleen (immunity)
location of blood storage and activation of B-cells which turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies
Identification
outward acceptance of others ideas without personally taking on these ideas
Network redundancy
overlapping connections with the same individual
n, l, ml, ms
n-corresponds to the energy level of a given electron atom, esentially a measure of size l- describes sub shel 0-(n-1) ml- describes orbitals -L-+L ms- destinguishes spin +/- 1/2
secondary oocyte
ovulated egg each month arrested in metaphase II
G3PD
oxidation reduction reaction that produces NADH
Pulmanary viens
oxygenated blood entering the left heart
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
associative learning
pairing together stimuli and response or behaviors and consequences
Prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
enzyme-linked receptors
participate in cell signalling through extracellular ligand binding and initiation of second messenger cascade
Instinct theory of motivation
people are drive to do certain behaviors based o evolutionay programed instincts
Socail cognitive theory
people learn how to behave and shape attidues by observing the behaviors of others
Arousal theory
people preform actions in order to maintain optimal level of arousal
Law of Pragnanz (Gestalt)
perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and semetric as possible
Components of social perception
perciever, target, situation
Panic attacks
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
Types of trait theory of personality
personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
Psychoanalytic perspective of personailty
personality results from unconscious urges and desires
Pathway of air to lungs
nasal cavities (or oral cavity) > pharynx > trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
Endorphins
natural painkillers
myopia
nearsightedness
Anticipatory Socialization
process by which a person prepares for futures changes in occupation, living, situations, or relationships
Resocialization
process by which one discord old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
Differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
intrusion symptoms of PTSD
recurrent reliving event, flashback, nightmares, and prolonged distress
Broca's aphasia
reduced or inability to speak
Deviances
refers to any violation of norms, rules, or epectation within society
Distinictive cues
refers to extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across different scenarios
Mate bias
refers to how choosy memebers of the species are while choosing a mate
Convex mirror f<O
regardless of position of the object a convex mirror forms only a virtual upright image
Circodian Rhythm
regulates our daily cycle of waking and sleeping
Consensus cues
relate to the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others
Homologous chromosomes
related chromosomes of opposite paternal orgin 15 maternal 15 paternal
DNA polermase 1
removal of RNA primers on prokayotic cells
DNA topoisomerases
remove strain of coling DNA
RNase H
removes RNA primers in eukaryotes
Renaturing of protein vs denaturing
renaturing is exothermic and denaturing is endothermic
Echopraxia
repeating others words
primary circular reactions
repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance (behavior is repeated b/c it is soothing)
Conjugation
requires alternating single and multiple bonds because of this patter aligns a number of unhybridized p-orbitals down the back bone of the molecule
lagging strand
requires many primers and is synthesized in discrete sections called Okazaki fragments
leading strand
requires only one primer and can then be synthesized continuously
classical pathway of complement system
requires the binding of a antibody to a pathogen
Synaptic cleft
space between two connecting neurons where neurotransmitters are released
Flippases
specialized enzymes that assist in the transition or "flip" between layers
inductive reasoning
specific to general
Broca's area
speech production
disjunction
speration of homologous chromosomes in anaphase 1
S-orbital
spherical, symmetrical, centered around nucleus
Capacitance
the ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges
Intuition
the ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by availabel evidence
symbolic thinking
the ability to imagine; pretending, amke beleive
Kinesthetic sense
the ability to tell where one's body is in space
Perceptal organixation
the ability to use bottom-up and top-down processes in tendem with all ither sensry clues about an object
Observational learning
the acquisition of behavior by watching others
Summation of nerons
the additive affect of neurons multiple signals together can lead to action potential
Expectancy theory
the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectations of success in reaching the goal and the degree they value suceeding at the goal
Mindguards
the appointment of memebers to the role of protecting against opposing views
Intensity of sound
the average rate of energy transfer per area across a surface that is perpendicular to the wave
Glycoside formation
the basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar
Cullture
the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristic of a group of people or society
Refraction
the bending of light as it ppasses from one medium to another
Glycogenolysis
the break down of glycogen
Archimedes' Principle
the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object F=pgV
Social power
the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishment
Responder
the cell that is induced
Hexokinases
traps glucose
Direct therapy
treatment that acts directly on the individual such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist
Second trimester
tremendous growth occurs, movement begins, the face becomes distinctly human, and the digits elongate
types of problem solving
trial and error algorithms deductive reasoning inductive reasoning
Memory B-cells
wait in lymphnodes for rexposure to the same antigen
Arrhenius equation
way to analysize collision theory K=Ae^-Ea/RT
Hess's law
the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process
Social support
the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
role partner
the person whom you are interacting with
More exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Ethnocentrism
the practice of making judgments about ones culture based on the values and beliefs of own culture
Accomidation
the process by which existing schemata are modified to include new information
Beta oxidation
the process by which fatty acid molecules are brokmen down in the mitochondria t produce acetyl-coa
Habituation
the process of becoming used to a stimulus
Assimilation
the process of classifying new information into existing schemata
Encoding
the process of putting new information into memory
oogenesis
the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
Illusion of pressure for conformity
the prussure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group
Arousal
the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
Motivation
the purpose or driving force behind our actions
segregation
the random distribution of chromosomes to duaghter cells during anaphase 1
Collision Theory
the rate of a reaction is proportional to the number of collisios per second between reacting molecules -Colisions must have energy greater than or equal to activation energy for reaction to occur
Lowball technique
the requestor will get initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of commitment
Reflection
the return of light rays from a surface
Systemic circulation
the second pump pushing oxygenated blood from left part of the heart to the rest of the body
secondary appraisal
the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
the sequence of physiological responses to stressors 1.)Alarm- initial reaction to stressor and activation of the sympathetic nervous system 2.) Resistance-release of hormones to allow the sympathetic nervous system to fight 3.) Exhuastion- when the body can no longer maintain an electrical response with sympathetic nervous system
Cognitive dissonance
the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions. Generally leads to a state of discomfort
Somatosensation
the skin sensations: touch/pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
Cultural diffusion
the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout a culture
Master status
the status by which one most identifies
Symbolic interactionism
the study of how individuals interact through a shareded understanding of words gestures and other symbols
Bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present more bystanders means less chance of interveening
reduction potential
the tendency of a substance to gain electrons
Group polarization
the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas and inclinations of the memebers of the group
confirmation bias
the tendency to focus on information that fits individuals beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them contributes to over confidence
Centration
the tendency to only focus on one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand the concept of a conversation
radiation
the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Heat
the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another
Role set
the various roles associated with status
Diastole contraction
the ventricles are relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fill the ventricle (lower number)
Lacteals
the vessel of the lymphatic system
Whorfian hypothesis
the way we think about the world is determined by the context of language
self-censorship
the withholding of opposing views
Yerks-Dodson Law of Arousal
there are optimal levels of arousal for every task
Gestult principles
ways for brain to infer missing parts -law of proximity -law of similarity -law of good contiuation -law of closure -law of pragnus
Gestalt Principles
ways the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete
Fundamental attribution error
we are generally biased towards making disposition attributions rather than situation attributions
Buffers
weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
law of closure (gestalt)
when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure
Motor proteins
-capable of foce generation through a confirmational change -myosin, kinesin, and dynein
Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)
-cell bodies of sensory nerves -sensory neurons bring the information from periphery and enter dorsal of spinal chord -most neurons exit spinal chord ventrally or side closest to the front of the body
Cytotoxic immunity
-cell-mediated immunity -centered on the function of T-cells
Determination of cells
-cells comited to a particular function
Specification of cells
-cells is reversible designed as specific cell type
Cell migration
-cells must be able to disconect from other cells and move to correct location
Stem cells
-cells that have not yet been differentiated
Anaphase
-centromeres split so each chromatid has its own distinct centromere -sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Electron capture
-certain unstabke radionuclei are capable of capturing an inner electron that combines with proton to form neutron
OCD
-characterized by obsession which produce tension and complusion -repetative task
Prophase
-chromatin condense into chromatin -centrioles migrate to opposite side of the cell and begin to form the spindle fibers -nuclear membrain dissolves -kinetochores appear at centrosomes
Prophase 1
-chromatin condense into chromosomes -hoologous chromosomes come together and intertwine -cross over occurs
Delusion of grandeur
-common in bipolar 1 disorder -belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religous icon
Hypotonic
-concentration of solute inside the cell is higher than outside
Anhydride
-condensation dimers of carboxylic acids -synthesized by condensation reactions
Hypothalmus interaction with posterior pituitary
-connected by axons down the pituitary stalk
Eustuchian Tube
-connects nasal cavaty to ear -helps equalize pressure
Umbilical cord
-consist of 2 artiers and 1 vien encased in gelatinus substance -vien carries fresh oxgenated blood arteries carry deoxygenated blood out
Cyclothymic disorder
-consist of combination of hypomani episode and perios od persisten depressive disorder that are not sever enough to qualify for major depression
endocrine system
-consist of organs known as glands -secretes hormones
somatic nervous system
-consiste of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles -can consist of pathways with 1,2,3 or more more neurons
Panic disorder
-consisten of repeated panic attacks
Peroxisomes
-contain hydrogen peroxide -break down loing chain fatty acids via beta oxidation -synthesis of phospholipids -contians some enzymes involved in the pentose pathway
Posterior Pituitary
-contains the nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalmus -secretes ADH and Oxytocin
Sarcomere
-contractile unit of the fibers in skeletal muscle -contains thin actin and thick myosin filaments
Nucleos
-control center of the cell -contain all genetic material nessessary fo replication
Refle arc
-control reflexive behavior -usually to protect body -acct without brain
Ventilation center
-controls ventilation -collection of neurons in the medula obligata -sensitive to carbo dioxide and O2 partial pressure
pyruvate dehydrogenase
-converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA -stimulated by insulin and inhibited by acetyl-CoA
Epithealial tissue
-covers the body and line cavities providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion -constructs functional parts of organs
G1 phase
-creates organelles for energy and protiend production -increase cell size -Restriction point- must meat certain criteria to go on to S phase
Display rules
-cultural expectations of emotion -cultural diference lead to very different socail consequences when emotion is express -govern which emotion cna be expressed and to what degree
Lactones
-cyclic esters
saturated fatty acids
-decrease membrane fluidity
Avolition
-decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
Opiates/Opiods
-decreased reaction to pain; euphoria -herion, morphine, opium, pain pills
Endorphines
-decreases the perception of pain -direct hormone -secreted by anterior pituitary
negative pressure breathing
-decreasing the pressure inside the thoracic cavity by expanding volume to pull air into the lungs
Ester
-dehydration synthesis products of other carboxylic acid derivatives and alcohols -lack hydrogen bonding therefore esters have lower boiling points than related Carboxylic Acid
Venae cavae
-deoxygenated blood entering the right heart
Phospholips in cell membrane
-fatty acid chain with polar phosphate group -form micelles and liposomes due to hydrophobic effect -primary component of cell membrane
agoraphobia
-fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape
parasympathetic nervous system
-mian role is to conserve energy -associated with resting and sleeping -acts to reduce heart rate and constrict the bronchi
Mesoderm
-middle layer -musculoskeleta, cirulatory, and most excretery systems
borderline personality disorder
-more common in females -pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self image -unstable relationship
antisocial personality disorder
-more likely in men -pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others
Simple diffusion
-most basic membrane traffic process -substances move down concentration gradient -works for only molecules that are freely permeable
Arteries
-move blood aways from the heart towards the lungs and other body parts -most contain oxygenated blood except pulmonary and umbilical arteries -highly muscular and elastic
Impulse propagation
-movement of ions -for a signal to be conveged to another neuron, the action potential must ravel down the axon and initiate neurotransmitter release
Vibrisssae
-mucous membrane and nasal hairs that filter air
Negative sense virus
-must caryy RNA replicase in the virion to ensure the complementary strand is synthesized -RNA strnd acts as a template for synthesis of complementary strand
Lipoprotein lipase
-necessary for the metabolism of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins -enzyme that can release free fatty acids from triacglglycerals
saltatory conduction
-nerve signal jumping from node to node
Difference between nerves and tracts
-nerves carry more than 1 type of information (PNS) -tracts can carry only 1 type of information (CNS)
Action potential
-neurons all or nothing response -causes the relase of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
Maternal support
Financial or maternal contribution to person
Reformation (bone)
inorganic ions are absorbed from the blood for use in bone
Degradation (bone)
inorganic ions are absorbed from the blood for use in the bone
Spirometer
instrument used to measure breathing
Secondary group
interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds last shorter periods
Primary groups
interations are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to memebers last long periods of time
Drives
internal states of tension that activates particular behavior focused on goal require no external factors originate from within
Magnification
inverted image has a negative m erect image has a positive ,
Neologism
invetion of a new word
spectator ion
ions in the equation that do not take part in the reaction and stay the same
Prejudice
irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity
law of mass action
is systems are at equilibrium at a constant temprature then Keq is constant
Sensorimator Stage
manipulate enviroment for own needs
Catatonia
messed up motor abilities of people with schizohrenia
Ciliary muscles
muscles which relax or contract and alter the shape of the lens
white matter
myelinated axons
Fluid intelligence
problem solving skills
formal operational state
reasoning and problem solving
Volume expansion
the increase in volume of fluids when heated
Cognitive apprasial
the interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Axon Hillock
the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon.
Law of independent assortment
the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
Sound level
the logarithmic scale that measures the amplitudes of sounds that humans can hear
Cultural transmission
the manner in which a society socializes its members
inspiratory reserve volume
the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration
outer mitochondrial membrane
the membrane that separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell, creating a cellular compartment with the ideal conditions for aerobic respiration.
Threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception
two-point threshold
the minimum distance necessay between two point so stimulation on skin to where they are felt as two different stimuli
Group think
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Recency effect
the most recent information about an individual is the most important
Self-enhancement
the need to maintain self-worth
Anomeric carbon
the new chiral center formed in ring closure, it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight chain
stationary phase of bacterial growth
the number of newly generated cells is the same as the number of dying cells
Network
the observable pattern of social relationships among individulas or groups
Ideal self
who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
Mores
wide spread social norms
Semantics
word meaning
Morhpology
word structure
Electrophiles
- tend to have a positive charge - increased by increasing positive charge
Pleurae
-membraine that surrounds each of the lungs -forms closed sacs which the lungs expand
Teratogens
-substances that interfere with developement
Glycogen synthase
- creates alpha-1,4 glycosidic links between glucose molecules - activated by insulin in liver and muscle
Hematopoiesis
- production of blood cells & platelets -triggered by some hormones, growth factors, & cytokines
Cyclins and CDK
- rise and fall during the cell cycle - cyclins bind to CDKs, phosphorylating and activating transcription factors for the next stage of the cell cycle
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Thalmus
- Relay station for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex -Memory Processing
language acquisition device
- a theorectical pathaway in the brian that allows infants to process and absorb language rules -part of nativits theory -critical period is 2-puberty
Body dysmorphic disorder
- aperson has unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her personal apperance and actractiveness -usually directed at 1 body part
Axes
-3 organ system that helps regulate hormones
Posttranscriptional modification
-7-methylguanylate triphosphate cap added to 5 end -poly A tail is added to 3 end -splicing is done
What is the cell potential between Na+ and K+
-70 mV
ABO antigen
-A and B are codominate -O is recessive -type o is universal donor -type AB is universal recipient
Role of ATP
-ATP is a mid-level energy molecule -contains high energy phosphate bonds -provides energy through hydrolysis
Purines
-Adenine and Guanine
cell theory
-All living things are composed of cells -the cell is the basic functional unit of life -clls arise from preexisiting cells
Obedience
-Changning one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
Lipid rafts
-Collections of similar lipids with or without associated proteins that serve as attachment points for other biomolecules -often serve roles in signaling
Neuralation
-Developement of nervous system -occurs after 3 germ layers are formed
Alpha decay
-Emission of an alpha particle -very massive compared to beta decay and carriers double the charge
Cannon Bard theory of emotion
-First response= Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion -Second response= Action
James lang theory of emotion
-First response=nervous system -Second response= conscious emotion
Folliculat phase
-GnRH secretion stimulates FSH and LH secretion, which promote follicle development
contraction of muscle
-Initiation: depolarization of a neuron -Sarcomere shortening -relaxation
Why does Na want inside the cell
-Na wants inside the cell becuase the cell is more negative inside and has lower concentration of Na inside the cell
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. -can increase the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in both the liver and muscles as well as increase basal metabolic rate
Menstruation
-Occurs if there is no fertilization. -As the estrogen and progesterone levels drop, the endometrial lining is sloughed off, and the block on GnRH production is removed.
M Stage: Mitosis
-PMAT -process of producing 2 sets of identical daughter cells -occurs in somatic cells
Rapid eye movement sleep
-REM -interspersed between cycles of NREM sleep -arousal reaches that of being awake but muscles are paralyzed
Visbile region
-ROYGBV -380nm->750
emotional memory
-Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. -implicit memory
information processing model
-Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli -Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making -Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated & adjusted to help solve new problems -Problem solving depends on context and complexity of the problem
Agression
-a behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance -provides protection against percieved and real threats
Spherical aberration
-a blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parrellel beams at the edge of a mirror or lense
Halo effect
-a cognitive bias in which judgement about a specific aspect of individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual
Damping
-a decrease in the amplitute of a wave caused by an applied or non-conservative force
Myelin
-a fatty membrane that insulates nerve fibers to prevent signal loss and cross of signals -increases speed of the conduction of axon
Cultural sundrome
-a shared set of beleifs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among memebers of the same culture that organize around a central theme -influence rules of emotion
Natural killer cells
-a type of nonspecific lymphocyte, are able to detect the down regulation of MHL and inuce apoptosisin these virally infected cells
Induction
-ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells
Sexual developement
-ability to reproduce is under hormonal control -prior to puberty the hypothalmus restricts production of GnRH -restriction is lifted at start of puberty
Parallel processing
-ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regardinng color, shape, and motion
Supruspinal circuits
-above spine -when input from the brainstem or brain is required
Membrane receptors of cell membrane
-activate and deactivate transporters for facilitated diffusion and active transport -tend to be trans membrane proteins
Hormone-sensitive lipase HSL
-activated by a fall in innsulin levels -hydrolyzes triacylglycerols, yeilding fatty acids and glycerols -also activated by epinepherine and cortisol -affective within adipose tissue
Sympathetic nervous system
-activated by stress -associated with rage and fear -fight or flight
organ of corti
-actual hearing apparatus -housed in the cochlea
Gap junction
-allow direct cell-cell communication -permit movement of water and some solutes directly between cells
External intercostal muscles
-along the diaphram -used to expand the thoracic cavity
Endogenous pathway
-also know as MHC-1 pathway -it binds to antigens that come from inside the cell allows T-cell to kill them
Starches
-amylose and amylopectin -main energy storage form for plant
Attachment
-an emotional bond between a caregiver and a child -begins during innfancy -can occur with any care giver
cortical sex hormones
-androgens and estrogens -plays small role in males but much larger in women
Insulin
-antagonists to glucagon -secreted when blood glucose levels are high -causes glucose to be taken up and stored for later -stimulated fat and protien synnthesis
Social anxiety disorder
-anxiety that is due to social situations
kinetic energy of photon ejected
-any energy above threshold of frequency is converted to kenetic energy of released electron
biopsychosocial approach
-assumes there are biological, psychological, and social components to an indiciduals disorder -wants to promote direct and indirect therapy
Telomeres
-at the end of chromosomes -contain high GC-cintent to prevent DNA unravelling
Learning theory
-attitudes are developed through different forms of learning -attitudes are influenced by objjects and other attitudes
Pathogens
-bacteria that provides no advantage to the host rather disease
Starling force
-balance the oppoising pressure of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure in the blood -hlps maintain proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside the vasculature
Prodromal Phase
-before schizophrenia is diagnosed, a phase characterized by poor adjustment -exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences
Illness anxiety disorder
-being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious condition
Delusion of perspective
-belief that a person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatended
Binding proteins
-bind a specific substrate either to sequester it in the body or hold its concentration at steady state
Desmosomes
-bind to adjacent cells by anchoring to their cytoskeleton -formed by interactions between transmemebrane proteins
SacSacrimere shortening and relaxation
-binding of Ca2+ causes shortening -Ca2+ pumped back out causes relaxation
uncompetitive inhibition
-binds only to the enzyme-substrate complex and essentially lock the substrate in the enzyme preventing its release -decreases both Km and Vmax
Senescence
-biological aging
Retina
-black part of the eye -inner most layer of the eye -contains actual photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information the brain ccan process
hypophyseal portal system
-blood vessel that directly connects the hypothalmus with the anterior pitituary -hypothalmus secretes compounds into this -once hormones go through this they bind to receptors in the antieror pituitary gland and cuase other hormones to be released
Triodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
-both are produced by the iodination of the amino acid tyrosine in the folliculor cells of the thyroid gland -increased amount will result in cellular respiration leading to an increase in proteins and fatty acids
mutaulistic symbrotes
-both humans and bacteria benefit from relationship
Dual-coding theory
-both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information
Lysosomes
-break down many different substrates -gets rid of cellular waste -often functions with endosomes which transport package and sort material to and from the cell membrane
Hypothalmus
-bridge between nervous system and endocrine system -regulates pituitary gland through hormone release -regulated by negative feedback
tRNA
-brings in amino acids -recognize codon on the mRNA using its anticodon
amino acid derivative hormones
-derived from 1 or 2 amino acids w/ additional modifications -Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine -Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind to G protein coupled receptors --> fast onset & short lived -Thyroid hormones bind intracellularly (slower onset & longer duration) -Have names that end in -in or -ine (thyroxine)
Steroid hormones
-derived from cholesterol and are produced primarily by the gonads and adrenal cortex -can easily cross cell membranes -receptors are usually intracellular or intranuclear -can bind directly to DNA increasing or decreasing translation
Vygotsky's Theory of cultural and biosocial development
-desribes development of language,culture, and skills
Type 1 diabetes
-destruction of the B-cells in the pancrease resulting in low or absent insulin production
Taste
-detected by chemorecepters -information flows from taste center in the thalmus
Differential association
-deviance can be learned through interactions with others -degree to which one surrounds themselves with ideals that adhere to social nom vs ideals that go aagainnst them
Vital capacity
-difference between minimum and maximum volume of air in lungs
Chromatic aberration
-dispersive effect within a spherical lens
Generalized anxiety disorder
-dispoportionate and persistent worrying about many things
Hallucinogens
-distortions of reality and fantasy introspection -LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocibin
Intermediate filament
-diverse group of filaments proteins which includes jeratin, desmin, vimentin, and lains -involved in cell to cell adhesion or maintenece of overal integrity of cytoskeleton
Top-down processing
-driven by memories and expectations -allow brain to recognize the whole object then its components
Gama decay
-emissin of hgih energy photon -carry no charge and simple lower the energy of the parent nucleus
Beta Decay
-emmision of a beta-particle -occurs when a neutron decays into a proton -atomic number of duaghter cell will be one higher
Pinocytosis
-endocytosis of fluids and dissolved particles
Kenetic energy
-energy associated with moving objects
Retroviruses
-enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses -carry reverse transcriptase which is the enzyme that makes DNA from single stranded RNA -the DNA created from RNA integrates into host cell's genome where it is replicated and transcribed as if it were the host cell's own DNA -cell is infected indefinitely -ex: HIV
Glycogen phosphorylase
-enzyme that cleaves glucose from the non-reducing end of a glycogen branch by phosphorylating it -glycogen is more branched (branches occur more frequently) --> more points where enzymes can come in & break down glycogen *permits rapid release of glucose from glycogen stores *animals require rapid mobilization of glucose (more than plants)
Lysozymes
-enzymes contained in nasal cavity that help trap particular matter and potentially infectious particles
cerebral cortex frontal lobe
-exectutive function, impilse control, long-term planning, motor function, speech production
avoidant personality disorder
-extreme shyness and fear of rejection
Plasmids
-extrochromosomal material contained by bacteria
Potassium leak channels
-facilitates the outward movement of pottasium out of cell
Sodium leak channels
-facillitates sodiums movment into the cell
Converging lense` F>O
-for an object beyond the focal lengthtbe image formed is real and inverted -for an object inside focal lenght the image formed is virtual , upright, and enlarged -there is no image formed if object is at focal point
Transduction
-form of bacterial recombination where DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus
Conjugation
-form of genetic recombination of bacteria -bacterial form of mating -two cells form a conjugation bridge that facilitates the transfer of genetic material -allows for rapid acquisition antibiotic ressistance
Hybrid orbitals
-formed by mixing different types of orbitals -merge S+P orbitals into 1
Blastulation
-forms the blastula with a fluid filled inner cavity (blastocoel)
Interneurons
-found between other neurons -located mostly in braind and spinal chrod -often linked to reflexive behavior
Centrioles
-found in the region of the cell called centrosomes -oraganizing center for microtubules
Angular frequency
-frequency measure in radians
Amide
-general formula RCONR2 -generally synthesized by the reaction of other carboxtylic acids with either ammonium or other amide -boiling point is lower than CA
Carbohydrates in cell membrane
-generally attached to protein molecules on the extracelluar surface of cells -can form a coat around the cell -can act as signalling or recognition molecules
Structual proteins
-generally fibrous -collagen, elastin, keratin, actin, and tubulin
how you get schizophrenia
-genetic -tramua at birth (hypoxemia) -excessive weed when young -inherited -may also be associated with structure of the brain
Transposuns
-genetic elements capable of inserting and removing from the genome
Golgi Apparatus
-gets material from rough ER -modifies cellualr products
persistent depressive disorder
-given to people with depressed mood that isnt severe enough to meet certain criteria of a major depressive episode
Just-world hypothesis
-good things happen to good people bad things happen to bad people Karam
Narcissistic personality disorder
-grand sense of self importance -preoccupation with fantasies of sucess -need for constant admiration and attention
Pancreas
-has both exocrine and endocrine functions -small cluster of hormone producing cells are grouped together into the islet of Langerhans
Bipolar 2
-has hypomania with at least 1 major depressive episode
Marijuana
-has some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
Sphingolipids
-have hydrophobic region and 2 fatty acid derived hydrophobic tales -vary based on tehir hydrophilic groups
Genetic recomination of Bacteria
-helps increas bacterial diversity -permits evolution overtime
Centromeres
-hold sister chromatids together until seperated during anaphase in mitosis -conatin high GC content
Microtubules
-hollow polymers of tubulin proteins -radiate thoughout teh cell to provide pathways for motor protiens
Anaphase 1
-homologouse chromosomes seperate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell -each chromose of paternal orgin seperates froms its homologue maternal orgin -the distribution of chromosomes to each duaghter cell is random
Atrial Nutriuretic Peptide
-hormone that aids in the loss of salt within the nepheron -helps control blood pressure -somewhat of a diaretic
Ossides
-housed in the inner ear -3 bones mulleus, incus, stapes
Phase difference
-how "in-step" or "out of step" waves are
Fatty acids
-hydrocarbon chain with terminal carboxyl
two factors that keep the fluid balance in blood
-hydrostatic pressure -osmotic pressure
Radio active decay
-randomly occuring spontaneous decay of certain nuclei accompanied by the emission of specific particle
unsaturated fats acids
-impart fluidity in membrane
dissociative amnesia
-inability to recall past events or experiences -often linked to trama
biomedical approach to psychological disorders
-includes interventions that rally around syptom reduction of psychological disorders -very narrow approach misses a lot -looks only at what is wrong biologically
Stimulants
-increased arousal -amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
How does lenght and cross-sectional area of the axon affect speed at which potential moves?
-increased length results in higher resistance and sloweer conduction -greater cross-sectional areas allow for faster propagation due to decrease resistance -cross-sectional area is more significant than length
ADH
-increases collecting duct's permeability to water to increase water reabsoprtion
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-increases reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys -secreted when there is an increased concentration of solutes within blood
Obsesive-compulsive personality disorder
-individual is perfectionist and inflexible -tending to like rules and order
Prions
-infectious proteins -cuase disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins
Phagocytosis
-ingestion of large solids
Somatostatin
-inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion -high blood glucose and amino acid concentration stimulate secretion -also produced by the hypothalmus, where it decreases groth hormones secretion in addition to its effects on insulin and glucagon
Noncompetitve inhibition
-inhibitors bind to an allosteric site instead of the active site which induces a change in enzyme confirmation resulting in substrate not being able to bind -decreases Vmax but Km is unchanged
Endoderm
-innermost layer -epithelial linnings of the digestive and respiratory tracts
Postabsorptive
-insulin secretion decreases while glucagon and catecholamin secretion increases -fasting
postprandial
-insulin secretion is high and anabolic metabolism revails -after a meal
Humoral immunity
-involes the production of antibodies -may take as long as a week to become fully effective -antibodies are specific toantigens of invading microbe -antibodies are produced by B-cells
Double displacement reaction
-involves the switching of counter ions
Transformation
-is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment -result from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome
Depressive disorder
-isnt just sadness -ust meat certain severity and duration
Social interaction theory
-language is developed by the interplay between biologiccal and social processes -language is driven by a childs desire to communicate and behave in a social manner
Pinna
-large part of the ear -main function is to channel sound waves into the external auditory canal, which directs the sound waves to the tympanic system
Multiple lens system
-lenses in contact (negligible distances; behave as single lens) 1/f= 1/f1 + 1/f2 + 1/f3... or P= P1 + P2 + P3... example is the eye -lenses not in contact, the image of one lens is becomes the object of the next; ex: microscopes and telescopes. Magnification is M= m1 x m2 x m3...
Larynx
-lies below the pharynx -only pathway for air
Lens
-lies right infront of the iris -helps control the refraction of incoming light
Plane-polarized light
-light inwhich the electric feild of all waves are oriented in the same direction
Endothelia cells
-line the blood vessel -special type of cell helps to maintain the vessels by the realeasing of chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction -can also allow white blood cells to pass through the cell wall -secrete certain chemicalls tonhelp repair damage
Waxes
-lipids that are extremely hydrophobic and are rarely found in cell membranes of animals -can provide both stability and rigidity withing the nonpolar tail region
Ethnic enclaves
-locations with high concentration of one specific ethnicity -can slow cultural assimilation
Peptide hormones
-made up of amino acids -since chagred they cant pass through the cell membrane -consider first messenger -rapid and short lived
peripheral nervous system
-made up of nerve tissue and fibers ooutside brain and the spinal chord -PNS connects CNS to the rest of the body
Microfilaments
-made up of solid polymerized rods of actin -resistant to both compression and fracture -can use ATP to generate forces for movement y unteracting with myosin
Cellulose
-main structual component of plant cell walls -main source of fiber in human diet
Hypothalamus
-maintains homeostasis -primarily involved in creating long term memories -helps create context fro stimuli to lead to an emotion -controls explicit memory
myelin sheath
-maintians the electrical signal withing one neuron
Lymph nodes
-major component of lymphatic system -provide a place for immune cells to communicate and mount attacks -B-cells can be activated here too
Seasonla Affective disorder
-major depressive disorder with seasnal onset -may be realated to abnomral melatonine metabolism
Glycogen
-major energy storage form for animals
First trimester
-major organs develope -cartilaginous skeleton begins to harden to bone -embryo begins to be known as a fetus
biploar disorder
-major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania -assocaited with increase levels of serotonin in the brain
rRNA
-makes up much of the ribosome -enzymatically active
Positron Beta decay
-mass of electron but carrier a positive charge
Inclusive fitness
-measure of an organisms sucess in the population -promotes the idea that altruistic behavior can improve the fitness and sucess of a species as a whole
Entropy
-measure of energy dispersion in a system
Stereotype threat
-people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group -can hinder a performance creating self-fullfilling prophicy
Social facilitation
-people naturall exhibit a performance respeonse when they know they are being watched
slef-serving bias
-people will view their own sucess based on internal factors while viewing failures based on external factors -helps protect slef-esteem
Growth Factors
-peptides that promote differentration and mitosis in certain tissues -most only function on specific cells
paranoid personality disorder
-pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives
Thrombocytes
-platelets -assist in blood clotting
Mast cells
-populate the lungs -have antibodies on surface -promote immune response if right substance attaches
Harmonic series
-possibole frequencies that a string can support
Mitochondria
-power house of the cell -contain their own DNA and replicate independently -capable of apoptosis
Enol
-presence of a carbon-caron double bond and an alcohol component
Tight junctions
-prevent solutes from leaking into spaces betweeen cells -found in epithelial cells -must form continuos band around cells to prevent leakage
Oligodendrocytes
-producce myelin in the central nervous system
Calcitonin
-produced by C-cells in thyroid -decreases calcium levels
Cilia
-projects from a cell that primarily involved in the movement of materials along the cell surface
growth hormone
-promotes growth of bone and muscle -growth is energetically expensive & requires large amounts of glucose so GH prevents glucose uptake in tissues that are not growing and stimulates breakdown of fatty acids to increase availability of glucose
cell adhesion molecules
-proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentation and developement
Interferons
-protiens that pervent viral replication and dispersion -protect against viruses -cells gain interferonse once infected by viruses -cause nearby cells to decrease production of both viral and cellular proteins -also decrease permeability of these cells to make it harder for viruses
Cytoskeleton
-provides structure and helps maintain shape -provides a conduit for trasnport of materials throughout the cell
1st order reaction
-rate is directly proportional to only 1 reactant -when you double [reactant] rate doubles
Erythrocytes
-red blood cells -carry oxygen
Surfuctant
-reduces the surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the alveoli -prevents their colapse
The Rh factor in blood is
-refers to the presence of a specific allele +=has d -=doesnt have d
Cholesterol
-regulates membrane fluidity and is necessary in the synthesis of all steriods -prevents the formation of crystal structors in the membrane -increase fluidity at lower temps -at high temps decrease membrane fluidity and helps hold membrane intact
cortucotropin releasing factor
-released by increasing lighter -released by the hypothalmus -cuases release of ATCH
Autolysis
-released by lysosomes -damage cell resulting in cell death
Virions
-released by virus on host cell which results in death of cell
Spliceosomes
-remove introns and exons ligated together
S phase
-replication of DNA
Pharnx
-resides behind nasal cavity and at the back of mouth -comon way for both air and food
Adrenal medula
-responsible for the production of sympathetic hormones epinepherine and norepinephrine -capable of secreting these hormones directly to the blood -hormones effect fight or flight
Indeterminate cleavage
-results in cells that can still develope into complete organisms
avoident attachment
-results when caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child -child shows no preference between a stranger and caregiver
Type 2 diabetes
-reult or receptor-level resistance to the effects of insulin -partially inherited
Retro-aldol reaction
-reverse of aldol condensation
Ovaries
-secrete estrogen and proestrogen in response to gonadotropins
Direct hormones
-secreted and then act directly on a target tissue
Glucagon
-secreted during times of fasting -increase glucagon production by triggering: Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the degradtion of proteins and fats -increase blood glucose levels
Adrenal cortex
-secretes corticosteroids
Pineal glande
-secretes melatonin -involved in circadian rythm -secretion is a response to light
Parathyroid gland
-secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) -subject to feedback inhibition -increases blood calcium levels
Morphogens
-secretion of these molecules by nearby cells may cause neighboring cells to follow a particular developmental pathway
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
-semipermeable phospholipid bilayer -fat-solube compuunds cross easily -larger water-solube compounds must find different methods
sensation vs perception
-sensation is the conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals -perception iss the processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance
Cerebral cortext perietal lobe
-sensation of touch, pressure, temprature, pain, spatial processing, orientation, and minipulation
Depressant
-sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety -alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Altrioventicular valve
-seperate the atria from the ventricals
Thyroid
-sets basal metabolic rate -promotes calcium homeostasis
disorganized attachment
-shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver abscence or prescence instead shows a mix of different behaviors -often associated with erractic behavior and social withdraw from caregiver
net ionic reaction
-shows only species that actually partake in the reaction -aqueos componets split -solid slats stay the same
Hormones
-signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the blood stream to target distant tissues
Autocrine
-signals act on the same cell that secreted the signal
Paracrine
-signals acts on cells in local area
Facilitated diffusion
-simple diffusion of particles that are imppermeanle to the membrane (large, polar, or charged) -requires integral membrane proteins for support as transporters or channels
Exhulation
-simply relaxing the external intercostal muscles -chesst cavity decreases in volume
Capillaries
-single endothelial cell layer -so small red blood cells must pass through in a single file line -thin walls allow easy diffusion of gass, nutrients and waster
AV node
-sits at the junction of atria and ventricles -recieves signal from SA node -signal is delayed here to allow ventricles to fill completely
Nodes of Ranvier
-small breaks in the myelin sheath with exposed areas of the axon membrane -critical for rapid signal conduction
Viroids
-small pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA that infect plants -can bind to large number of RNA sequences and can silence genes in the pant
Venules
-smaller venous structure that connect capillaries to the larger viens of the body
Utrasonic waves
-sound frequencies above 20,000 Hz
Attenuation
-sound intensity is lower than calculated due to this -noncosnervative forces that decrease sound intesity
Cebrebral cortex temproral lobe
-sound processing, speech perception
Disoganized thought
-speach wich ideas shift from subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow
Neurons
-specialized cells capanle of transmitting electrical impulses and then translatting those electrical impulses into chemical signals
Disproportionation
-specific type of redox reaction in which an element undergoes both oxidation and reduction in producing its products
When is the speed of sound the fastest and slowest
-speed of sound is the fastest when in a solid with low density -slowest in very dense gas
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
-stem from conflict that are the result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the enviroment around us at each phase of our lives
Glucocorticoids
-steriod hormone that regulate glucose levels -Cortisol and cortisome
Aldosterone
-stimulate Na+ reabsorption, K+ and H+ secreation -increase water reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure
Ovulation
-stimulated by a sudden surge in LH -this surge is triggered when estrogen levels reach a threshold and switch from negative to positive feedback
Prolactin
-stimulates milk production in the mammary glands -secreted by anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
-stimultes uterine contractions during labor as well as milk let down during lactation -secreted by posterior pituitary
Gastriontestinal tract for nonspecific imunity
-stomach secretes acid resulting in the elimination of most pathogens -gut contains large amounts of bacteria so invaders struggle to compete
Flagella
-structures involved in the movement of the cell itself
Rough ER
-studded with ribosomes -translates proteins destined for secretion into its lumen
Hydrostatic pressure
-the force per unit area that blood exerts against the vessel walls -pushes fluids out of the blood stream and into the intersitium through the capillary walls
Gastrulation
-the generation of 3 distinct cell layers
Positive sense Virus
-the genome may be directly translatted to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell
Work function of photon
-the minimum energy required to release an electron
threshold frequency
-the minimum frequency of light that causes ejection -threshold depends on the type of metal being exposed to radiation
Total lung capacity
-the minimum volume of air in lungs when one inhales completely
emulsification
-the mixing of two normally immisible liquids -increase the surface area of the lipid which permits greater enzymatic interactions and processing
Active transport
-the movement of solute against concentration gradient
Placenta
-the organ where nutrient, gas, and waste exchange occurs -barrier serves as a function of immunity -oxygenation of blood occurs hear for baby
Ectoderm
-the outermost layer, gives rise to the integument -skin, hair, nails, and epithealia of nose, mouth,
loudness
-the percieved intesity of sound -subjective and doesnt depend only on the brain
Dissociative disorders
-the person avoid stress by escaping from their identity -the person otherwise has an intact sense of reality
Fission
-the process by which a nucleus splits into a smaller nucleus -spontaneous fission rarely occurs
Cultural assimilation
-the process by which an indivdual's or groups behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group -transforms culture itslef -one group tends to have more power and influence than another
Saponification
-the process by which fats are hydrolyzed under basic conditions to produce soap -adding acid undoes the proces
Secondary socialization
-the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society -based on rules of specific enviroments
Power
-the rate at which work is performed
Diffraction
-the spreading of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around objects
Self-concept
-the sum of ways in which we describe ourselves -in the present whi we used to be and who we might be in the future
Work energy theorem
-the work performed by all forces acting on a body in a particular time interval to the change in energy at that time -W=deltaE
Polysympatic reflex
-there are at least 1 interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron -stepping on a nail
Social contrsution model
-there are not biological bias for emotion -emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone - certain emotions can only be expressed in certain situations -must understand social norms to express certain emotions
Dissociative idnetity disorder
-there are two or more personalities that take control of a persons behavior
Na+/K+ ATPase
-there must be a means of moving both sodium and potassium ions back against their gradient -continually pumps sodium and postassium back to where they started -uses ATP
Diaphragm
-thin, muscular structure that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity -under somatic control even though breathingitself is under autonomic control
Atria
-thin-walled structures where blood is recieved from either the venae cavae or the pulmonary veins
Closed boundaries
-those that do not allow oscillation and that correspond to nodes
Viens
-tranpsort blood to the heart -all viens carry deoxygenated blood except pulmanary and umbilical viens -less recoil than arties -able to streccth to accomidate large quantites of blood -valves prevent back flow -use skeletal muscles to push blood back to heart
Efferent neurons
-transmit motor information from brain and spinal chord to muslces and glands
afferent neurons
-transmit sensory neurons from spinal chord to the brain
Electromagnetic waves
-transverse waves -in a vacum al electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
Acrosmal apparatus
-tubelike structure formed by the first sperm to come into direct contact with secondary oocytes cell membrane
dizygotic twins
-twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time -faternal twins
Hypomania
-typicall does not impair function significantly -no psychotic features -individual maybe more energetic and optimistice -part of bipolar 2
Fischer esterification
-under acidic conditions, mixtures of carboxylic acids and alcohols will condense into esters
object permanence
-understanding objects continue to exist when out of view -marks begining of reprasational thought
Conversion disorder
-unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function
grey matter
-unmyinated cell bodies and dedrites
primary active transport
-uses ATP or other molecules to directly power transport
Gas Chromatography
-uses gas instead of liquid -gasses travel at different rates becuase they adhere to to the absorbant differently
Smooth ER
-utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and posions -also transports proteins from RER to the golgi apparatus
Dispersion
-various wavelenghts of light seperate from eah other -wavelengths travel at different speeds through medium -why prisom seperate light
Systol contraction
-ventricular contraction and closre of the AV valve occurs and blood is pumped out of the ventricles (hgigher number)
Peptide bond characteristics
-very stable under physical conditions -planar molecular geometry -partial double bond reactivity -ressonance
Plane mirrors always have waht type of image
-virtual
Viral sttructure
-viruses are composed of genetic material, protein coat, and sometimes an envelope containing lipids
Bateriophages
-viruses that infect bacteria
Tidal volume
-volume of air inhaled or exhaled in normal breath
intrathoracic volume
-volume of chest cavity
Residual volume
-volume remaining in lungs when exhale completely
Mixed inhibition
-when an inhibitor can bind to either the enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex, but has different affinity for both -bind at allosteric sight and not the active site -can increase or decrease Km value
Secure attachment
-when child has consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to -upset at departure of caregiver -vital aspect of childs developement
Open biological system
-when matter and energy can be exchanged with the enviroment
Endocytosis
-when the cell membrane invaginates and engulfs material to bring it into the cell
Morula
-when the embryo becomes a solid mass of cells
Resonating
-when the frequency of thhe periodic force is equal to the natural freuquency -amplitude of the oscillation is at a maximum
erythroblastosis fetalis
-when the mom has antibodies for Rh+ and baby is RH+ can lead to death of fetus
Conservation of energy
-when there are no conservative forces acting on a system the total mechanical energy remains constant
SA node
-where impulse initiation occurs in the heart -located in the cell wall of the atrium -depolorization of wave from the SA node cuases contracto of two atria simultanuosly
Closed biological system
-where only energy can be exchanged with enviroment -changes in enthalpy are equal to changes in internal energy or heat exchange
teste
-where the primitive gonads develope
Leukocytes
-white blood cells -fight infection
Ampulla
-wides part of the fullopian tube -where fertilization occurs
4 stages of menstrual cycle
1. Follicular: FSH causes growth of a follicle 2. Ovulation: LH causes follicle to release egg 3. Luteal: corpus luteum forms 4. Menstruation: endometrial lining sheds
two groups of leukocytes
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
3 stages of general adaptation syndrome
1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion
Steps of Transcription
1. DNA unzips and the BOTTOM strand is exposed 2. RNA nucleotides attach to the bottom strand, making a mRNA 3. mRNA breaks off and the DNA zips back together
3 stages of translation
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
Kirchoff's laws
1. at any junction within a circuit, the sum of current flowing into that point must equal the sum of current leaving 2. the sum of voltage sources equals the sum of voltage drops around a closed-circuit loop
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
3 mechanism to regulate neurotransmitters
1.) ACh 2.) Reuptake carriers 3.) Neurotransmitters diffuse out
fuctions of the teste
1.) Seminiferous tubules 2.) interstital cells of legdiy 3.) secretes testosterone in response to stimulation by gonadotrapins
Events of menstrual cycle
1.) The follicular phase 2.) Ovulation 3.) lateal phase 4.) menstration
Psychatic disorder symptoms
1.) delusion 2.) hallucinations 3.) disorganized thoughts 4.) disorganized behavior 5.) catatonia 6.) negative symptoms
3 main reactions of monosaccharides
1.) oxidation-reduction 2.) esterification 3.) glycoside formation
parrallel circuit equation
1/r=1/r1+...
Meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2
1: results in homologus chromosomes being sperated and generates 2 haploid duaghter cells 2: seperation of sister chromatid without change in ploidy
two-factor theory of emotion
1st response: Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal 2nd: conscious emotion
how many ATP does anaerobic cellular respiration produce
2 ATP
Schacter-Singer theory
2 factors are needed to experience emotion. First, environmental stimuli elicits a physiological response. Second, we cognitively appraise this physiological activity, and try to give it the correct label. "I am excited becuase my heart is racing and everyone else is happy"
1 mole of gas at STP
22.4 L
Standard pressure
273 K 1 ATM
Standard condition
298 K 1 ATM 1M
Trioses
3 carbon sugars
Tetrose
4 carbon sugar
D-orbital
4 symetrical lobes containg 2 nodes
Pascal's principle
A change in the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the containing vessel
Initiation
AUG
Arrhenius acid/base
Acid: produces H+ Base: produces OH-
Bronsted-Lowry acid/base
Acid: proton donor Base: proton acceptor
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Cleavage
After fertilization, the sperm and egg become a zygote, which then begins a number of cell divisions called
What is more reactive ketone or aldehyde?
Aldehyde because there is less steric henderance
expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Telomerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
Primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
Helicase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
Newtons first law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Doppler effect
An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving
Signaling cascade
Connection between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought about by second messengers within the cell
Respiratory Quotient
CO2 produced/O2 consumed
column chromatography
Chromatography in which the substances to be separated are introduced onto the top of a column packed with an adsorbent (as silica gel or alumina), pass through the column at different rates that depend on the affinity of each substance for the adsorbent and for the solvent or solvent mixture, and are usually collected in solution as they pass from the column at different times
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell kintochore fibers interact with the fibers of the spibdle appuratus
Transcription factors
Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.
Factors that affect reaction rates
Concentration, temprature, catalyst, Medium
Total mechanical energy
E = U + K
Recombinant DNA
DNA composed of nucleotides from two different sources
Chromosomes
DNA futher wound into linear stands
reannealed
DNA strands brought back together
avoidance symptoms of PTSD
Deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Euchromation
Eukaryotic chromatin that is less dense and is transcriptionally active DNA
Heterochromatin
Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.
degranulation
Exocytosis of granule contents
extrinsic motivation
External forces, coming from outside oneself; rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved
PFK-1
F6P --> F 1,6P main control point of glycolysis produces ATP inhibited by: ATP, citrate, glucagon activated by: AMP, insulin
Newton's Second Law
F=ma
Components of emotional expression
Facial expression Beaviors postures vocal changes physiological changes
Newton's Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
secondary active transport
Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.
Macrophages
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Nuclear memebrane
Function:Protects the nucleus, lets certain molecules in and out
G0 stage
G1->G0 when cells don't divide
PFK-2
Generates F2,6-BP which activates PFK-1, allowing glycolysis to continue even in the presence of ATP.
Normality
Gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution, often denoted by N.
What acid does the stomach produce?
HCl
Promiscuity
Having sex with a number of partners without commitment
Tail fibers
Help the bacteriophage to recognize and connect to the correct host cell
Deviations to ideal gas laws
High pressure- smaller volume than predicted Low temps- allow intermoleculare forces to interact (near boling point)
Metaphase 1
Homologs line up along metaphase plate each pair attaches to a seperate spindle fiber by its kietochore each chromosome is only attached to one spindle fiber unlike in mitosis
osmotic pressure equation
II=iMRT i: # of particles in solution M: molarity R: gas constant T: tempt in Kelvins
hypercarbia
Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream.
Somatic symptom disorder
Individuals have at least one symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition. Express a disproportionate amount of concern about its seriousness, and have elevated levels of anxiety.
transmembrane proteins
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
Law of Segregation
Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always).
Location of NA and K
Na outside K inside
Anode
Negative electrode
Medications to treat schizophrenia
Neuroleptics- block dopamine receptors
Depolarization of neuron
Neuron is excited and makes neuron more likely to fire action potential
Polyandry
One female, several males.
Polygyny
One male, several females.
Mineralocorticoids
One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates water and electrolyte balance in extracellular flid, mainly by regulatind sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules. Chiefly aldosterone.
Capsid
Outer protein coat of a virus
Lens power equation
P=1/f
Ideal gas law density
P=pRT/M
Ideal Gas Law Equation
PV=nRT
Synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Interkinesis
Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place.
Forced oscillation
Periodically varying force is applied to a system, the system will then be driven at a frequency equal to the frequency of the force
Nodes
Points of zero amplitude on a standing wave
Cathode
Positive electrode
Thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
R and S rotation
R=clockwise S=counterclockwise
monosynaptic reflex
Reflex pathway with only one synapse between the sensory and motor neurons (ex: knee-jerk).
Path way of sperm
SEVE(n) UP Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct N Urethra Penis
major depressive episode symptoms
SIG E CAPS -Sleep disturbance -Loss of intrest -Excessive Guilt -Decreased energy -Difficulty concentrating -Appetite disturbance -psychomotor symptoms -Sucicidal thoughts
anterior pituitary
Secretes Acth, LH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin, and GH
orgin of replication
Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Le Chatelier's Principle
States that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves the stress.
Cognitive neoassociation model
States we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
What is the only thing that effects Keq?
Temprature
Specific heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius
inner mitochondrial membrane
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the innermost membrane of the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis take place at the inner mitochondrial membrane, which produces ATP via the flow of protons across the membrane.
constructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude
destructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude
Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Difference threshold
The minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
Enolization
The process by which the carbonyl oxygen of a ketone gets protonated to form an enol.
Situational attributions
The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a person's control rather than to some internal characteristic.
aortic valve
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
Bond enthalpy
The standard heat of reaction can be calculated using the values of bond dissociation energies of particular bonds
first condition of equilibrium
The sum of all parallel forces on a body in equilibrium must be zero.
Nerve terminal
The tip of the axon where neurotransmitters are released.
Convection
The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid
Ambivalent attachment
When caregiver has inconsistent response to a childs distress child cant form a secure basis on if they can consistenly rely on caregiver
When is the primary structure of a protien formed?
When the amino terminus of one amino acid attacks the carboyl terminus of another amino acid
4 regions of spinal cord
Whni1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral
Stressor
a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response
homogenous catalyst
a catalyst that is in the same phase as all the reactants and products in a reaction system
Social class
a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics
combination reaction
a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance
Shock wave
a cone shaped wave produced by an object moving at supersonic speed through a fluid
Adaptation
a decrease in response to a stimullus overtime
Aphasia
a deficit of language production or comprehension
classical conditioning
a form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus such that the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response as the unconditional stimulus
Alpah waves of sleep
awake but but relaxed, slower than beta waves
major depressive episode
a period of depression lasting at least 2 weeks with at least 5 symptoms
Schizotypical personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities
total internal reflection
a phenomenon in which all the light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Parkison's disease
a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Dendrites
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
opponent-process theory
a stimulus that initially inspires displease will likely be followed by a pleasurable feeling and vice-versa drug addiction
Dissocaitive fague
a sudden unexpected move or purposeless wondering away from one's home or location of usual activity
Mental state
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Myogenic activity
ability of a muscle cell to contract without input from the nervous system; found in smooth and cardiac muscle types
divided attention
ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time
Parasominas
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
Lewis /base
acid: electron pair acceptor base: electron pair donor
Social action
actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around -humans behave in different ways in different social enviroments
Phenology
actual sound of language
Spatial summation
additive affect is based on the number and location on incoming signals SPACE not time
Innappropriate affect
affect is clearly discordent with content of the individuals speech -uncontrolable laughter while talking about death
Esteem support
affirms the qualities and skills of the person
indirect therapy
aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of affected individual
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
rods of the eye
allow sensation of light and dark
Positve selection (t-cells)
allowing only the maturationof cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MLH
Bond dissociation energy
an average of the energy required to break a particular type of bond in one mole of gaseous molecules
Thats-not-all
an individual is made an offer but before making a decision is told the deal is better than expect
Defensins
antibacterial enzymes found on the skin
animal communication
any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another
Threshold of concious perception
any stimulus below this arrives at CNS but does not reach higher order brain regions
embedded proteins
are associated with only the interior/cytoplasmic or exterior/extracellular surface of the cell
Back stage
area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior
Front stage
area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions
Node
area where the probability of finding electron is 0
death phase of bacterial growth
as resources become insufficient, bacteria undergo this phase and start to die
Sleep stage 1
as soon as you does off theta waves
dispositional attribution
assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person, rather than to outside forces
dorsal prefrontal cortex
associated with attention and cognition
Peer groups
association of self-selected equals around similar intrest, ages, and satuses
Primary oocyte
at birth all oogina have alreaady undergone replication arrested in prophase 1
Agglutination
atigens clumping together forming large insolube complexes that can be phagocytized
Diploid cell
autosomal cells, two copies of DNA
peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane
GABA and glycine
brain "stabilization"
Glutamate
brain excitation
Bottom-up processing
brain takes the individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to created a cohesive image before detecting what object is
osteoclast
breaksdown bone
Osteoblast
builds bone
Altruism
helping behavior where the person's intent is to benefit someone else at the cost to himself
Simple distillation
can be used to separate two liquids with boiling points below 150°C and at least 25°C apart
closed system
can exchange energy but not matter with the enviroment
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
Configurational isomers
can obly be interchanged by breaking and reforming bounds
mRNA
carriers the message from DNA in the nucleus via transcription of the gene; travels into the cytoplasm to be translated
Role performane
carrying out of behaviors associated with give role
Heterogenious Catalyst
catalysis is in a distinct phase from reactants and products
Hydrolases
catalyze cleavage with the addition of water
Lyases
catalyze cleavage without the addition of water and without the transfer of electrons
Oxidoreductase
catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that incolve the transfer of electrons
Isomerases
catalyze the interconversion of isomers including both constitutional and stereoisomers
representative heuristic
categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
oxidizing agent
causes another atom to be oxidized and itself reduced -tend to accept proton
reducing agent
causes another atom to be reduced and itself to be oxidiezed -generally donate proton
Negative selection (t-cells)
causing apoptosis in cells that are self reactive
Juxtacrine
cell directly stimulating receptors of the adjacent cell
Cell death
cells die during developement
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Memory t-cells
cells lie in wait until rexposre of same antigen rapid and robust response
Center of curvature
center of the mirror if it was complete sphere
Fovea
central most point of the macual and has only cones
Macula
central section of retina and has high concentration of cones
Compliance
change of behavior on a direct request
carriers (transporters)
change shape as they move a substance from one side of the membrane to the other
signal detection theory
changes in our perception of signals comes down to two things -context -enviroment
Internalization
changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with groups ideas
G2 phase
checks to make sure there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells and chekcs to make sure DNA was replicated correctly
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Cornea
clear dome like window in the fron of the eye which gather and focuses light
open system
cna exchange both eergy and matter with the enviroment
Genes
coding regions of DNA
3 components of attitude
cognitive-way individual thinks about something affective-reffers to the way a person feels toward something behavioral- way a person acts with respect to something
alternative splicing
combines different exons to acquire different gene products
presynaptic neuron
conducts impulses toward the synapse
arcuate fasciculus
connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area
ventral prefrontal cortex
connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion
Consistency cues
consistent behavior of a person over a period of time
histrionic personality disorder
constant attentuin seek ing behavior
Isobaric
constant pressure
Isothermal
constant temperature
Isovolumetric
constant volume aka isochoric
constrictor pupillae
constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation
Thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
dependent personality disorder
continuous need for reassurance
Helper T-cells
cordinate immune response
Neurocognitive theory
correlates dream experiences with the physiological experiences of dreaming
Lactams
cyclic amides
Pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
punishment
decreases behavior
grey matter of spinal cord
deep withing the spinal chord
Stage 3/4 of sleep
deeper sleep slow wave sleep(delta waves)
innate immunity
defense that always active against infection, but lack the ability to target specific invaders
Specific immunity
defense that targets specific pathogens slower to act can reetain memory
Resonance
delocalization of electrons
Iron law of oligarchy
democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
immediate networks
dense networks with strong ties
Normative conformity
desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection
utricle and saccule
detect linear acceleration
Semicirular canals
detect rotational acceleration
cochella
detects sound
pI of amino acids
determined by averaging the pka values that refer to protonation and deprotonation of zwitterion
Family group
determined by birth, adoption, and marraige not selected
the law of conservation of energy
dictates that energy can be neither created or destroyed, but all thermal, chemical, potential, and kenetic energy are interconvertable
Anomers
differ at anomeric carbon
Epimers
differ at exactly one chiral carbon
Diastereomers
differ at least one-but not all-chiral carbons
Confirmational isomers
differ by rotation around a single sigma bond
Role strain
difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
Role conflict
difficulty in satisfying the requirment or expectations of multiple roles
Dyssomnias
disorders that make it hard to sleep
Torisional strain
from eclipsing confirmations
aerotolerant anaerobes
do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
alternative pathway of complement system
does not require antibodies
activation-synthesis theory
dreams are cuased by wide-spread random activation of neural circuitry
Cognitive process dream theory
dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness
Problem solving dream theory
dreams are ways to solve problems during sleep
secondary drives
drives that are not related to biological processes
Role exite
dropping of one identity for another
ideas of reference delusion
dulusion of reference but not as strong
REM rebound
earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep compared to normal as a result of sleep deprevation
3 Layers of Primary Germ Layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Law of Proximity (Gestalt)
elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
Law of Good Continuation (Gestalt)
elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together
humanistic perspective of personality
emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization
self-determination theory
emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: autonomy-the need to be in control of ones actions and ideas competence- the need to compete and excel at difficult task relatedness- the need to feel accepted and wanted in a relationship
lock and key model
enzyme's active site is already in the appropriate conformation for the substrate to bind
dynamic equilibrium
equilibrium where forward and backwards reaction are moving at the same rate
static equilibrium
equilibrium where no reactions occur
Availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common`
Primary apprasial
evaluating first the event or experience in terms of whether it is positive or negative
Hyperthyroidism
excessive activity of the thyroid gland
Mendel's second law of independent assortment
inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes
Manic episode
experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior
Social constructionism
explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
exponetial phase of bacterial growth
exponetial increase in the number of bacteria
Delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
illusion of unanimity
false sense of agreement within a group
hyperopia
farsightedness
Universal emo
fear, anger, happieness, suprise, joy, disgust, saddness
nonbonded strain
from interactions with substituents on nonadjacent carbons. in cyclohexane, the largest substituent usually takes equatorial position to reduce nonbonded strain
Reduction
gains electron in redox reaction
Conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order
Functionalism
focuses on the function and relationships of each component of society
Attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the cause of peoples actions
selective attention
focusing on one part of the sensory enviroment while ignoring other stimuli
Peripheral route processing
focusing on superfical details or persuasive information
Spermatogenesis
formation of haploid sperm through meiosis, occurs in seminiferous tubules
algorithms
formulas produced for solcing certain types of problems
Ideal gas law
gasses are ideal when there are no intermolecular attractions
gametocytes
germ cells where meiosis occurs
Haploid cells
germ cells, one copy of DNA
4 fundamental forces of nature
gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force
Reference groups
groups that establish the terms by which an individual evaluates themselves
Out-groups
groups to which an individual competers or is in oppositiion with
In-group
groups to which indivduals belong
Reciprocal developement
growth induced by other growth
hypnagogic hallucinations
hallucinations when going to sleep
Splitting
happess when indivudals with borderline personality disorder -view others are all good or all bad
Fetal hemoglobin
has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
G protein-coupled receptors
have a membrane bound protein associated with a trimeric G protein
b-anomers
have the -OH on the anomeric carbon cis to the free -CH2OH group
a-anomers
have the -OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free -CH2OH group
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
Suppressor t-cells
help tone down imune respose once infection has been adequately contained
Acute stress disorder
if the same symptom last for less than a month but linger thant 3 days
Antibonding orbital
if the signs are different higher energy less stable
Bonding orbital
if the signs of the wave function are the same, lower energy and more stable
Illusion of collective rationalization
ignoring warning signs against ideas of group
second law of thermodynamics
in any thermodynamic process that moves from one state of equilibrium to another the entropy of the system and enviroment tofehter will either increase or remain the same
Tail sheath
injects the genetic material into a bacterium
Instincts
innate tendencies that determine behavior
sleep apnea
inability to breathe during sleep
disorganized behavior
inability to carry out activities of daily living
functional fixedness
inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
Egocentrism
inability to imagine what another person may feel or think
Negative symptoms of PTSD
inability to recal key features of the event, negative moor or emotion, felling distant to others, and persistant negative view of the world
Belief perserverance
inability to reject belief despite clear evidence against it
shifts in hemoglobin curve
increase [H+] or deacreas pH shift right increase temp shift right increase [PaCO2] shifts right increase [CO2] right
Polyuria
increased frequency of urination -reported by people with diabetes
arousal symptoms of PTSD
increased startled response, irratibility, anxiety, slef-destructive, sleep disturbance
polydipsia
increased thirst -reported by people with diabetes
Reinforcment
increases behavior
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels
Deindividuation
individual behavior can be dramatically different in social situations large group causes loss of individual identity
Identities
individual components of our self-sconcept related to the groups to which we belong
Depersonalization disorder
individual feels deatched from their own mind and body
derealization disorder
individual feels detached from their own surroundings
Ego-syntonic
individual percieves their behaivor as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals
Ego-dystonic
individuals sees illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersom
Reliance on centrak traits
individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the traget that are most relevant to perciever
Electrophoresis
is used to separate biological macromolecules based on size and charge
What happens to a wave when it meets a boundary
it is reflected an inverted
DNA ligase
joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand
labeling theory
labels given to people affect not only have others respond to that person but also the person's self image
Narcolepsy
lack of voluntary control of onset sleep
Wernicke's area
language comprehension
door-in-the-face technique
large request os made first and if refused a second smaller request is made
Learning theory of language development
learn language by learning what sounds are important through emphasis
Crystalized intelligence
learned skills and knowledge
anterior chamber of eye
lies infront of the iris
spine white matter
lies on the outside of the spinal chord
corona radiata
lies outside the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation
distant networks
looser networks that contain weakeer ties
conduction aphasia
lost conection between broca's area and wernicke's area cant repeat what is spoken to them
hypozemia
low blood o2 levels
hypoglycemia
low glucose in blood cuased by excess insulin
Magnification equation
m = -i/o
sphygmomanometer
machine that measures blood pressure
spermatogonia
male diploid stem cell
Bipolar 1
manic episodes with or without depressive episodes
Body mass index
mass/height^2
Conformity
matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to social norms
paramagnetic
material that can become weekly magnitized
ferromagnetic
material with unpaired electrons and permanent magnetic dipoles
naive B cells
mature B cell that has left the bone marrow but has not yet encountered its specific antigen
t-cells
mature in the thymus coordinate the immune system and directly kill virally infected cells
Spermatozoa
mature spermatides
Absolute threshold
minimum stimulus to activate a senseroy system no perception
Molality
moles of solute/kg of solvent
Molarity
moles of solute/liters of solution
Major depressive disorder
mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode
Drive reduction theory
motivation is based o the goal of eliminatin uncomfortable states
intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within the individual motivation due to intrest or pure enjoyment
Debranching enzyme
moves a block of oligoglucose from one branch and connects it to the chain using an alpha-1,4-glycosidic lnk
Branching enzyme
moves a block of oligoglucose from one chain and connects it as a branch using an alpha-1,6 glycosidic link
temporal summation
multiple signals in short period of time TIME not space
Reticular formation
neural structure located in the brainstem that keeps the cortex awake and alert communicates with the prefrontal cortex
limbic system
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions, memory, and drives.
Hyperpolarization
neuron is inhibited thus making neuron less likely to fire action potential
Absolute refractory period
no amount of stimulation can cause another action potential to occur
Isolated system
no exchange of energy/matter with enviroment
Adiabatic
no heat exchange
diamagnetic
no unpaired electrons and no net magnetic feild
Folkways
norms that refer to behavior that os considered polite in particular siuations
Attribution substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead substitute a simpler solution or apply heuristic
longitudinal wave
oes in which the particle of the wave oscillate parrellel to the direction of propagation
Concave mirror f>O
of an object is placed inside the focal length of a concave mirror the image formed is behind the mirror, enlarged and virtual
Mutarotation
one anomeric form shifts to another with straight chain form as intermediate
semiconservative replication
one old parent strand and one new daughter strand is incorporated into each of the two new DNA molecules
Decombination Reaction
one product breaks down into two or more species
dilator pupillae
opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation
Antiport
opposite direction
Resistance
opposition to the flow of charge
Schemata
organized patterns of behavior and thought
Reciprocal liking
phenmenon where by people like other better when they beleive the person likes them
5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice
phenotypic benefits sensory bias fisherman/runaway selection indicator traits genetic compatibility
Material culture
physical items that one associates with a given group
3 elements of emotion
physiological response- change in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temprature, and blood pressure behavioral response- change in facial and body expressions cognitive response- interpritation of the feeling being experienced
Antinodes
points of maximum amplitude on a standing wave
Statuses
positions in society that are used to classify individuals
Eustress
positive stress
Glucokinase
present in the pancreatic b-islet cells as part of the glucose sensor and is responsive to insulin in the liver
bulbourethral glands
produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal
Missense mutation
produce a codon that produces a different amino acid
Nonsense mutations
produce a premature stop codon
Schwan cells
produce myelin in PNS
Catecholamines
promote glycogenolysis and increase basal metabolic rate through their sympathetic nervous system activity
indirect benefits of mate choice
promoting better survival in offspring
Histones
protein that linear DNA is rapped around
synaptonemal complex
proteins that hold together homologous chromosomes
Network support
providing a sense of belonging to a person
Informational support
providing information that will help someone
direct benefits (mating)
providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support
Personality disorder
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta
Chargaff's Rule
purines and pyrimidines ar eequal in number in a DNA molecule
Timbre
quality of sound
Deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
order of electromagnetic spectrum
radio-->microwave-->infared-->visible-->UV-->xray-->gamma ray
Third trimester
rapid growth and brain development continue, and there is transfer of antibodies to the fetus
2nd order reaction
rate is proportional to both [reactants] or the square of one [reactant]
Zero order raction
rate of formation of product is independent of concentration of reactant linear graph -slope=K
Graham's Law of Diffusion and Effusion
rate1/rate2 = sqrt(molar mass2/molar mass1) heavier particles diffuse slower
Pacinian corpuscles
respond to deep pressure and vibration
Free nerve endings
respond to pain and temperature
Ruffini endings
respond to stretch
Ligase
responsible for joining two larger biomolecules, often of the same type
Frameshift mutation
result from nucleotide addition or deletion and cahnge the reading frame of subsequent codons
Determinate
results in cells fates that are already determined
Visual pathway
retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tracts -> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus -> visual radiations -> visual cortex
Duplicity theory of vision
retina contains two types of receptors those for light and dark and those for color
synaptic knob
rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals
Mieosis 2
same as in mitosis except sister chromatids instead of homologus chromatids in the end 4 haploid daughter cells are created by 1 gametocytes
Symport
same direction
Central route processing
scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information
Foraging
searching for food
pancreas alpha cells
secrete glucagon
pancreas beta cells
secrete insulin
pancreas delta cells
secrete somatostatin
Interstitial cells of Leydig
secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)
Syntax
sentence structure
Extraction
separates dissolved substances based on differential solubility in aqueous vs. organic solvents
ion exchange chromatography
seperates based on charge
Recrystalization
seperates solids based on differential solubility in varying tempratures
Filtration
seperates solids from liquids
size exclusion chromatography
seprates based on size with larges molecules moving faster
thin layer chromatography
sepration based on polarity with less polar moving farther and more polar moving less
Blunting
severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
gametes
sex cells produced as a result of meiosis
Self-discolsure
sharing one's fears, thoughts, and goals with a person and being met with non-judgemental empathy
vacuum distillation
should be used when a liquid to be distilled has a boiling point above 150
Fractional distillation
should be used when liquids had boiling points less than 25 apart
HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)
similar to column chromatography but more percise
Bacteria
single cell containning membrane and cytoplasm
seminiferous tubules
site of sperm production which are nourished by sertoli cells
Foot in the door
small request are made and after gaining compliance larger request one mode
Dopamine
smooth movements, postural stability
peer pressure
social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual very important during aolescense
Taboo
socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible
Norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behvior
Infrasonic wave
sound frequencies below 20 Hz
Noise
sound vibrating at multiple frequencies
Functional attitudes theory
states that attitudes serve four functions: 1) knowledge: attitudes help provide organization to thoughts and experience 2) ego-expressive: allow us to communicate and solidify our self-identity 3) adaptive: idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed 4) ego-defensive: protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
Implicit personality theory
states that ehre are a set of assumptions people make about how different types of people their traits and their behavior are related
Webers law
states that the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli
reverse phase chromatography
stationary phase is nonpolar so polar moleucules move fast and furthur than nonpolar
Demographics
statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
Acheived status
status gained due to ones efforts
ascribed status
status that is give involuntarily due to such factors such as racce, ethnicity, and gender
Enrious stereotype
stereotype that involves jealousy
admiration stereotype
stereotype where you view people with pride
Paternalistic sterotype
stereotypes in which the group is looked down as inferior, diminished or ignored
contemptuous stereotype
stereotypes that in which a group is viewed with resentment, annoyence or anger
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal cortex helps body react to stress
James long theory of emotion
stimulus results in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response which is labled emotion "I must be angry becuase my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high"
B-cells
stored and activated by the spleen turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies as part of specific immunity
Angle strain
stretch or compress angles from normal size
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala
common disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Aldose
sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group
Ketose
sugars with ketones in their most oxidised group
Lorentz force
sum of electrostatic and magnetic forces
preoperational stage
symbolized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
Somtic symptom
symptoms that cuase sugnificant stress or impairment
DNA polymerase alpha delta sigma
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction for eukaryotes
DNA polymerase III
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction for prokayotes
Strain theory
tempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the discount between social goals and socail structures
Response bias
tendency of a subject to respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors
Social loafing
tendency of an individual to put less effort when in a group setting vs when individual
Cognitive arousal theory
that arousal, and the cognitive awareness of that arousal, is what mediates emotional intensity
standard heat of formation
the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements with all substances in their standard states at 25 degrees celsius
anxious-ambivalent attachment
the child is always anxious about whether they can rely on the care giver or not
Iris
the color part of the eye
Henry's Law
the concentration of a gas in a liquid varies based on pressure: [A]=K*Pa K=[A1]/P1=[A2]/P2 K is dependent on gas
Hypertonic
the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it
Illusion of excessive stereotyping
the construction of stereotypes against outside opinion
Illusion of invulnerability
the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
Self-efficacy
the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of aa given skill in a given situation
Mass defect
the difference between mass of protons and neutrons and the actual mass
boiling point elevation
the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent
freezing point depression
the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent
Conduction
the direct transfer of energy via molecular collision
potential energy
the eergy associated with a bodys position
Cognitive development
the emergence of the ability to think and understand -early cognitive development is charactirzed by mastering the physical enviroment
Disconfirmation principle
the evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work
Affect
the experience and display of emotion
sleep paralysis
the experience of waking up unable to move
Social stigma
the extreme disaproval or dislike of a person or group based on percieved differences from the rest of society
Pulmunary circulation
the first pump moving deoxygenated blood from right part of heart to left while going through lungs to be oxygenated
Standard heat of reaction
the hypothetical enthalpy change that would occur if the reaction were carried out under standard conditions
Primary effect
the idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
Active immunity
the immune system is activate to produce antibodies against specific pathogen
Social capital
the incestment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards
What happens when group size increases?
they trade intamcy for stability
wobble hypothesis
third codon doesnt mater allows mutations to occur without affecting the protein
Transverse waves
thise in which the direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation
Primary drives
those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst biological
Opne boundaries
those that allow maximal oscillation and corrrespond to antinodes
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
those that involve absence of normal or desired behaviors
Sensitive Periods in Brain Development
time when enviroment input has maximal effect on the development of an ability
Merkel cells
touch receptors
Passive immunity
transfer of antibodies to an individual
postsynaptic neuron
transmits impulses away from the synapse
P-orbtial
two lobes located symmetrically about the nucleus contains node
Grahm's Law
under iothermal and isobarric conditions r1/r2=sqr(M2/M1)
Diabetes mellitus
underproduction, insufficeint secretion, or insensitivity to hyperglycemia
Concrete operational stage
understand converstation and consider the perspective of others logical thought
enolates (kinetic vs. thermodynamic)
use a base on a ketone, which alpha proton will be taken to form which enolate? kinetic enolate- forms faster, less steric hindrance for accessing the acidic H you can *select the kinetic enolate using a bulky base* (LDA) and cold temperatures (-78 C) thermodynamic enolate- forms more substituted double bond, more stable *select thermodynamic enolate using small base* (MeOH) and high temperatures
Cones of eye
used for color vision and to sense fine details
affinity chromatography
uses affinity of molecules to seperate them molecule with more affinity will be slower
Chromatography
uses stationary phases and a mobile phase to seperate compounds based on polarity and/or size
Base rate fallacy
using prototypical or sterotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
Propagation speed
v=fλ
parturition
vaginal childbirth
bicuspid valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Tricupsid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Cerebral cortex occipital lobe
visual processing
Acetylcholine
voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness
Linear expansion
when an object stretches due to heat
identity effects
when idividuals state of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection. Individual conforms to social norms of the group
Secondary circular reactions
when manipulation is focused on something outside the body -throwing toys from a chair
Induced fit model
when substrate binds to an enzyme it cuases a confirmational change resulting in a change of the active site to fit the substrate
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Daltons law of partial pressure
when there are 2 or more gasses in a container that do not chemically interact, they will act as if they are the only gass in the containter Pt=Pa+Pb+... Pa=Xa*Pt
Principle of superposition
when two or more waves of the same type cross at some point, the resultant displacement at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements due to each individual wave.
sleep stage 2
when you fall more deeply asleep sleep spindles and K complex
Nucleolus
where ribsonal RNA is synthesized creates ribosomes
Sclera
white of the eye
authentic self
who the person actually is
Tactical self
who we market oursleves to be when we adhere to others of us
Gibbs free energy equation
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS H=enthalpy S=entropy ΔG=RTlnK
