MCAT: Behavioral studies

functional attitudes theory: ego expression

allowing us to communicate and solidify our self identity

democracy

allows every citizen a political voice through electing representatives to office

relearning

another way of demonstrating that the information had been stored in long term memory

brief awakenings of the night

around three and six when alpha waves are present

inner ear

cochlea, vestibule and the semicircular canals continuous with each other filled by the membranous labyrinth

intellectual functioning

how is intelligence defined? what makes someone more intelligent that someone else?

sundowning

increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening found in alzheimer's patients

push factors

negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrants to leave

down social mobility

negative change in a person's status they fall to a lower position

basic hostility

neglect and rejection can cause anger the anger is this

sleep disorders

separated into two categories: 1. dyssomnias 2. parasomnias

oval window

sound going through this will cause vibrations of the perilymph and transmitted to the basilar membrane

dilator pupillae

one of the muscles in the iris opens the eye under sympathetic stimulation

incus/ anvil

one of the ossicles that is acted upon by the malleus acts on the stapes

malleus/ hammer

one of the ossicles that is fixed to the tympanic membrane

authentic self

one of the three selfs in impression management who the person actually is

tactical self

one of the three selfs in impression management who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others expectations of us similar to the ought self

ideal self

one of the three selfs in impression management who we would like to be under optimal conditions

game playoffs

refers to fitness

ipsilaterally

describing when the cerebral hemisphere does not communicate with the other cerebral hemisphere but its own self ex. hearing

meninges

thick layer of connective tissue covering the brain protect brain keep brain anchored within the skull reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid has three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

prejudices

*affective* irrational positive/negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity can form in response to dissimilarities among races, groups or even environments reflects the overall attitude and emotional response to the group can be kept internally or shared with a larger community (propaganda) influenced by social factors such as power, prestige, and class

Carl Jung: psychoanalytic perspective of personality

*behavior is motivated by inborn archetypes* thought libido as a psychic energy in general but not just rooted in sexuality said ego was the conscious mind divided the unconscious into two parts: personal unconscious and collective unconscious

Sigmund Freud: psychoanalytic perspective of personality

*behavior is motivated by inborn instincts* his contribution was his constructive model (three part: id, ego, superego) access to these three parts falls into three categories (conscious, preconscious, unconscious) also thought that our behaviors are influenced by our instincts created the idea of a defense mechanism

stage one of sleep

begins as soon as you start to doze off is marked by the beginning of theta waves

Freud life instincts

THANATOS represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction proposed by Freud due to his observations of victims of trauma reenacting or focusing on their traumatic experiences

tetrahydrocannabinol

THC active chemical in marijuana acts of the cannabinol receptors, glycine receptors and the opioid receptors increases GABA activity - neural inhibition increases dopamine activity - increase in pleasure

African Americans health

Worse health than whites Higher rate of death linked to cancer, heart disease, diabetes, drug and alcohol use, infant mortality, HIV/AIDS Infants have twice the infant mortality rate as white infants Male African Americans have the lowest life expectancy of any racial or gender category

perceptual organization

ability to use the bottom up processing and the top down processing along with all the other sensory clues about an object to create a complete picture or idea most of the time images are incomplete - but we use cues like depth, motion consistency we use gestalt principles to fill in these gaps

empathy

ability to vicariously experiences the emotions of another strong influence on helping behavior

psychosis

abnormal condition of the mind described as involving a "loss of contact with reality" can be caused by severe sleep deprivation

Health care with the obsese

Most common basis of discrimination is overweight Doctors are less likely to recommend effective weight loss programs to obsess patients absed off of the assumption that obsess patients lack the will power to lose the weight This will result in a loss of trust between the doctor and patient Overweight people are less likely to have quality preventative care and screenings for breast and colon cancer

stereotype content model

attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to hypothetical *in group* using the warmth dimension and the competence dimension

hypervigilance

being on "edge"

conscious altering drugs

change the state of consciousness (sleeping, dreaming, awakeness etc..) four groups: 1. depressants 2. stimulants 3. opiates 4. hallucinogens marijuana has depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic effects so it is separate

intergenerational changes

changes from parents to children

demographic shift

changes in a population make up over time

demographic shifts

changes in the make up of the population over time

basilar membrane

changes the thickness depending on its location in the cochlea underlys the organ of corti in the cochlea

obedience

changing of ones behavior in response to direct order from an authority figure your teachers demands that you give your classmate your notes ex. Stanley Milgram

psychological disorders

characteristic sets of thoughts, feelings or actions that cause noticeable distress to the sufferer can cause maladaptive functioning in society be considered deviant by the individual's culture biomedical and biosychosocial classification systems

disorganized thought

characterized by *loosening of associations* this may happen when a person is talking but switches topics in such a manner that the listener could not follow the persons speech might seem as if it has no structure = word salad person could also invent new words positive symptom of schizophrenia/psychotic disorders

phonology

component to language actual sound of language need to produce and recognize the sounds of language and separate them from the environmental noise and other human creating sounds like coughing also need to determine subtle changes in the words and realize if those changes allude to a change of meaning or if they are a change in pronunciation which could be an accent

PTSD with explicit and implicit memory

car accident explicit memory can remember that is was snowing - remember going into the median implicit memory crying when on a high way because you get anxiety feeling of going into the wall

role performance

carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role success at that particular role can vary can change depending on the social situation (when talking to other doctors vs patients) ex. as a lover you have a role to make the other person feel good - some people are better at this than others doctor has to translate medical knowledge to the lay person - some are far better at doing this skill and fulfilling this role than other doctors

pinna or auricle

cartilaginous outside part of ear main function is to channel the sound waves into the external auditory canal

dopamine

catecholamine/ neurotransmitter plays an important role in movement and posture high concentrations of this are found in the *basal ganglia* this helps *smooth muscle movements maintain postural stability*

representative heuristic

categorizing on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the category can lead us astray because the we are ignoring the actual numerical information coin - get heads ten times.. next likely hood of getting heads ... should be 50% but some people might say 80% because of the times before that

social class

category of people who share similar socioeconomic positions in society looks at economic opportunities job positions lifestyles attitudes behaviors

parasomnias

category of sleep disorders that are abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep and include night terrors and sleep walking during the NREM sleep

extrinsic motivation

caused by external (outside of the body) forces include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved something that receives a tangible external reward good mcat score praise after a soccer game avoid being fired to beat another at something (competition) getting high grade

vascular multi infarct dementia

caused by high blood pressures and microscopic clots in the brain very common cause of dementia

neural crest

cells at the leading edge of the neural fold will migrate throughout the body to form tissues including: dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment producing cells) and calcitonin producing cells of they thyroid

motor homunculus

certain sets of muscles require fine motor control more than others, they take up additional space in the cortex relative to their size in the body

signal detection experiment

consist of many trials during each trail the stimulus may (catch) nor may not (noise) be presented after the trial the individual is asked to indicate if the signal was given or not there could be: hits, misses, false alarms and correct negatives

ego ideal

consist of those proper actions for which a child is rewarded subsystem of the super ego

types of cues in attribution

consistency cues consensus cues distinctiveness cues

thematic apperception test

consists of a series of pictures that are presented to the client who is asked to make a story about each one the story resemble the clients own unconscious/ feelings

explicit/ declarative long term memory

consists of the memories that require conscious recall conscious facts and events two divisions: 1. semantic memory 2. episodic memory

schizoid personality disorder

in cluster A of personality disorders pervasive patterned of detatchment from social relationship and a restricted range of emotional expression people with this show little desire for social interactions have very very few friends poor social skills

smell

considered on of the chemical senses = responding to incoming chemicals from the outside world only sense that does not go through the thalamus

biopolar disorder

considered one of the host heritable disorders in one study, having an identical twin with bipolar disorder was associated with 43% risk of being diagnosed with the same disorder

cyclohymic disorder

consist of a combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes

id

consist of all the basic/primal/inborn urges to survive and reproduce functions according to the pleasure principle completely in the unconscious part of the constrictive model of Freud's in the psychoanalytic perspective of personality

somatic symptoms and related disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders marked by bodily symptoms that cause significant stress or impairment somatic symptom disorder illness anxiety disorder conversion disorder

anxiety disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders most common psychiatric disorder for women of all ages (for men it is substance use disorder) for all these disorders clinicians must rule of hyperthyroidism generalized anxiety disorder specific phobias agoraphobia panic disorder social anxiety disorder

adoption studies

helps to understand environment and genetic factors in personality and behavior studies compare the similarities between biological relatives and the adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and the adopted child. studies show.. IQ's are more similar to the biological parents criminal behavior shows similar patterns in teenage boys

nature

heredity or the influence of inherited characteristics on behavior

pierre flourens

first person to study the functions of the major parts of the brain he did this by extirpation/ablation on rabbits and pigeons proved the mind was in the brain not the heart conclusions where 1. that the brain had specific parts of specific functions 2. the removal of one part weakens the whole brain

oral stage

first stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory 0-1 year gratification is obtained by putting objects into the mouth, sucking and biting the libido energy is centered on the mouth oral fixated adult would exhibit excessive dependency ex - always need to be dependent on something

alarm

first stage of the physiological responses in the general adaption syndrome to stress initial reaction to the stressor slight decline in resistance but than it goes back up the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH --> adrenal glands to make cortisol to sustain a steady supply of blood sugar needed to respond to stressful situations hypothalamus also stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system

risky shift

first term for group polarization groups make riskier decisions than individuals turned into choice shift when realized that groups could go more toward the cautious side too

Sir Charles Sherrington

first thought of the existence of synapses many of his conclusions have held over time only conclusion that was not correct : he thought that synaptic transmissions were electrical processes, but they are truly mostly chemical

hermann von Helmholtz

first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse through measuring the reaction time he transitioned psychology to the natural sciences

taste

five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, butter and umami/savory detected by chemoreceptors which are sensitive to dissolved compounds

Mature neural tube

five swellings: prosencepholon 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon rhombencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon spinal cord

biological factors of Alzheimer's disease

flattened sulci on cerebral cortex enlarged ventricles deficient blood flow in parietal lobes - correlated to the cognitive decline reduction in acetylcholine reduction in choline acetlytransferase ChAT lower metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes senile plaques of B amyloid neurofibrillary tangels of hyperphosphorlated tau protein

pill-rolling tremor

flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth as if you are rolling something in your fingers characteristic of Parkinson's disease

vygotsky: culture and biosocial development

focused on cognitive development thought that what drove this cognitive development was the child's internalization of various aspects of culture (rules, symbols, language) as a child internalized though aspects of culture their cognitive activity would develop according

malthusian theory

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder contains the Malthusian catastrophe

microsociology

focuses on small groups of the individual

social stratification

focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic question of who gets what and why related to ones SES also known as social inequalities

correspondent inference theory

focuses on the intentionality of others behaviors we correlate these unexpected actions (help or hurt us) with the person's personality

exchange theory

focuses on the interactions of groups individual will carry out certain behaviors because of anticipated rewards and will avoid certain behaviors because of anticipated punishments assumed that behavior is met with approval by others will reinforce that behavior and encourage its continuation if the behavior is met by disapproval of others, it is discouraging its continuation as a behavior simular to operate conditioning

decision making

heuristics, biases, intuition, emotions speed up the process

hierarchy of salience

hierarchy that organizes our identities we let the situation dictate what identity holds the most importance in any given moment more important/noticeable the identity - the more we conform to the role of expectations of that identity

cerebellum

hind brain balance, posture body movements damage: clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance alcohol impairs the function of the cerebellum

pons

hind brain relay regulates sleep contains sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla

basic subdivisions of the human brain

hindbrain midbrain forebrain

Carl Rogers

humanist in personality known for his client centered/person centered/ non-directive therapy believed that people had the freedom to control their own behavior not slaves to the unconscious (psychoanalysts) or subjects to faulty learning (behaviorists) also came up with the concept of *unconditional positive regard*

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

hunger center receptors that are thought to detect when the body needs more food or fluids triggers eating or drinking when destroyed in rats they would refuse to eat and starve to death *when the Lateral Hypothalamus LH is detroyed = one Lacks Hunger*

primary effect

idea that first impressions are more often important then subsequent impressions apart of the impression bias theory of social perception

functional attitudes theory: Adaption

idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed

teacher expectancy

idea that teachers rend to get what they expect from students student that puts high demands on the students - but believes that they can arise to the occasion will get more than a teacher than places the same demands on the students but doubts that they will get there example of self fulfilling prophecy

spontaneous recovery of a conditioned stimulus

if a extinct conditioned stimulus occurs a weak conditioned response can happen

Alzheimer's disease

illness resulting in progressive and incurable memory loss loss of acetlycholine cholinergic neurons connecting to the hippocampus is associated with this disease senile plaques of B amyloid neurofibrillary tangels of hyperphosphorlated tau protein symptoms: disorientation in time/space problems with abstract thought misplace things poor judgment personality changes difficulty with procedural memory loss of initiative if all the symptoms are seen in one person seen more in women family history is significant seen in families low education more often genetic components presenilin genes: chromo 1 and 14 apolipoprotein genes: chromo 19 B amyloid precursor protein gene: 21 (down syndrome linked)

archetype

images that have an emotional element to the collective unconscious/ persona anima animus shadow

migration rate

immigration rate minus emigration rate

salience

important or noticeability (usually of the identity) determined by factors: how much work we have put into it, the amount of self of esteem associated with it

incarceration

imprisonment

Demographic transition stage three

improvements in: contraception women rights agricultural to industrial economy all causes birth rates to drop children also must go get an education to be useful in the society - and many need to be supported by their parents for a longer time period families have fewer children

Demographic transition stage two

improvements to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death drops to lower

paranoid personality disorder

in cluster A of personality disorders marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives these patients may actually be in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and are termed premorbid

schizotypal personality disorder

in cluster A of personality disorders pattern of odd or eccentric thinking these individuals have *ideas of reference* and well as *magical thinking*

parcocellular cells

have very high color spatial resolution they permit us to see very fine detail when thoroughly examining and object only work with stationary or slow moving objects because they have very low temporal resolution

Frued and Dreams

he separated dreams into the *manifest content* - what one actually sees and hears and their *latent content* - the underlying significance of these dream elements

histrionic personality disorder

in cluster B of personality disorders characterized by a constant attention seeking behavior they wear colorful clothing and are dramatic exceptionally extroverted they usually use seductive behavior to gain attention

dispositional causes

internal causes of attribution they relate to the person whose behavior is being considered (beliefs, attitudes, personality characteristics) person got a reward he got it due to intelligence and hard work

drives

internal states of tension that activate particular behavior focused on goals thought to originate within an individual without requiring and external factors to motivate behavior involved homeostatic regulation

circadian rhythms

internally regulated rhythms regulates daily cycle of walking and sleeping 24 hour cycle that is someone what effected by external cues such as light

social capital

investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards benefits one receives from a group association greater the investment - the higher the level of social integration and inclusion a main form is the social network low this creates a greater social inequality

fine motor skills

involve smaller muscles of the fingers, toes and eyes they provide a more specific and delicate movement these include tracking motion, drawing, catching, and waving

delusion of reference

involve the belief that common elements in the enviroment are directed toward and individual ex. characteristics of the TV are talking to him directly

delusion of persecution

involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against or threatened

norepinepohrine and epinephrine

involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness primary neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system promote the flight or fight response

internalization

involves changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group type of conformity Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

parenting

involves socialization of children there are varied definitions of the role of the father, mother and child single parenting same sex parenting adoption foster

detection of shape

involves the three dimensional geometry of the object and also the ability to discriminate it from its background *parcocellular cells* are the main player in this

gender segregation

separation of individuals based on perceived gender ex. boy/girl bathrooms, sports teams, single sex schools

role

set of beliefs, values, attitudes and norms that define the expectations for those that hold that status

generativity vs stagnation

seventh conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory 40-65 years if resolved the person will becoming committed/contributing/caring part of society if not resolved the person may become bored, self centered and self indulgent

libido

sex drive termed by freud thought to be present at birth this energy and the drive to reduce it were the dynamic forces that accounted for the human psychological processes

gonads

sex glands of the body ovaries -- females testes -- males make sex hormones in high concentrations

testosterone

sex hormone high levels of this lead to aggressive behavior

cultural syndrome

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme influence the riles for expressing or suppressing emotions influence the ways emotions are experienced individualistic --- (USA) internal experience collective --- (japan) applied to collective experiences I am happy vs I am sharing happiness with others

mass hysteria

shared, intense concern about the threats to society has many characteristic of group think: collective rationalization illusion of morality excessive stereotyping pressure for conformity can lead to a shared delusion which contains distrust, rumors, propaganda, fear mongering salem which trials - over 20 women executed

secularizes

shift away from religion as a society moves from a world dominated by religion to a world rationalized by scientific and logical thinking

alcohol myopia

short sighted view of the world because you are unable to recognize the consequences of your actions due to alcohol consumption impairing your logical reasoning

domestic violence

spousal abuse seen across all social classes physical abuse sexual abuse emotional abuse financial abuse number one cause of injury to women in america most common in families with drug/alcohol abuse victims find it difficult to leave for a variety of reasons: lack of a safe haven financial restrictions psychological disorders

social contract stage

stage five - in the post conventional phase of kohlberg's moral reasoning views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good with the reasoning focused on individual rights everyone has a right to live everyone has a right to profit from their product

law and order

stage four - in the conventional morality phase of kohlberg's moral reasoning social order is the highest regard "if everyone stole things that they could not afford the people that produce those items could not afford to make them"

long term memory

memory that comes from the short term memory warehouse where we can recall the data for the rest of our lives one way is to get elaborative rehearsal created in the hippocampus but eventually moved to the cerebral cortex thus - very long memories (names/birthdays) are not damaged by the hippocampus two types: 1. implicit/non-declarative/ procedural 2. explicit/ declarative

neurosis

mental disorder due to anxiety/frustration of libido energy is a psychosexual developmental stage the pattern will become the mental disorder and will resemble the stage where the frustration occurred in referring to freud theory

law of proximity

one of gestalt's principles elements close to one another tend to be perceived as one unit we do not see ten random dots but a square which are composed of some number of dots

Alfred Kinsey

player in human sexuality described sexuality on a 0-6 scale = Kinsey Scale 0= heterosexual 6 = exclusive homosexuality

William McDougall

player in the instinct theory of motivation said that human were driven to all behaviors and thoughts by 18 distinctive instincts including fight and acquisition

William James

player in the instinct theory of motivation stating that humans have 20 physical instincts and 17 mental instincts said that some of these instincts went against each other and could be overridden by experience

role taking

playing house or school good practice for later in life when the child begins to understand the perspective and roles of others

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

plays a role in decision making and controlling the emotional responses from the amygdala

Jung's "self"

point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the conscious mind strived for unity of the three the mandala symbolizes this

lower class

poorer end of the economic spectrum greatly reduced amount of sociopolitical power

vestibule

portion of the body labyrinth that contains the utricle and the saccule sensitive to *linear acceleration* used as part of the *balancing* apparatus also used to determine ones orientation in three dimensional space contain modified hair cells that are covered with otoliths as the body accelerates the otoliths will resist the motion this bends and stimulates the hair cells which will then send the signal to the brain

statuses

positions in society that are used to classify individuals has a role ex. pre med not a status unless you have other statuses to compare it with not all personal characteristics are considered a social status (right handed vs left handed) three types: ascribed status achieved status master status

upward social mobility

positive change in a persons status resulting in a higher position can sometimes be achieved through education - but not always athletics and music may allow for this to happen for more academic disadvantage persons

membranous labyrinth

potassium rich fluid = endolymph suspended within the body labyrinth by a thin layer of perillymph

ethnocentrism

practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of ones culture especially when it comes to language, customs and religion can be in a form of innocent displays of ethnic pride or violent supremacy groups

gestalt therapy

practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self sees each individual as a complete person rather than reducing them to behaviors or drives personality is a result of the conscious feeling we have of ourself as we attempt to meet our needs and goals part of the *humanistic* perspective of personality

babbling

precursor to language even deaf children do this within their first year hearing children - 9-12 months deaf children - stops soon after it begins

confabulation

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories usually thought to be an attempt by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories

socialization

process of developing, inheriting and spreading norms, customs and beliefs individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion into the society the views of the society are accepted views and the individuals within the society usually adopt them primary secondary anticipatory resocialization

reinforcement

process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior divided into positive and negative reinforcers any reinforcement increase the likelihood that the *behavior* will be preformed

globalization

process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the trapping of foreign markets recent due to the improvements of global communication technology and economic interdependence decreases the geographical constraints on social and cultural exchanges can have both positive and negative effects ex. positive easier to transfer food ex. negative unemployment raising process increased pollution civil unrest global terrorism

observational learning

process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others modeling mirror neurons are involved in this albert bandura's bobo doll experiment this is not simply imitation because can use this to not do behaviors as well the children who got kicked the bobo doll got scolded and then did not kick the bobo doll again

secondary socialization

process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society occurs outside the home based on learning the rules of specific social environments associated with adolescents and adults smaller changes/ refinements can also occur when moving to a new city, changing professions what is necessary to thrive in church is different than the behavior that is needed to survive on a sports field

recognition

process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned far easier than recalling multiple choice is the recognition

parallel processing

process that helps create a cohesive image if the world the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape and motion then these features can be compared to our memories to determine what is being viewed ex. most people can recognize a moving car pretty easily from a distance because they are familiar with the usual motions and shapes of cars

perception

processing of the signals/information to make sense of its significance the manipulations include both external sensory experience and the internal activities of the brain and spinal cord this is what makes the same sensations very different among people helps us make sense of the world this is where artificial intelligence struggles - we can design robots to do the sensation part but to have the machines comprehend/ respond to that information is much more challenging

peak experiences

profound and deeply moving experiences that have long lasting effects on an individual term by Abraham Maslow to describe self actualized people

indirect benefits

promotes better survival in offspring

learning behaviorist theory of language acquisition

proposed by BF Skinner who explained it by operant conditioning and reinforcement all babies show are capable of distinguishing between phonemes of all human languages - but at about 6 months they show a strong preference for their parents due to reinforcement parents reinforce wounds that sound most like the language spoken by the parents however, they say this does not full explain the explosion of vocabulary that happens from 1.5-2 years of age

functional attitudes theory: ego defense

protect our self of esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong I was bad at math - so I developed a negative attitude toward the subject

unconditional positive regard

concept by carl rogers therapeutic technique which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic enviroment

locus of control

concept in the social cognitive perspective of personality some people feel more in control of their enviroment while others feel that their enviroment controls them

creative self

concept of Adler force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality

thought insertion

concept that is involved with delusions belief that thoughts are being placed into ones head

Horney's criteria on neurotic needs

disproportionate in intensity indiscriminate in application partially disregard reality provoke intense anxiety

escape learning

division in negative reinforcement role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasant thing - like the headache

parasympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system which is one of the divisions of the peripheral nervous system conserve energy *REST AND DIGEST* decelerates the heart promotes digestion constrict the bronchi achetocholine constrict pupils

primary motor cortex

right between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe apart of the frontal lobe initiates voluntary movements located on the precentral gyrus initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles. projection area of the brain hands, lateral face movement

prosody

rhythm, cadence, inflection of other voices

sick role

role patient use to play in medicine where he or she is not responsible for the illness

Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

role playing experiment 21 male students randomly assigned to guard or prisoner prisoners were arrested in their homes and brought to the "prison" both got the full attire guard - glasses to avoid eye contact quickly fell into the roles and displayed related behaviors almost immediately guards started to taunt and harass prisoners - enjoying their role all the guards became more aggressive prisoners became more submissive had to stop it because the guards started to physically abuse the prisoners - became an ethical question both participants were shocked by their behavior

monarchs

royal ruler persons power can be limited though through the constitution or through the presence of a parliament

plutocracy

rule by the upper class education and more can still have an effect and role in many parts of society - it does not always guarantee positive social mobility like it use to

neurocognitive models of dreaming

seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes

sympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system which one of the divisions of the peripheral nervous system *FIGHT OR FLIGHT* acts to accelerate the heart inhibits digestion redistributes blood to muscles for locomotion increases blood glucose concentration relaxes bronchi dilates the eyes for maximum light exposure releases *epinephrine* into the blood system

brain vs computer

does the encoding storage and retrieval like a computer however emotions and context alter these processes which for a computer it does not

Dominant vs Non-dominant language

dominant only = complex voluntary movement

Dominant vs Non-dominant Auditory System

dominant: language related sounds non-dominant: music

Dominant vs Non-dominant Visual System

dominant: letters and words non-dominant: faces

Dominant vs Non-dominant Movement

dominant: speech, reading, writing, arithmetic non-dominant: emotions

thalidomide

drug prescribed in the late 1950's used to reduce morning sickness babies that came from mom's that took this made deformed legs and arms, defects in the heart, ears, eyes, digestive tract and kidneys

increase in the average age

due to an decrease in fertility rates and mortality rates and the aging of the baby boomer population (a huge population)

achondroplasia

dwarfism

activities of daily living

eating/bathing/toileting/dressing intellectual abilities is linked to how long an older adult maintains these

spatial inequality

focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations looks at how the geography influences social processes social classes are distributed across spaces differently

biological factors of schizophrenia

genetic/trauma at birth hypoxemia - low oxygen at birth excessive use of marijuana in adolescence partially inherited - 10% more likely excessive dopamine in the brain treatment - block dopamine receptors in the brain some structural changes in the brain may be observed

monozygotic twins

genetically identical twins share 100% of the same genes

innate behavior

genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience

causes for mood disorders

genetics sociocultural factors norepinephrine and serotonin - catecholamine theory of depression

law of pragnanz

governs all the gestalts principles perceptual organization will always be regular, simple and symmetric as possible

upper class

great wealth recognized reputations and lifestyles larger influence on societies political and economic systems have a high concentration of prestige and power

REM rebound

greater duration of REM sleep compared to normal will happen to an individual who has been sleep deprived

dyads

group of two people

john dewey

his 1896 article started functionalism he believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment

sect

historically pejorative term (disapproval term) now a term that refers to a religious group that has chosen to brake off from a parent religion in rare/extreme cases it make only take one extreme or deviant philosophies to go into a cult

mate bias

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate an evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing the fitness of the species can give direct or indirect benefits

cognition

how our brain processes and react to all the information overload presented to us by our environment

non verbal communication

how people communicate (intentionally or unintentionally) without words facial expression tone of voice gestures body positions movements touches eye positioning expression of emotions convey attitudes and personality traits facilitate verbal communication dictated by culture USA - avoiding eye contact indicated lying Asia - sign of respect

religiosity

how religious person considers him/herself to be includes: the strength of religious beliefs engagements in religious practices attitudes about religion itself

fornix

how the hippocampus communicates with the rest of the limbic system

social trust

huge in a functional civil society comes from two sources social norms of reciprocity (I scratch your back you scratch mine) social networks

Abraham Maslow

humanist in personality created the Maslow's hierarchy of needs studied lives of the incredibly influential people (Beethoven, Einstein, Roosevelt) that he felt were self actualizers and had lived rich and productive lives identified the characteristics of what these people had in common thought that self actualized people were more likely to have peak experiences

George Kelly

humanist in personality used himself as model to theorize about human nature constructed personal construct psychology

collective rationalization

ignoring warning against the idea of the group one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

schinophrenia

illness categorized by delusions, hallucinations, and agitation important theory: dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

biomedical approach to psychological disoreders

includes interventions that rally around the symptom reduction of the disorder assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances - and the solution should fix those disturbances does not take into account life style and socioeconomic status often more effective when supplemented with a broader approach to diagnosis and treatment like giving a hormone supplement to help depression but not looking at all the other effects if the persons life that might be causing depression

mate choice

intersexual selection selection of mate based on attraction based on five mechanism: phenotypic benefits sensory bias fisherian indicator traits genetic compatibility

recognition primed decision model

intuition person is actually sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

acrophobia

irrational fear of heights

phobia

irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

arachnophobia

irrational fear of spiders

Wernicks's area

is associated with language reception and comprehension in temporal lobe very fluid

implicit/non-declarative/ procedural long term memory

is our skills and conditioned responses "born with it" unconscious

anomie

lack of social norms break down of social bonds between the individual and society

conformity

matching of ones attitudes, beliefs and behaviors to societal norms this pressure can be real or imagines also known as majority influence types: internalization identification

direct benefits

material advantages, protection, emotional support

artifacts

material items that they make, possess and value

indicator traits

mechanism of mate choice traits that signify overall good health and well being of an organism - increasing the attractiveness to the mate could or could not be genetic in origin more attracted to cats that have shinny and clean coats - a dirty dull coat may be related to and underlying genetic problem or malnutrition

promiscuity

member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

round window

membrane covered hole in the cochlea permits the perilymph to actually move within the cochlea

dispositional approach

behavior is primarily determined by a persons personality

situational approach

behavior is primary determined by enviroment and contex

antinormative behavior

behavior that goes against the norm attempts to provide an explanation for violation seen in crowds and riots - when in a crowd the person looses his identity and becomes an anonymous part of a group and he is more likely to act in a manner that is inconsistent with his normal self enhanced when the groups identity is masked - increasing anonymity

gender roles

behaviors expected of a given gender

law of good continuation

one of gestalt's principles elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together squiggle and a dashed line over lap, don't see them as the additions of one another but together laying on top of one each other to create a whole new design

secondary trait

other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence aspects of one persons personality that only appear in close groups / social interactions everyone has to have this trait coined by gordon Allport

back stage

stage in the dramaturgical approach by Erving Goffman not being observed by an audience free to act in ways that do not correspond to the desired public image doesn't have to worry about ruining his performance

front stage

stage in the dramaturgical approach by Erving Goffman where the actor is in front of the audience performs according to setting/role/script conforms an image that he wants to audience to see

self interest stage

stage in the preconventional morality phase of kohlberg's moral reasoning about gaining rewards "i want my wife to live because I want to spend more of my life with her" also known as the *instrumental relativist stage*

obedience stage

stage in the preconventional morality phase of kohlberg's moral reasoning concerned about avoiding punishment "if I steal this drug - I go to jail"

parallel play

stage of a child at about two years of age children will play alongside each other without influencing each others behaviors

secondary appraisal

stage of cognitive appraisal directed at evaluating whether the organism can handle the stress evaluates three things: harm/damage - caused by the event threat - or potential damage that could happen from the event (future) challenge - potential to overcome and actually benefit from the event

primary appraisal

stage of cognitive appraisal initial evaluation of the enviroment and the associated threat can be identified as: 1. irrelevant 2. benign positive 3. stressful if revels a threat than the secondary appraisal takes place

Preoperational Stage

stage of cognitive development coined by Jean Piaget 2-7 years of age characterized by symbolic thinking,egocentrism, a centration

Concrete Operational Stage

stage of cognitive development coined by Jean Piaget 7-11 years of age understand conservation understand the perspectives of others able to do logical thought as long as they are working with concrete objects or information that is directly available to them they cannot think abstractly though

Sensorimotor Stage

stage of cognitive development coined by Jean Piaget first stage child learns how to manipulate his or her enviroment in order to meet the physical needs involves both circular reactions: primary and secondary ends by the development of object permanence and representational thought

universal human ethics

stage six - in the post conventional phase of kohlberg's moral reasoning reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles it is wrong for one person to hold another life for ransom

conformity stage

stage three - in the conventional morality phase of kohlberg's moral reasoning places a emphasis on the "good girl" "bad girl" orientation in which someone seeks the approval of others - i should not steal because stealing is wrong

arousal

stake of being awake and reactive to stimuli factor that influences motivation involves the brainstem, autonomic nervous system and endocrine system plays a role in behavior and cognition involves yerkes dodson law

dreaming

state of consciousness happens most in REM dream like state starts in stage two of sleep

meditation

state of consciousness quieting the mind for some purpose used for counseling and psychotherapy because it produces a sense of relaxation and relief from anxiety and worrying causes physiological changes such as decreased heart rate and decreased blood pressure on the EEG this state resembles stage one of sleep with theta waves and sloe alpha waves

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

studied the ethnic identify of blacks and whites using doll preference asked a series of questions to the children about how they felt about the dolls "which doll is prettier?" both white and black children preferred the white doll this study highlighted the negative effects of racism and minority group status on self concept of black children at that time

envious stereotypes

stereotype which the group is viewed with jealously/bitterness/mistrust warmth: high competence: high high status, competitive asians, jews, rich people, feminists

admiration stereotypes

stereotype which the group us viewed with pride and other positive feelings warmth: high competence: high high status, not competitive in group, close allies

cortisol

steroid hormone made in the adrenal cortex increased levels in the early morning because of increase in light which causes the release of CRF from the hypothalamus which causes a released of the ACTH from the anterior pituitary which then stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex makes the person more awake example how the endocrine system can regulate behavior

cocaine

stimulant comes from the coca plant (south america at hight alt) decreases the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin but by a different mechanism than amphetamines also has anesthetic and vasoconstriction properties - used in surgeries in highly vascularized areas (nose and throat) vasoconstriction properties can lead to stroke or heart attack if used a lot simular to amphetamines: causes: increased arousal reduction in appetite decreased need for sleep increase heart rate increase in blood pressure euphoria hypervigilance anxiety delusions of grandeur paranoia withdrawal: depression fatigue irritability

drugs that increase dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

stimulants amphetamine cociane ecstasy

managing emotional expression

stimulating feelings on does not actually feel qualifying, amplifying. deamplifying feelings masking an emotion with another emotion neutralizing any emotional expression what so ever

acoustic encoding

store the memory as a sound

visual encoding

store the memory as an image weakest of the encodings

cooperation

strategy in competition both donor and recipient benefit by cooperating

spite

strategy in competition both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted

selfishness

strategy in competition the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

self disclosure

strategy of impression management giving information about oneself to establish an identity disclosing that you are premed

alter casting

strategy of impression management imposing an identity onto another person me being a good MCAT student labeled in the book

aligning actions

strategy of impression management making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses justifications for missing deadlines blaming a bad grade on too little sleep

managing appearances

strategy of impression management using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image wearing a white coat keeping calm with dealing with a difficult patient mentioning important researchers during an interview

long term potentiation

strengthening of the neurons when short term memory goes to make long term memory the pre stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing neurotransmitters and the receptor sites of the other neuron increase

antisocial personality disorder

strong genetic component genes of this disorder make it difficult for the child to appreciate the rights of others

karen horney

student of Freud states that personality is a result of interpersonal relationships disagreed about many of Freud's thoughts about women - such as penis envy though that individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by one of the ten *neurotic needs*

transformational grammer

studied by Noam Chomsky in making the nativist biological theory of language I took the Mcat the Mcat was taken by me synthetic transformations or changes in word order but that kept the same meaning

Irving Janis

studied group think by looking at extreme stress on group cohesiveness and that effect on groupthink also investigates decision making of groups that led to the american foreign policy decisions - Bay of Pigs studied eight factors that are indicative of group think

social structure

system of people within a society organized by characteristic pattern of relationship

social readjustment rating scale

system that can measure stress levels if units of "life change units"

dictatorship

system where single person holds power usually includes mechanism to quell threats to his power

theocracy

system where the power is held by a religious power

interaction process analysis

technique for observing, classifying and measuring interactions within small groups revised to the SYMLOG

that's not all

technique of compliance individual is made a offer but before making a decision he is told the deal is even better then expected usually used in info commercials but if you call within the next thirty minutes - you will also get...

door in the face

technique of compliance opposite of foot in the door larger request is made - refused - smaller (actually wanted request) is made can I have a brand new Mercedes no can I have the used honda our neighbor is selling

socialist

treats large industries as collective, shared business and compensation is provided based on the work contribution of each individual into the system profit is then equally distributed equally to the workforce

bright light therapy

treats seasonal affective disorder where the patient is exposed to a bright light for a specified amount of time each day

noise trials

trial in which the signal is not being presented

dissociative amnesia

type of dissociative disorder inability to recall past experiences the amnesia is not due to a neurological disorder often linked to trauma some individuals may also experience dissociative fugue

depersonalization/derealization disorder

type of dissociative disorder individual feels detached from their own mind or body or from their surroundings gives a feeling of automation can create a failure of being able to recognize one's own reflection

impression management

our attempts to influence how others perceive us through the regulation/controlling of information in social interactions often used in with self presentation Erving Goffman described this through *dramaturgical approach* there are "three selfs" in this theory authentic self ideal self tactical self strategies: self disclosure managing appearances ingratiation aligning actions alter casting

self efficacy

our belief in our ability to succeed can be very active for some individuals if too active it can lead to over confidence can also be depressed past the point of recovery -- depression dog experiment

reference group

our self concept often depends on whom we are comparing ourselves to ex. doctors usually made 200,000 when usually it was 50,000 (normal house hold salery) only 11% of doctors thought that they were rich physicians live in high socioeconomic areas - but they are only looking at what is around them in their neighborhood

looking glass self

our self grows out of society's interpersonal reactions and perceptions of others others reflecting our selves back to ourselves

moro reflex

primitive reflex where the child fling out their arms when they are dealing with abrupt movements then they slowly retract their arms and cry thought that this developed when our ancestors lived in trees and falling could have been prevented by instinctive clutching usually disappears after four months if last past a year it is a strong indicator of neuro developmental retardation

habituation

repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response like seeing gore for the first time is hard but the physical effects on the body lessen as you see more gore again and again

echolalia

repeating another persons words form of catatonia

primary circular reactions

repetition of a body movement that originally occur by chance ex. sucking on the thumb - usually a repeated behavior because the child finds it soothing

7(+-)2 rule

rule referring to the capacity of the short term memory can only hold seven items at once

norms

rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior provide a mechanism for regulating behavior serve as means of social controls give a sense of what is appropriate, what we should do and what is considered taboo

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

satiety center provides signals to stop eating brain lesions here lead to obesity *when the VentroMedial Hypothalamus VHM is destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry*

adaptive role of emotion

says that everything we do is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we could encounter these programs are functionally coordinated in order to produce a cohesive response emotions are thought to be evolutionary adaptions due to situations we encountered over evolutionary time that guide the sensory processing, physiological response and behavior different emotions are thought to have evolved at different times in history primal emotions evolved first (fear) where guilt and pride were later to evolve

Michelangelo phenomenon

sculptor simply releases and uncovers the ideal figures that are hidden within stone made of both of the intrapersonal self and the interpersonal self the ideal self can be 'sculpted" with help from others

autonomy vs shame and doubt

second conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory 1-3 years if resolve conflict they will have the feeling of being able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice as well as showing self constraint

anal stage

second stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory 1-3 years libido energy is centered on the anus gratification is met when poo comes out of the butt toilet training is at this age fixation at this stage would lead to excessive orderliness` or sloppiness at the adult

resistance

second stage of the physiological responses in the general adaption syndrome to stress the continuos release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

self disclosure

sharing of ones fears/thoughts/goals with another person and being met with non judgmental empathy engaging in this behavior deepens attraction and friendship must be a reciprocal behavior though to have a benefit if not met - indicates being taken advantage of component of attraction

illness as social phenomenon

sick individual is not a productive member in society - is deviant and goes against the social norm person is not only physically sick, but adhere to a patterned social role of being sick that disrupts the normal social order of society

out group

social group in which an individual does not identify based on the favoritism toward the in group and the absence of favoritism toward the out group NOT due to the dislike of the characteristics that the out group represents

in group

social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member can be formed on a variety of identifying characteristics

social reproduction

social inequality/poverty can be passed down from generation to generation lifestyle of poverty, powerlessness, isolation, apathy is handed down to the next generation

peer pressure

social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

cultural diffusion

spread of norms, customs, beliefs throughout culture

prodromal phase

stage characterized by poor adjustment exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal , role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences stage before schizophrenia is diagnosed this phase is followed by the active phase of symptomatic behavior if slow - prognosis is poor

Formal Operational Stage

stage of cognitive development coined by Jean Piaget starts at 11 years of age ability to think logically about abstract ideas and problem solving pendulum experiment

sleep

stage of consciousness

androgyny

state of being spontaneously both masculine and femanine

sematic encoding

store the memory as a meaningful context strongest of the encodings

ingratiation

strategy of impression management using flattery or conforming to expectation to win someone over blindingly agreeing to some one else opinions complimenting a friend before asking for a favor

general personality disorder

ten personality disorders which are grouped into three clusters cluster A Cluster B Cluster C three W's

attribution theory

tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other peoples behaviors understanding the behavior is through a series of cues causes of attribution 1. dispositional (internal) 2. situational (external)

social loafing

tendency of individual to put in less of effort when in a group setting than when individual may be in physical effort or initiative doing less in a group project

metal set

tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

centration

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon or the inability to understand the concept of conservation in the preoperational stage ex. two plates of pizza one with one large slice one with two slices but the same size as the first plate the child will be un able to recognize that they are the same amount of pizza and pick the one with more slices

intuition

the ability to act on perception that may not be supported by available evidence person "feels" that something is correct may be developed by experience more accurately coined the recognition primed decision model

spacing effect

the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning the greater the retention of the information later on phenomenon stated by Hermann Ebbinghaus why studying over an extended amount of time is way more useful

agnosia

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds usually only one of the three though usually caused by physical damage to the brain or due to MS

anterior pituitary gland

the main 'master' releases hormones that regulate activities of the endocrine glands controlled by the hypothalamus

interpersonal self

the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self

sensorimotor cortex

the motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex seen as a single unit because they are so interlinked

threshold

psychological element of perception also called lamina minimal amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception ex. night to day is defined by the hot vs cold but the temperature changes through out the day but that goes unnoticed because it is below the threshold three types: 1. Absolute Threshold 2. Threshold of Conscious Perception 3. Difference Threshold

motivation

purpose/ driving force behind our actions can be directed toward minimizing pain, maximizing pleasure or can be rooted in a physical need (drinking ,eating, sleeping, sex) can be characterized based upon what drives people to act - external or internal forces seven theories of this: instinct theory arousal theory drive reduction theory need based theorys - SDT need base theory - Maslow Hierarchy of needs incentive theory expectancy theory

racial formation theory

racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic and social factors

delirium

rapid loss of cognitive function cause by medical/non physiological causes caused by electrolyte/ ph differences, malnutrition, low blood sugar, infection, drug reaction, alcohol withdraw and pain

bureaucracy

rational system of political organization 6 characteristics: 1. non-elected officials have a paid fixed salary 2. individuals who make a career out of holding office are provided rights and privileges 3. regular salary increases, seniority rights, promotions upon passing exams or milestones 4. individuals get into office by having an advanced degree or training 5. there are rigid responsibilities/obligations/privileges/work procedures 6. there is a responsibility for meeting the demands of one's position often slow and less efficient

pacinian corpuscles

receptor involved in tactile information/ somatosensation respond to deep pressure and vibration

meissner corpuscles

receptor involved in tactile information/ somatosensation respond to light touch

free nerve endings

receptor involved in tactile information/ somatosensation respond to pain and temperature

ruffini endings

receptor involved in tactile information/ somatosensation respond to stretch

intrusive symptoms

recurrent reliving of the event flashbacks nightmares prolonged distress

anxiolytic

reducing anxiety

consistency cues

refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time the more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person

concordance rates

refer to the likely hood that both twins exhibit the same trait

theta waves

the start of sleep in stage one irregular waveforms slower frequencies higher voltages

symbolic thinking

refers to the ability to pretend, play make believe and have an imagination in the preoperational stage

function

refers to the beneficial consequences of peoples actions can either manifest or latent (hidden)

flavor

refers to the complex interplay between smell and taste can involve nonchemical stimuli (food texture) and mood

primary reinforcer

reinforcement that the organism innately responds to usually food!

autonomic nervous system

related to emotion due to specific physical reactions as associated with specific emotions heart rate blood pressure breathing rate skin temperature

drug addiction

related to the mesolimbic reward pathway

family studies

relay on the assumption that genetically related individuals are more similar in genotype than other non related individuals limited becausefamilies share the name genetics and environment thus cannot distinguish between the two factors may compare rates of a given trait among family members vs unrelated individuals ex. child of a schizophrenia is 13% more likely to get schizophrenia than a child that does not have schizophrenic parents ---> lead to the conclusion that schizophrenia has a hereditary component

Slow Wave sleep SWS

this is stage three and four of sleep slows down until a few sleep waves as in one seconds low frequency high voltage *delta waves* super difficult to take someone out of this sleep been associated with cognitive recovery and *declarative* memory consolidation growth hormone is released in these stages predominates in the early part of the night

endorphins

type of neuromodulator natural painkillers produced in the brain are the most important peptides

obsessive compulsive disorder

type of obsessive compulsive and related disorders OCD characterized by the obsessions which produce tension and compulsions that reduce the tension causes an impairment in a persons life obsessions raise the stress and compulsions relieve this stress

rods

type of photoreceptor on the retina 12 million more functional and only allow sensation of light and dark because they only contain a single pigment :rhodopsin have low sensitivity to details and are not involved in color vision permit night vision

cones

type of photoreceptor on the retina 6million used for color vision and to sense fine details most effective in bright light comes in three forms and names for the wavelengths of light they best absorb

algorithms

type of problem solving method formula or procedure to solve a certain type of problem mathematical type of instructions

trail and error

type of problem solving method less sophisticated various solutions are tried and one is found to work only effective when there are few possible solutions

Fixed ratio schedule

type of reinforcement schedule increase the behavior after a specific number of times that behavior happens every third time the rat presses the bar in the cage the rat would get a treat continuous reinforcement is this!!!

fixed interval schedule

type of reinforcement schedule reinforce the first instance that the behavior happened but then have to wait a certain interval until you can reinforce that behavior again rat presses the lever will get a treat, but has to wait a full 60 seconds and press the lever after the 60 seconds to get the treat again. Pressing the lever before the 60 seconds is up will do nothing

heterosexual

type of sexual orientation attraction to individual of the opposite sex

bipolar disorder

used to be known as manic depression type of mood disorder characterized by depression and mania

ventricles

internal cavities

Dominant vs Non-dominant spatial processing

non dominant only = geometry and sense of direction

functions of hypothalamus

4 F's Feeding Fighting Flighting F****

visual cortex

also called the striate cortex in the occipital lobe

sensory neurons

also known as *afferent* neurons transmit information from from the receptors to the spinal cord arrive to brain

motor neurons

also known as *efferent* neurons transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the motor *muscles and glands* exit brain

association region

an area that integrates input from diverse brain regions ex. prefrontal lobe

primary somatosensory cortex

apart of the parietal lobe right next to the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe located on the postcentral gyrus thumb, tongue destination for touch, temperature, pressure and pain signals

cerebrospinal fluid

aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest in made be cells that line the ventricles of the brain

damage to the cerebellum..

clumsiness slurred speech loss of balance very similar to being intoxicated with alcohol

inferior colliculus

colliculus in the midbrain that receives sensory information from the auditory system has a role in reflexive reactions to sudden loud noises involved in the startle reflex and helps keep the eyes fixed on a point while the head is turned = vestibulo-ocular reflex

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Prenatal Brain development

brain develops from a neural tube neural tube has three swellings which correspond to the hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain both the hindbrain and forebrain divide into two swellings making five swellings in the mature neural tube

gyri and sulci

bumps on the cerebral cortex gives the brain a larger surface area

posterior pituitary gland

came from the diencephalon swelling made of axonal projections from the hypothalamus and is the sire of the release of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ vasopressin and oxytocin

central sulcus

divides the frontal and parietal lobes

limbic system

group of neural structures that are associated with emotion and memory in the forebrain came from the telencephalon swelling aggression, pain , fear, pleasure components: septal nuclei, amygdala, hipppocampus

medulla oblongata

hind brain autonomic digestion, breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

retrograde amnesia

memory loss of the events that happened before the accident don't know who you are

amygdala

part of the limbic system defensive and aggressive behavior when damage: aggression and fear reactions are greatly reduced lead to docility (easy going) and hypersexual (pornography/ non intimate sex) states

hippocampus

part of the limbic system memory and learning communicates with other areas of the limbic system through the *fornix*

septal nuclei

part of the limbic system contain the *primary pleasure* mild stimulation can be reported to be intensely pleasurable there is a link between these nuclei and addictive behavior

self reference effect

best recall information that we can put into context of our own lives

weak ties

social connections that are personally superficial quantitatively large qualitatively small social networking for job opportunities people without multiple of these find it difficult to contribute to and access social capital

ethnicity

social construct sorts people by cultural factors including language, nationality religion, and other factors people can chose to or not to display a ethnic identity

race

social construct based on the phenotypic difference between groups of people may be real or perceived differences not strictly defined by genetics - bases individuals based on superficial characteristics such as skin color racial identities are always on display

SES

socialeconomic status depends on the ascribed or achieved status

taboo

socially unacceptable, disgusting or reprehensible

absolute poverty

socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of living that included basic life necessities: shelter food clothing water

deduction

solution that *must* be true based on the information given answers that might be true - are never the right answer

duplicity theory of vision

"duplexity" says that the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors one specialized for color and the other specialized for light and dark detection

discrimination

*behavioral* occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently than others prejudice is a attitude - this is an action typically a negative behavior refers to the difference in actions toward different groups can be individual or institutional

Jung's dichotomies of personality

1. extraversion vs introversion --orientation toward to external world - orientation toward the inner personal world 2. Sensing vs intuiting --obtaining information about the world vs working with the information abstractly 3. thinking vs feeling -- using logic and reason vs using the value system or personal beliefs in most individuals both sides of each dichotomy are present to some degree but one tends to dominate created the groundwork for Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)

golden ratio

1.618:1 certain body proportion ratio that most people are attracted to

AHRQ

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality government agency says that race and ethnicity influence a patients chance at receiving many specific procedures and treatments unconscious/conscious different races are not always offered the same level of care in a medical emergency

Whorfian Hypothesis

Benjamin Worf proposed this also called the linguistic relatively hypothesis suggests that our reality and the way we think about the world is determined by the *content of language* language effects the way we think not the way we think effects out language language usually gives us a framework for understanding information and a more expensive framework/language skills allows us to a more sophistication way of thinking

Medicare

Cover patients: over 65 end stage renal disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS

Medicaid

Covers patients: Who are in significant financial need

dissociative identity disorder

DID type of dissociative disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a persons behavior the components of the identities fail to integrate usually most of these patients suffered from severe physical or sexual abuse as young children after therapies the personalities can sometimes come into one cases: Sybil - had 13 separate personalities

Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders

DSM originally the manual was written for statistical data now used as a diagnostic tool DSM-5 (fifth addition) compilation of many known psychological disorders not based on the theories that caused the disease or how to treat them manual of description symptoms 20 diagnostic classes ones need to know: 1.Schizophrenia spectrum/psychotic 2. depressive disorders 3. bipolar and related 4. anxiety disorders 5. obsessive compulsive disorder and related 6. personality disorders 7. trauma and stressor related disorders 8. dissociative disorders 9. somatic symptom and related disorders

Mortality

Deaths caused by a given disease

Freud death instincts

EROS promote the individual to survive through hunger, thirst, sexual need

curve of forgetting

Ebbinghuas stated that after a few days learning the list recall fell shortly but then started to level off represents the decay of the short term memory but that plateau is what you converted to long term memory

ESS

Evolutionary Stable Strategy developed through the study of sex ratios in various species when adopted, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising strategies are now inherited traits passed along with the population object of this game is to become more fit than the competitors ex. Hawk Dove game

Gender and health care

Females seem to be favored Females are better at accessing the healthcare and more likely to be insured Women utilize the services more Women have higher morbidity rates - so they need to account for this which is why they are better at seeking attention They are more likely to be delayed/unable to obtain

rubella

German measles if infects pregnant mother can cross the placenta and cause harm to the developing fetus can cause cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and mental retardation

Latinos health

Have a mixed health comparison to white's They have a lower mortality rate that is from cancer, heart disease and infant mortality Have a higher mortality rate with deaths that relate to diabetes, alcohol, drug use, HIV/AIDS, influenza, pneumonia, and accidents

Irving Janis 8 factors of group think

Illusion of invulnerability collective rationalization illusion of morality excessive stereotyping pressure of conformity self censorship illusion of unanimity mind guards many of these were seen in the McCarthy era - argues against public heath measures and is anti-semitism with being a lunatic due to fear of Communism

humanists

Kurt Lewin Abraham Maslow George Kelly Carl Rogers

language acquisition device

LAD innate ability for the capacity for language shown in the nativist biological theory stated by Noam Chomsky

lysergic acid diethylamide

LSD hallucinogen club drug sold on colorful paper

LGBT

Lesbian Gay Bisexual transgendered sexual and gender identity minorities fall under this could be queer, intersex or asexual HIV - health disparity among this community - mainly the gay lesbians might not be screen for sexually transmitted infections or cervical cancer transgendered have higher rates of prostitution and have street hormones without the proper counseling of their effects higher risk of bullying, violence, victimization have higher rates of suicide gay men have an increased rate in eating disorders higher rates of depression in this group

nativist biological theory

Noam Chomsky created this advocated for the existence of some innate capacity for language due to his work on transformational grammar believed that there was a *critical period* for language acquisition between two years and puberty if no exposure to language in this time - later training would be largely infected later proven that it was a *sensitive period* and not a critical theory through the case of abuse with the girl Primary trigger is an innate ability to pick up language via the language acquisition device

Prevalence

Number of cases of an illness overall per population over time New or chronic Ex. Number of people with new or chronic lung cancer/1000 people/year

post traumatic stress disorder

PTSD trauma and stressor related disorder occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event can have any of the following: intrusive symptoms avoidance symptoms negative cognitive symptoms arousal symptoms to be considered this a number of these symptoms needs to be present for at least on month

acute stress disorder

PTSD symptoms that last for longer than three days but shorter than one month

Urban decay

Previously functional portion of the city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time Due to suburbanization Can spontaneously reverse by urban renewal

Urban renewal

Reverse of urban decay City land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use Often fueled by gentrification

seasonal affective disorder

SAD categorized as a major depressive disorder with seasonal onset this only happens in the winter months related to a abnormal melatonin metabolism treated with bright light therapy

GABA receptor

a chloride channel that causes hyperpolarization of the membrane

L DOPA

a precursor that is converted to dopamine once it is in the brain used to manage Parkinson's disease

McDonaldization

a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability and control in societies 24 hour news channels - running a footer of news stories in bite sizes corporations use 'big data" to make business decisions more controlled and make them based of calculable outcomes of a choice such as profit, loss analysis and market share

neutral stimuli

a stimuli that does not cause an unconditioned/innate response

ampulla

a swelling at the end of each semicircular canal where the hair cells are located

functionalism

a system of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

sensitive period

a time when enviroment input is maximal effect on the development of an ability shown to be true for language in the nativist biological theory of language acquisition - believed to be before the onset of puberty

resting tremor

a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used characteristic of Parkinson's disease

communication

ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior foundation of social interaction used to: elicit changes generate action create an understanding share a point of view inform considered effective when the desired message is received by the recipient can be verbal and non verbal

categorical perception

ability to make the distinction between two similar sounding words and recognize that the difference in the words alludes to a difference in meaning or just a change in pronunciation (accent) among different individuals auditory example of constancy

fidelity

ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties

alternative strategies for competitors

altruism cooperation spite selfishness

biogenicamines

another name for cateolamines

learned behaviors

are not based on hereditary they have to be experienced by the environment

dorsal prefrontal cortex

associated with attention and cognition

umbilical cord

attaches the fetus to the uterine and placenta

agression

behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance can be physical actions/nonverbal and verbal communication most of these displays are settled with threat and withdrawal without actual bodily harm threat displays more common in animals evolutionary - offers protection against perceived and real threats helped ancestors fight of predators helped gain access to food, additional territory or mates when resources are limited could be the deciding factor on who passes on their genes effected by: amygdala pre frontal cortex cognitive nesoassociation modle exposure to violent behavior

fad

behavior that is viewed as popular and desirable by a large community can be owning certain objects or engaging in certain behaviors

reflex

behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without a higher cognitive input

choroidal vessels

blood vessels between the sclera and the retina

expressing/detecting emotions

can be both verbal and nonverbal behaviors that communicate the internal state we can express the emotions with or without the conscious mind

macula

central section of the retina has the highest concentration of cones

hormones

chemical messengers used by the endocrine system

birth rate

children per 1000 people per year

just world hypothesis

cognitive bias in impression formation denies the possibility of innocent victims goes of the idea of karma : universal restoring force good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people victim is getting what they deserve

situation

component of social perception a given context can determine what information is available to the perceiver

self mutilation

cutting or burning of ones self

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

deficiency of thiamine/ vitamin B1 can be due to long term alcoholism characterized by severe memory impairment with changes in the mental status and loss of motor skills

barbiturates

depressant historically used as an anxiety reducing and sleep medications have been replaced by benzodiasepines ex *amobarbital* and *phenobarbital*

external auditory canal

directs the sound waves to the tympanic membrane/eardrum

sublimate

divert usually taking about sexual energy

front of eye

divided into the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber

avoidance learning

division in negative reinforcement role of the behavior is to prevent the unpleasant thing from even happening

monogamy

exclusive mating relationship

endolymph

fluid found in the inner ear

hypophyseal portal system

entire hypothalamus and anterior/posterior system

beneficence

ethic in medicine responsibility to act in the patients best interest

disturbance of affect

expression of emotion negative symptom of schizophrenia blunting flat affect inappropriate affect

macrosociology

focuses on large groups and social structure

crack

form of cocaine which can be smoked quick and potentness effects highly addictive

ketamine

hallucinogen

bourgeoisie

haves

communities

held together by strong and weak ties

echopraxia

imitating another persons actions form of catatonia

claustrophobia

irrational fear of closed spaces

posterior chamber

is in between the iris and the lens

predictably stressor

jobs that you cannot predict the outcome or scenarios have more stress than other jobs ex. firefighters, police men, surgens

substantia nigra

layer of cells in the brain that function to produce dopamine to permit the proper functioning of the basal ganglia - which initiates and terminates movements

pia mater

layer of the meninges that is closest to the brain matter

labeling theory

liked to deviance, stigmatization and reputation says that labels are given to people to affect not only how others respond to that person but also that person's self image can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity women labeled as a ***** - lead to further promiscuity or lead to a change in behavior accepting the label or having to go against it groups may accept these deviant labels

vestibular sense

linear acceleration and rotational acceleration

Broca's Area

located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe controls the motor function of speech through connections with the motor cortex when damaged: the person can understand the language but will not be able to or have reduced ability to speak the language = *broca's expressive aphasia*

anhedonia

loss of interest in all or almost all formally enjoyable activities

intelligence quotient IQ

made by Alfred Binet = mental age/chronological age x 100 four year old with a average six year olds mental age 6/4 x 100 = 150 schooling increases this (IQ actually drops during summer) genetics and enviroment

personal construct psychology

made by george kelly disregarded traditional concepts of motivation, unconscious emotion and reinforcement used himself as the model process of insight where the individual gets new constructs that allow him to predict a troubling event the person will be able to put the new construct with the old and existing ones individual = scientist = person who deceives and tests predictions about the behavior of the people that are significant to them this person/scientist will construct scheme of anticipation of what the loved individuals will do based on knowledge, perception and relationship anxious person - doesn't have built up energy, but has difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in the enviroment

MFA

medial forebrain bundle connection between the NAc and VTA apart of the mesolimbic reward pathway

b amyloid

misfolded protein in B pleated sheet form

cogwheel rigidity

muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb characteristic of Parkinson's disease

approach approach conflict

need to choose between two desirable options

distant networks

network that are loose and contain weaker ties may be composed of acquaintances

NREM

non rapid eye movement stages one through four of sleep

distress

occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

proactive interference

old information is interfering with new information hard to switch phone numbers because the old phone number is so engraved

codine

opiate

morphine

opiate

Psychotism

part of the PEN model measure of nonconformity or social deviance

obsessions

persistant, intrusive thoughts and impulses

cannabis indica

plant species of marijuana

pull factors

positive attributes of the new location that attract immigration

Demographic transition stage one

preindustrial society birth and death rates are high

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of persons age can bee seen at all ages inexperienced dinosaur

hydrocodone

prescription opioid

oxycodone

prescription opioid

stanford Binet IQ test

professor at Stanford took Binet's IQ test and made it this

colliculi

prominent nuclei in the midbrain

queer

questioning/ Q

priming

recall is aided by first being presented with a word or cue that is close to the desired semantic memory that way you can spread activation fairly quickly

amacrine cells/horizontal cells

receive input from multiple cells in the retina in the same area prior to the information being passes to the ganglion cell thus they greaten the slight differences between the visual information in each bipolar cell used for edge perception and increase the perception to contrasts

secondary effect

recent information we have about an individual that is the most important in forming our perceptions apart of the impression bias theory of social perception

merkle cells/discs

receptor involved in tactile information/ somatosensation respond to deep pressure and texture

thermoreceptors

respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)

taste receptors

respond to dissolved compounds (taste)

nociceptors

respond to painful/noxious stimuli (somatosensation)

photoreceptors

respond to the electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

osmoreceptors

respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)

olfactory receptors

respond to volatile compounds (smell)

recall

retrieval and statement of previously learned information essay writing is the recalling

serial position effect

retrieval cue when learning lists participants will have a better memory for the first names and the last names on the list

opioids

semisynthetic derivates of opium *oxycodone* *hydrocodone* *heroin* treatment for this addition would be *methadone* bind to the opiod receptor in the peripheral and central nervous system can cause a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria overdoes: lead to death by respiratory suppression the brain stops sending signals to breath

patterns of kinship

sister, father, cousins ex. Hawaiians call all family members cousins, but there is a specific blood line to consider someone a cousin in other cultures have bearing responsibilities for child rearing, family loyalties and even the boundaries what is considered incest

tectorial membrane

sits on top of the organ of corti and is fairly immobile hair cells are here too and they are involved with amplifying the sound the nasal hairs on the basal membrane hit this and this causes them to bend and thus depolarize intensity is based on how much they bend

intimacy vs isolation

sixth conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory 20-40 this is the main crisis of adulthood if resolved will be able to love, have an intimate relationship, the ability to commit ones self to another persons goals if not resolved will have an avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing oneself from other and ones ideas they are usually withdrawn and have inappropriate relationships

brady-kinesia

slowed movement characteristic of Parkinson's disease

phonemes

speech sound about 40 of them in English

biological perspective of personality

states that personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain closely liked to the trait perspective traits can be shown to result from genes or differences in brain anatomy

neuropsychology

study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain used in research where researchers try and associate very specific areas of the brain to behavior also used in a clinical setting where patients are being treated for brain lesions

sociology

study of society how we create society how we interact within society how we define what is normal and abnormal in society how we institutionalize these ideas about society

psychophysics

study of the relationship between the physical nature of stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke

panic attacks

symptoms: fear and apprehension trembling sweating hyperventilation sense of unreality

linguistic relatively hypothesis

the Whorfian Hypothesis proposed by benjamin Worf

secondary process

the guidance of the ego on the id

hypnotic inductions

the hypnotist seeks to relax the subject and increase the subject's level of concentration then the hypnotist can make suggestions to the person

primary responses

the id's response to frustration "obtain satisfaction now and not later" mental imagery/day dreaming and fantasying fulfills this need for satisfaction

intrapersonal self

the ideas an individual has regarding his/ her own abilities traits and beliefs

vision

the occipital lobe in the brain is devoted to this

reliance on central traits

the organization of the perception of others based on traits/personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

outer ear

the pinna, the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane

pressure of conformity

the pressure put on anyone in the group who express opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

encoding memory

the process of putting new information into memory passively taken from the enviroment

conventional morality phase

the second of the three phases in kohlberg's moral reasoning theory starts in early adolescence - when individuals start to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others based on accepting and understanding social riles relationship to others stages: 3. conformity 4. law and order

rhodopsin

the single pigment found on the rod photoreceptor

blunting

there is a severe reduction in the intensity of the affect expression type of disturbance of affect

crude rate

total rate of a population

in groups

type of group an individual belongs

vertical mobility

upward or downward social mobility

VTA

ventral tegmental area apart of the mesolimbic reward pathway

varicella

virus that causes chickenpox

mnemonics

way to memorize lists acronyms or rhyming phrases to provide a vivid organization of the information we are trying to remember

values

what the person deems important in life dictates ones ethical principles and standards of the behavior

mesencephalon

*midbrain* developed earlier in evolutionary terms come with the hindbrain to form the brainstem receives *sensory and motor* information from the rest of the body associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli has many colliculi (superior and inferior) 1. inferior and 2. superior colliculi - sensorimotor reflexes

compliance

change in behavior based on a direct request usually the requestor doesn't have any authority over the person techniques foot in the door door in the face low ball that's not all

behaviorism

BF Skinner theory that all behaviors are conditioned

Space

Channels inequalities and amplifies their effects Ex. Poor neighborhoods tend to have less political and social influence That is why undesirable buildings (water refiners, trash smoldering plants etc) are placed there

Native Americans and health

Have higher rates from death of diabetes, alcohol use, and infant mortality than whites Have lower rates of death from cancer, heart disease, HIV/AIDS than whites Show some of the highest rates of death by suicide in comparison to the general population Has some of the highest mortality rates linked to diabetes compared to any racial category

Suburbanization

Migration patterns of the middle class to suburban communities Explained by the overall greater concentration of poor individuals in urban areas Have become more attractive since they are cleaner and more safe and have better school systems Can lead to urban decay

pendulum experiment

Jean Piaget's experiment to show the formal operational stage children given a pendulum where they could vary the length of the string, weight of pendulum, force of the initial push and the initial angle asked to find out what created the frequency of the pendulum children in the concrete operational stage were able to manipulate all the variables at random and even distort the data to fit the hypothesis adolescents in the formal operational stage where able to keep all the variables constant besides one to determine that only the length of the string changes the frequency

anima

Jung archetype feminine sex inappropriate qualities feminine behaviors in males being graceful being emotional

persona

Jung archetype liked to the mast we wear in public part of our personality that we present to the outside world adaptive to our social interactions, emphasizing those qualities that improve our social standing and suppressing our other less desirable qualities

animus

Jung archetype masculine sex inappropriate qualities masculine behaviors in females spreading off legs when sitting burping ====== power seeking

MBTI

Myers Briggs Type Inventory foundation came from Jung's work with dichotomy is a classic personality test tests all of Jung's dichotomies and a fourth (judging vs perceiving) - (preferring orderliness vs preferring spontaneity) example of a type/trait theory of personality

Incidence

Number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time Ex. Number of new cases of people with lung cancer/1000 at risk people/year If you already have the disease you are no longer at risk for the disease!

children and schema

Piaget thought that infants learn mainly through instinctual interaction with the enviroment - like the grasping reflex new information is placed into a different schema as the child grows up

Low income and higher mortality rates

Poor access to quality medical care Poor nutrition Feeling in less control of life circumstances More likely to smoke More likely to be overweight or obese Less likely to engage in physical activity Race and ethnicity can create barriers to care Non native language and culture are viewed as contributors to pathology because they can create obstacles to the diagnosis and treatment

culture

beliefs, behavior , actions that are characteristic of a group or society of people learned by living in a society, and observing the behaviors/traits and then adopting them can be passed down thought that ALL people to be cultured by living within a society and participating in its culture universal through out humanity wolfs - all hold pups in mouth women do very different ways of holding, breast feeding etc... the beliefs held by the person are typically based on learned behavior, expectations, and pressure from the group one is in

eustress

beneficial stress ex. graduating from college, getting married they are positive but the person still has to adapt to the new life style which leads to stress

S cone

best absorb blue wavelength 400-500

mescaline

hallucinogen

ego syntonic

individual appear that his behavior is correct/normal/in harmony with his goals this is personality disorders

depersonalization

individual feels detached from their own mind or body ex. out of body experience

interpersonal attraction

phenomenon of individuals liking each other factors that affect this: similarity (in attitudes, intelligence, education, height, age, religion, appearance, socioeconomic status) self disclosure reciprocity proximity symmetric ones face is golden ration similarity helps because can do the same things - more convenient also want the other person to agree with or validate the morals/choices/ values attracted to opposites only if they make the complementary aspects of the relationship work

cannabis sativa

plant species of marijuana

delta waves

seen in stages three and four/ SWS of sleep low frequency and high voltage

government

social institution impact all other social institutions to an extent can be seen on the individual level transparency accountability professionalism maintains social order and enforces laws

amobarbital

type of barbiturate

organ of corti

actual hearing apparatus in the cochlea rests on a think flexible membrane = basilar membrane composed of thousands of hair cells and are bathed in the endolymph

base rate fallacy

actual numerical information

delusion of grandeur

also common is Bipolar I disorder involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way like being an inventor, historical figure, religious icon

Alfred Adler

*behavior is motivated by striving for superiority* another psychoanalyst on personality like Jung focused on social motivators on behaviors rather than sexual theory focused on the *immediate social workings of family and friends* and how they had their effects on the unconscious factors one who came up with the *inferiority complex* states that personality comes from the drive for superiority this striving enhances the personality when it benefits the society but creates disorder when it is selfish also focused on the *creative self, the style of life, and fictional finalism*

stereotyping

*cognitive* making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed into refers to the expectations, impressions and opinions about the characteristics of members of the group

prosencephalon

*forebrain* above the midbrain most modern part of the brain biggest part of the brain in weight and size associated with complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes associated with emotion and memory has the greatest influence on human behavior functions are not necessary for human survival but defines the intellectual and emotional capacities of the human this divides into two other swellings in prenatal development *telencephalon and diencephalon* die (thalamus, hypo, pineal, basal ganglia) tele- cerebral cortex 1. cerebral cortex - complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processess 2. basal ganglia - movement 3. limbic system - emotion and memory 4.thalamus - sensory relay station 5. hypothalamus - hunger and thirst & emotion - connects to the posterior pituitary 6. pineal gland - melatonin

rhombencephalon

*hindbrain* developed earlier in evolutionary terms come with the midbrain to form the brainstem located where the brain meets the spinal cord *controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes such as sleeping and walking* - autonomic stuff vital functions necessary for survival during development the rhombencephalon divides into the * mylenecephalon and metencephalon* 1. cerebellum - refined motor movements 2. medulla oblongata - vital functioning (breathing and digestion) 3. reticular formation - arousal and alertness 4. pons

dishabituation

*recovery* of a response to a stimulus after habituation had already occurred happens when an individual is in habituation, but then there is a second stimulus that disrupts the habituation and thus causing a heightened original response it is temporary and always refers to changes in response to the original stimulus - not a new one driving on a long trip - everything looks the same and not paying that much attention, but take an exit ramp and your attention has increased. The exit ramp is the second stimulus

social perception

*social cognition* how we form impressions about characteristics of individuals and groups of people we make these impressions based on observing their behavior, past experiences and personal beliefs/attitudes impression bias halo effect just world hypothesis self serving bias

Ecstasy

3,4 ethlyenedioxy-methlamphentamine MDMA commonly known as E stimulant drug acts as a hallucinogen when combined with amphetamine similar to other amphetamines club or rave drug packaged in colorful pills causes: increased heart rate increased blood pressure blurry vision sweating nausea hyperthermia feeling of euphoria increased alertness overwhelming sense of well being and connectedness

immigration status

40 million now - will grow to 60 million over the next 20 years mexico, Caribbean, india un or documented they are interwoven into society health care system is greatly different than many other countries - difficult for immigrants to understand/ access this system undocumentation creates a huge problem

timeline of language acquisition

9-12 months : babbling 1 -1.5 years: one word per month 1.5-2 years: explosion of language with learning words and combining words - uses gestures to convoy meaning (apple? and point) 2-3 years: longer sentences of three or more (that apple?) 5 years: language is usually mastered

identification

outward acceptance of the other's ideas without personally taking on these ideas/ agreeing with them type of conformity

behaviorist perspective of personality

BF SKinner based on operant conditioning he said that personality is simply a reflection of behavior reinforced over time thus when focusing on learning skills and changing behaviors one should do it by operant conditioning techniques

Asian American health

Better health than white people Lower rate of getting cancer, heart disease, diabetes and infant mortality

Morbidity

Burden/degree of illness associated with a given disease

choice shift

synonymous with group polarization *describes the behavior of change of the group as a whole*

Second sickness

Described by Howard Waitzkin Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice Low income families are shown to have worse health, uninsured, and die younger (shown by centers of Disease Control and Prevention =CDC) Poverty along with cultural inequality leads to worse health outcomes - seen across genders, age, racial and ethnic boundaries Ex. Low income women have lower birth rates - babies have a higher risk for cognitive and physical problems later in life Lower income groups have 4x lower the health than the higher income groups Lower income are also more likely to get life shortening diseases (diabetes, cancer , degenerative illness, heart disease) Lower income also more likely to commit suicide or die from homicide Infant mortality is higher in low-income infants

instrumental relativist stage

also could be the self interest stage of kohlberg's moral reasoning based on the concepts of reciprocity and sharing "if you scratch my back ill scratch yours"

cultural transmission

also cultural learning manner in which society socializes its members

shadow

Jung archetype responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feeling and actions in our consciousness.

proletarait

have nots could over through the haves and the capitalist economy by developing class consciousness this would then lay the ground work for a socialist state

kohlberg moral reasoning theory - identity

Lawrence Kohlberg theory of personality development that focuses on development of moral thinking instead of the resolution of conflicts/urges as we get older we are able to think of the world in greater and more complex ways - which effects that ways we resolve moral dilemmas and perceive the notion of right and wrong his observations of this were off of hypothetical questions on moral dilema ex. Heinz Dilema after giving them the dilema - he would ask them if the person acted in a morally just way he didn't care if they said morally right or morally wrong but he was far more interested in the reasoning behind the answer created six stages of moral reasoning 1. obedience 2. self interest 3. conformity 4. law and order 5. social contract 6. universal human ethics three phases (with two stages each) 1. preconventional morality 2. conventional morality 3.post conventional morality

System for multiple level observation of groups

SYMLOG used to be interaction process analysis technique for observing/classifying and measuring interactions within small groups based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs. submission friendliness vs unfriendliness instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive

gender inequality

intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

Environmental justice

Many poor/minority groups tend to live closer to environmental pollution because it has cheaper housing This can create actual health problems due to the toxicity of waste dumps and hazardous waste Tuberculosis, whooping cough, pneumonia, influenza May lack the political support from preventing this from coming into their communities

chunking

also known as clustering memory trick taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning ebalpkcurtracsub bus car truck plane

Men vs females in health

Men more likely to die from heart disease, cancer, chromic lower respitory disease, diabetes and accidents than females Men 3x more likely to die from accidents, suicide, and homicide Men less likely to seek medical attention - try and tough it out When men seek medical attention they are less likely to comply with medical instructions or adhere to the medical advice Reason why they have lower life expectancy can be sociological and biological Sociology - bigger risk takers - more likely to expose themselves to these accidents and unintentional injuries. Also employed by more demanding/dangerous jobs (police force, steal industry, coal mining). Also have higher rates of alcohol uses, speeding and participating in violent sports Biologically - disadvantage from infancy onward and they are more likely to get diseases that are life threatening Women do have higher mortality rates They do not have higher morbidity rates when regarding some chronic diseases More women suffer from infectious diseases, digestive problems, respiratory conditions, hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases They are more likely to suffer from illness and disabilities than men Their conditions are usually less life threatening

lamina

another name for threshold

Inequities in healthcare

Quality healthcare favors those in the higher social classes US is one of the only countries where healthcare is not planned by a central government system physician will not accept this public insurance programs that are under the ACA (Medicare and Medicaid) Also some patients will not open in low income neighborhoods/communities Also low income patients are less likely to seek medical assistance at the overcrowded clinics unless they are seriously ill - by then intervention is usually too late States in New England and mid Atlantic are shown to give the best healthcare while states in the south are seen to give a lower quality of care Most common basis of discrimination is overweight Doctors are less likely to recommend effective weight loss programs to obsess patients based off of the assumption that obsess patients lack the will power to lose the weight This will result in a loss of trust between the doctor and patient Females are favored in the health care system LGBT are discriminated against due to prejudices and homophobia

REM

Rapid eye movement arousal levels reach wakefulness but the muscles are paralyzed time of sleep that we have the most of our dreams --> 75% of our dreams happen these dreams tend to be longer and more vivid said to be a paradoxical sleep memory consolidation is involved with this --> *procedural* memory consolidation predominates late into the night

stapes/strirrup

acted upon by the incus the end sits in the oval window of the cochlea

Global inequalities

Super widespread across the globe Most people live off of 1.25 dollars a day Globalization can have a huge impact on local communities Other places can make cheap goods cheaper due to labor prices Inequality has been further exaggerated by the unexpected spike of population - which puts strain on the worlds resources Other places in the world have very poor healthcare so suffer from parasites, infectious disease and malnutrition

interference

another reason for memory loss retrieval error caused by the existence of other and similar information can be proactive or retroactive

Affordable care act ACA

Trying to stop the problem of not being planned by a central government by increase the coverage rate and affordability of insurances for all Americans Also tries to reduce the overall costs of healthcare Groups are still disadvantaged - through access and quality Even the people that have Medicare or Medicaid may lack access - since many

Gentrification

When the upper/middle class populations begin to purchase and renovate neighborhoods in deteriorated areas, displacing the low SES population

Residential segregation

Where one lives - has a substantial effect on how people interact, cooperate and advance Urban areas have a larger diversity of opportunities than rural areas They have more options in careers and thus can more easily improve their SES Higher income neighbor hoods has the better schools, homeowners, professionals, college/higher degree graduates Lower income families have greater poverty, unemployment rates and lower quality schools - they also have higher rates of homelessness - less safe, more violence Low class is more unlikely or unable to move around like the other classes - that is why they stay in these urban areas

social interaction

behavior and actions of two or more individuals who take one another into account include processes and establishment of culture

globalization in medicine

World Health Organization WHO American Red Cross Doctors Without Walls supply aid to populations in need across the world

conditioner reinforcer/ secondary reinforcer

a bell that is associated with a primary reinforcer (treat) after the organism does some behavior (a trick) way for classical and operate conditioning to combine

halo effect

a cognitive bias judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be effected by ones overall impression of the individual tendency to allow a general impression of a person to influence more specific evaluations I like Adam - so adam is sincere, he is perfect, he can do no wrong explains why we are generally inaccurate when we believe that a person is generally good or generally bad attractiveness can also create this effect

automatic nervous system

a division of the peripheral nervous system involuntary regulates: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions, body temp manages *involuntary* actions - independent of conscious control divided into two divisions : sympathetic and parasympathetic and are *antagonist* of each other

somatic nervous system

a division of the peripheral nervous system voluntary consist of the sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles. sensory neurons transmit info through the afferent fibers motor impulses travel along the efferent fibers

masklike facies

a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features staring eyes partially open eyes characteristic of Parkinson's disease

stranger anxiety

a fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals

separation anxiety

a fear of being separated from a parental figure

sociology power

a form of influence over other people ability to affect others behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments based on the unequal distribution of valued resources defined the relationship between individuals, groups and social institutions they maintain order organize economic systems conduct warfare rule over/exploit people creates a worldwide social inequalities as the people fall into the haves and have nots

Opiates/opiods

a group of consciousness altering drug derived from the poppy plant = opium bind to the opiod receptor in the peripheral and central nervous system can cause a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria overdoes: lead to death by respiratory suppression the brain stops sending signals to breath

cataplexy

a loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours usually caused my an emotional trigger symptom of narcolepsy going into REM even though awake

polygyny

a male having exclusive relationships with a couple females

conditioned stimulus

a normally neutral stimulus, but through association with the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus turned a neutral stimulus into creating a reflexive response aka the conditioned response

major depressive episode

a period of at least two weeks with at least five of the following symptoms prominent and relatively persistant depressed mood anhedonia appetite disturbances substantial weight changes sleep disturbances decreased energy feeling of worthlessness excessive guilt sometimes delusional difficulty with concentration or thinking feeling slowed down - psychomotor symptoms thoughts of death/suicide at least on of these symptoms must be depressed mood or anhedonia SADNESS + SIG E. CAPS sadness sleep interest guilt energy concentration appetite psychomotor symptoms suicidal thoughts

primitive reflexes

a reflex that a infant is born with and lessens with age ex. rooting reflex, moro reflex, babinski reflex, grasping reflex by being able to distinguish when these reflexes are happening and disappearing one can dictate the neurological state the infant is in adults with neurological diseases may exhibit these primitive reflexes, especially in an illness that cause demyelination (loss of the myelin sheath) *multiple scholerosis*

over confidence

can lead us to take on tasks which we are not ready for can lead to frustration humiliation personal injury

kinesthetic sense

also called proprioception ability to tell where one boy is in space ex. even with your eyes closed you can sense what location you are at receptors for this are mostly found in your muscles and joints these play a role in hand eye coordination, balance and mobility

social action

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of an performing because others are around only considers the individual that is surrounded by others humans will behave in different ways based on their social enviroment and how their behavior will affect those around them if they predict a negative response by their enviroment - they are likely to change their behavior

recall vs recognition

cannot name many kids from the middle school but if saw a picture would be able to recognize them

divided attention

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time usually done with familiar/routine tasks which can be done through automatic processing most complex tasks cannot be done this way and need undivided attention. controlled effortful processing

theory of mind

ability to sense grow another mind works ex. how a friend is interpreting the story

biological markers for depression

abnormally high glucose metabolism in amygdala hippocampus atrophy after a long duration of the illness abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids - cortisol decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine monoamine theory of depression the actual production of the neurotransmitters is decreased because both the neurotransmitters and the metabolites are decreased

appraisal modle

accepts that there are biological predetermined expressions that once a emotion is experienced but their is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

shuffling gait

accompanies with a stooped posture shuffling of the feet as attempting to walk characteristic of Parkinson's disease

epinephrine

adrenaline neurotransmitter more often secreted from the adrenal medulla to at systemically as a hormone

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary in response to CRF will stimulate the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

indirect therapy

aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

influence of others on identity

albert Bandura (bodo doll ex) claimed that observational learning contributes greatly to our future behaviors by adolescence - peers become the most important role models in a person's life as a child grows they can see/recognize other individuals identities they will even experiment with their own identities by taking on roles of others (like playing house/school) soon the child is able to see how others can see him and can imagine themselves from the outside world once the theory of mind ability has developed we start to recognize and react to how others think about us - we become aware of those judgment and can react to those judgments

drugs that activate the GABA activity

alcohol marijuana benzodiasepines barbiturates - depressants

sexual motivation

alfred Kinsey william masters virginia johnson -showed that women and men show similar physiological responses the main differences seen between the sexes were based on culture and learned behavior motivated by the secretion of estrogens, progesterone and androgens strong correlation between hormone secretions and sexual desire players involved: hormones odors pleasure and perception of pleasure (usually influenced by culture) cognition societal influenced both women and men are equally aroused by porn but women were "disgusted' showing societal influence/cognition and culture

superior colliculus

aligns the eyes with the expected stimulus when there is a loud/sudden sound gives the deer in headlights look colliculus in the midbrain that receives visual sensory input

social behaviors

allow us to interact with others may flow from positive feelings or negative feelings

morphology

component to language the structure of words words are made up of morphemes

psychoanalytic perspective of personality

also known as psychodynamic all assume that the unconscious internal states motivates and does the actions and determines personality focus on sick individuals and their troubling urges players: Sigmund Freud carl Jung karen Horney

Difference Threshold

also the just noticeable difference (jnd) minimum difference in the magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference ex. people can't determine the difference between two sound waves - they are different frequencies but perception takes it as the same (most people determine the difference between three waves frequencies 3hz) focus on the ratio of the change in stimulus (3) and the original value (440hz) and divide 3/440 focus on WEBER'S LAW

regulation of aggression

amygdala - associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards and punishments (telling whether something is a threat or not). if activated - this increases aggression prefrontal cortex - can place brakes on a stimulated amygdala reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness if this has lower activity - won't decrease the activity of the amygdala and will lead to increased aggression hormones - higher levels of testosterone increase aggression in both genders

alcoholism

an abusement and addiction to alcohol rates tend to be higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) but low SES tend to recover faster and at higher rates than high SES individuals tends to run in families likely to suffer from a a depressive disorder

manifest function

an action that is intended to help some part of the system

latent functions

an action that is unintended but still has a positive consequence on parts of society may flow logically from manifest functions but they will be unstated or unrecognized PW meeting help get ideas across board, lets us share and discuss proposals but interpersonal relationships increase

defense mechanism

an ego's rerouting/action for reveling anxiety caused by the clash of the super ego and the id all have two common characteristics: 1. falsify/distort/deny reality 2. they operate unconsciously main ones: repression suppression regression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement sublimation

negative cognitive symptoms

an inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and persistant negative view of the world

arousal symptoms

an increased startle response irritability anxiety self destructive or risky behavior sleep disturbances

discrimination

an organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli opposite of generalization Pavlov's dogs could have been conditioned to respond to one tone bells and not the other if one was used for meat and one wasn't - that way they would only salivate to one of the bells and not the other

monoamines

another name for cateolamines

nature vs nurture

answer lies in the middle it is possible for particular environmental factors to influence genetic factors in development of a specific trait ex. genetic factors can make them more likely to have addictive personality... but they still need exposure to drugs, alcohol, gambling to develop an addiction to them

prefrontal cortex

anterior portion of the frontal lobes associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality and making decisions. also gets arousal inputs from the brain stem so it coordinates arousal and cognitive states

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by the fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard to escape these people will be uncomfortable to leave their homes because they fear a panic attack or the worsening of another mental disease

panic disorder

anxiety disorder consists of repeated panic attacks when happens - they have a sense of impending doom and can be convinced that they are losing their minds patients are treated for a long time frequently accompanied with agoraphobia because in agoraphobia that have a pervasive fear of having a panic attack in public symptoms are caused by excess activation of the sympathetic nervous system - autonomic overdrive

animal communication

any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of the other they communicate with each other nonverbally in almost every way body language used to express emotion (tail in between legs when scared) used for reproduction - certain positions to indicate readiness facial expression used more than body language bearing teeth - angry/ ready to attack ' visual displays common for sex discrimination in birds males a lot of colorful and females a lot less due to being camouflaged to protect the young bees also known for dancing scents communicate intraspecifically (between members of same species) and interspecifically (between members of different species) used to attract a mate used to mark territory or method of defense (skunk) vocalizations have different words for different predators can create new words for new objects birds can use species specific calls for sex mating or to warn a threat

stimulus

anything to which an organism can respond to / any sensory input

ghettoes

areas where specific racial, ethnic, religious minorities are concentrated usually due to social or economic inequalities

errors of growth

as the child starts to say longer sentences, grammatical errors increase and the child internalizes the complex rules of grammar a child usually implies a grammatical rule - usually a morpheme

resolution of the eye

as the number of receptors that converge through the bipolar neurons onto one ganglia cell the resolution decreases number of cones converging into one ganglia is less then the number of rods converging into one ganglia color has a higher resolution than black/white resolution more sensitive to the color changes then we are to the black and whiteness

antiepileptic medications

associated with neural tube defects the neural tube fails to close completely, leading to devastating malformations can cause spina bifida or anencephaly

left prefrontal cortex

associated with positive emotions

right prefrontal cortex

associated with the negative emotions

elaborative rehearsal

association of the information to knowledge that is already stored in the long term memory associated to the self reference effect (relating things back to yourself)

social construction modle

assumes that there are no biological basis for emotions emotions are thus are based on experience and the situational context alone also says that certain emotions can only exist within social encounters and that emotions are expressed differently (play different roles) across the cultures one must be familiar with the social norms for a certain emotion to perform the corresponding emotional behaviors in a given social situation since culture gives the foundation to understand and interpret behaviors studies have shown how cultural difference can lead to very different social consequences when emotions are expressed

biosychosocial approach to psychological disoreders

assumes that there are three components: 1. Biological = something in the body (genetic syndrome) 2. psychological = stems from an individuals thoughts, emotions and behaviors 3. social = individuals surroundings/ class in society/ discrimination/ stigmatization goal is to provide direct and indirect therapy

strain theory

attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure how anomic conditions can lead to deviance american dream - desirable social goal america is unable to guarantee the education opportunity to achieve this goal to all citizens thus deviant behavior (stealing) may arise to attempt the desirable social goal outside of the limiting social structure

functional attitudes theory: knowledge

attitude give this which provides the constancy and stability attitudes help provide organization to thoughts and experiences. The knowing of the attitudes of others help to predict their behaviors i know my friend cares about politics - so i know he is going to vote in the upcoming election

functional attitudes theory

attitudes serve four functions: knowledge ego expression adaption ego defense theory on attitude

vestibulocochlear nerve

auditory nerve that carries the electrical signal to the central nervous system

social mobility

available in the class system - through dedication and hard work -- put into the American Dream a result of an economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher level employment opportunities given proper credentials and experience requirements can occur within a generation (intragenerational) or across generations (intergenerational) saying it is decreasing in america occurs in two directions vertical horizontal

fertility rates

average number of children born to a women during her lifetime in a population usually the primary driver of population expansion in US still above 2 so still is contributing to population growth

nationality

based on political boarders based on sharedhistory, media, cuisine, and symbols like a flag may not connect to ones ethnicity or to ones own citizenship

aqueous humor

bathes the from part of the eye before draining into the canal of schlemm

waggle dance

bees form of visual displays

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

behaviors/thoughts/feelings added to normal behavior considered to be in two dimensions : the psychotic dimension (delusions and hallucinations) and the disorganized dimension (disorganized thought and behavior) these different dimensions can have different underlying causes ex. delusions, hallucinations disorganized thought, disorganized or catatonic behavior

proximity

being physically close to someone part of it is convenience part is mere exposure effect/familiarity effect

cultural capital

benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities and skills

M cone

best absorb green wavelength 500-600

L cone

best absorb red wavelength 500-700

stages of sleep

beta alpha theta gamma REM all are waves entire cycle lasts about 90 minutes BAT -D "bat sleeps during the day"

self serving bias

bias that the fact that individuals will view their own success based on internal factors and their failures on external factors self identity and perception can be skewed due to this good things happen due to good traits and behaviors and bad things happen based on situational behaviors i got a good grade in sears because I studied so hard I got a bad grade in Lew's class because his tests were confusing and mis guiding based on self enhancement, locus of control, emotion, and relationship emotion - impact self of esteem and need to protect ones self identity individuals with high self of esteem find the need to protect their self identity more and use this bias more relationship- when close to someone else they are less likely to blame the failures on one another strangers are more likely to blame each other people with depression have reverse of this i got lucky thats why I got a good grade I got the bad grade and it was all my fault

stressor

biological element/external condition/ event that leads to a stress response can be classified either by causing distress or eustress can be: environmental factors - too hot, natural disasters daily events workplace/ academic social expectations chemical and biological - diet, drugs, viruses, allergies, medications psychological- pressure, control, predictability. frusteration

sex

biologically determined XX or XY

ganglion cells

bipolar cells synapse on these group together with the bipolar cells to form the optic nerve each cell has to represent the combined activity of many rods and cones result: in a loss of details as information from the photoreceptors is combined

social development of an infant

birth: paternal figure is the center of the infants world seven months to a year: stranger anxiety and separation anxiety also solidarity to the onlooker develops two years: parallel play, NO, more agressive three years: child has awareness of his/her genders identity, engages in gender specific play and knows his/her name five years: conformity among its peers and romantic feelings start to develop 6-12 years: friend circles tend to be the same sex without romantic feelings

corporal punishment

bodily harm/pain

humors

body fluids devised personalities on these old model of type and trait perspective of personality imbalance of this could cause a personality disorder imbalance of blood(air) =impulsive and charismatic yellow bile (fire) = aggressive and dominant black bile (earth) = depressive and cautious phlegm (water) = relaxed and affectionate

physiological response to stressors

body initially responds via the sympathetic nervous system flight or fight increase in heart rate and decrease in digestion all the energy will go to reacting to the stressful situation

emotional memories

both memory systems (explicit controlled by hippocampus and implicit memory controlled by the) are used for the formation and retrieval of emotional memories

generalization

broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response researchers conditioned a child (little albert) to be afraid of a rat by pairing it with a loud noise the fear broadened so much that he was scared of a stuff animal, sealskin coat and a man with a white beard

morphemes

building blocks that make up words each connotes a particular meaning ex. redesigned Re - to do again design - verb ed - past tense

pineal gland

came from the diencephalon swelling secretes a *melatonin* hormone which regulates the circadian rhythms receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight makes *serotonin* controlled by the hypothalamus effected by the retina due to its direct connection with the hypothalamus

Marijuana

can be a depressant, stimulant, and a hallucinogen due to the physiological effects that it alludes to the flowers and leaves of cannabis sativa and cannabis indica can be legalized for medical or recreational use has been used for centuries - 3BCE contains THC how THC binds to the receptors to create a "high" is unknown THC increases the GABA activity and dopamine activities causes: inhibition of brain (GABA) increased pleasure (dopamine) red eyes dry mouth fatigue impairment of short term memory increased heart rate increased appetite lowered blood sugar

electroencephalogram (EEG)

can be used to study electrical activity generated by larger groups of neurons involves placing several electrodes on the scalp broad patterns of electrical activity can be detected and recorded research on sleep, seizures and brain lesions have used this non invasive mapping

alcohol during pregnancy

can cause alcohol fetal syndrome results is slower cognitive development and function causes distinct craniofacial features long nasal bridge short nose small eye opening thin upper lip small midface small head circumference skin folds at the corner of the eye

disruption of the sleep cycle

can cause memory loss diminished cognitive function negatively effects mood, problem solving and motor skills

melatonin

can effect sleepiness serotonin derived hormone from the pineal gland decreasing light can cause an increase in this retina --> hypothalamus --> pineal gland --> increase in release of melatonin released by the pineal gland to regulate the circadian rhythm in response to the sunlight through the retina

sleep deprivation

can happen from as little as one night without sleep, from multiple nights of poor quality of sleep or short duration sleep irritability, mood disturbances, decreased performance and slowed reaction time

manic episodes

characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following: DIG FAST distractible insomnia (decreased sleep) grandiosity - increased self of esteem (all powerfulness) fight of ideas - racing thoughts agitation - increased goal directed activity speech - pressured (increased talkativeness) thoughtlessness -risky behavior more quicker to start and shorter lasting than depressive episodes

parkinsons disease

characterized: brady-kinesia resting tremor pill-rolling tremor masklike facies cogwheel rigidity shuffling gait dementia biological basis: decrease dopamine production in the synstantia nigra thus the basal ganglia is not working properly can be managed with L-DOPA treatment of this disease can lead to Schizophrenic like symptoms because that is an increase in dopamine

overcoming basic anxiety/hostility

child can use three strategies 1. moving toward people to obtain the good will of people who provide security 2. moving against security/ pulling away from people 3. fighting people to win the upper hand healthy people use all three of these depending on the situation but a highly threatened child will use one of these strategies highly exclusively

avoidance avoidance conflict

choice between two negative choices break up - not good for you but you want/will miss him

Parkinson's disease

chronic illness associated with destruction of portion of the basal ganglia characterized by jerk movements and uncontrolled resting tumors associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons (dopamine neurons) in the basal ganglia

long term consequences of alcoholism

cirrhosis/ failure of the liver pancreatic damage gastric or duodenal ulcers gastrointestinal cancer Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

Hawk Dove Game

classic evolutionary game games focuses on access to shared food resources hawk or dove hawk - greater fighter strategy, will be aggressive until he wins or loses dove - fight avoidance strategy, first display of aggression but retreating if the fighting escalates and if not faced with a fight will share its food three potential outcomes hawk vs hawk - one will lose one will win hawk vs dove - hawk win dove vs dove - share the food playoff/fitness is based on the value of the reward and the cost of the fighting reward > cost of fighting -->hawks have advantage reward > cost of fighting --> doves have the advantage equilibrium point where the dove and hawk can coexist as evolutionary stable strategies represents *pure competition* between individuals

stereotypes

cognitive occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals useful in defining categories and determining what does or does not fit into that category used to make sense of a complex world by categorizing and systemizing information better identify items and predict behavior to quicker react fundamentally necessary to everyday life content of these are the attributes that people believe define and characterize a group

conscience

collection of improper actions for which a child is punished subsystem of the super ego

ganglia

collection of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system once the electrochemical energy is sent along the neural pathways to various projection areas in the brain. Its in those projection areas which further analyze the sensory input

conflict stressors

come from the need to make a choice

context effects

common retrieval tool memory is aided by being in the physical location at which the encoding took place will score better when they take the exam in the same room in which they learned it ali got her best ACT score when it was at VHHS weird: facts are better recalled if learned underwater and then when underwater again rather than on land

propaganda

common way by which large organizations and political groups attempts to create prejudices in others

multiculturalism

communities/societies containing multiple cultures encourages, respects and celebrates culture differences can enhance culture diversity and acceptance within a society contrast the idea of assimilation said to create a *cultural mosaic* / mixture of cultures and ethnic groups that can al coexist in society

twin studies

compare concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic and dizygotic twins this kind of study is better able to distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics assumption: both monozygotic and dizygotic twins share the same environment... thus the differences between the concordance rates must be due to genetics to better measure genetic effects relative to environmental effects, researchers compare traits in twins raised together to twins raised apart one study showed that monozygotic twins raised in separate families were more similar than dizygotic twins raised together... argues for a strong genetic component to personality

limbic system

complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus structures: amygdala thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus fornix septal nuclei parts of the cerebral cortex plays a role in both emotion and motivation

perceiver

component of social perception influenced by experience, motives and an emotional state the past experiences of this and the attitudes of this can lead to a particular expectation of events emotional state at the time of perception can also effect the perception

target

component of social perception the person which the perception is made knowledge of the target (past experiences, or other specific information) can effect the perception

semantics

component to language association of meaning with the word some words might allude to physical objects where others might mean entire groups with millions of objects ex. women vs mommy why in young children, they allude to all women as "mommy"

pragmatics

component to language dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge the way/manner in which we speak will vary on the audience and the relationship to that audience affected by prosody

syntax

component to language how words are put together to form sentences word order on meaning

intersectionality

compounding disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed group discrimination might be compounded by a persons immigration status - thus having an interplay of many demographic factors can lead to discrimination or oppression proposes that we should think of each element or trait of a person as inextricably linked with all of the other elements in order to fully understand one's identity some say this is due to the oversimplification of racial categories or over-reliance on the five ethics model

attention

concentrating one on aspect of the sensory enviroment sensorium the understanding on how we can shift out attention from one stimuli to the next is unclear

reciprocal determinism

concept by Albert Bandura concept in the social cognitive perspective of personality the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation people choose environments that suit their personalities and their personalities determine how they will feel about and react to events in those enviroments

zone of proximal development

concept by Vygotsky refers to the skills/abilities that one has not fully developed but are in the process of development gaining of these skills ones just needs a more intelligent other ex. child may not know how to ride a bike but through the guidance of a parent - they may be successful would say that the skill of riding a bike is within the child's zone of proximal development

fictional finalism

concept of Adler concept that an individual is more motivated by his expectations of the future than by his past experiences Adler states that the human goals are based on subjective or fictional estimates of life values rather than objective data from the past "life would perfect if only"

style of life

concept of Adler represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a persons unique way of achieving superiority

thought broadcasting

concept that is involved with delusions belief that one's thoughts are broadcasted directly from ones head to the external world sense that everyone knows what that person is thinking

top down processing

conceptually driven driven by memories and expectations this allows the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations this allows us to quickly analyze objects without needing to analyzing all the parts and components if only did this we could not determine the difference between similar objects. like all humans would look the same

stereotype threat

concern/anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's group. This may hinder performance, which can actually create the self fulfilling prophecy concept that people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about ones group can: reduce performance encourage self handicapping lower ones personal investment in an activity due to the awareness of the stereotypes, individuals may perform worse or avoid the performance all together partially dependent on how much the individual identifies with the stenotype can happen just due to the presence of others -women got a better grade on a math test with all women then when in a room with only men present ex. white males in sports females in driving homosexuals in childcare

extrapyramidal motor system

connects the basal ganglia to the brain and spinal cord gathers information about the body position and carries this info to the central nervous system

arcuate fascicles

connects the broca's area and the wernicke's area bundle of axons that allows the appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

eustachian tube

connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity helps equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the environment

bipolar cells

connects the rods and cones they highlight gradients between adjacent rods and cones they synapse with ganglion cells

ventral prefrontal cortex

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

group

consists of two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity social groups are more complex then a group that shares the same physical space can earn a living, practice religion, get safety, provide a setting to be accepted and a sense of belonging can be a source of conflict : discrimination, persecution, oppression and war - come from conflict between two groups smallest group size is two people types: peer family in out reference primary secondary Gemeinshaft Gesellschaft

bony labyrinth

contains the inner ear

middle ear

contains the ossicles

ciliary body

continuos with the iris makes the aqueous humor contains the ciliary muscles

choroid

continuos with the iris on the back wall of eye behind the retina

exposure to violent behavior

contributes to aggressive behavior also shown in ALbert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment

implicit memory

controlled by the amygdala unconscious memory emotional memory storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event when experiencing a similar event later on these emotions can come back up determines the expression of the past emotions

explicit memory

controlled by the hippocampus is the memory of actually experiencing the emotion "you were happy at new years" episodic memories - more memories about the emotions rather than the emotions themselves makes a conscious memory of the event

anterior hypothalamus

controls sexual behavior when stimulated in animals they will mount anything damage leads to inhibition of sexual activity also regulates sleep and body temperature *when Anterior hypothalamus destroyed = Asexual*

sensation

conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system preformed by receptors in the peripheral nervous system which forward the stimuli to the central nervous system in the form of action potentials and neurotransmitters can be thought as a raw signal, which is unfiltered and unprocessed until it enters the central nervous system

hair cells in the organ of corti

convert the physical stimulus into an electrical signal which is carried to the central nervous system by the auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve

passage of light through the eye

corea anterior chamber (iris) posterior chamber (lens)

CRF

corticotropin releasing factors released from the hypothalamus is response to light exposure will stimulate the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary

vagus nerve

cranial nerve functions as a feedback system conveying the information from the peripheral organs back to the central nervous system

doctrine of phrenology

created by franz gall stated that if a trait was well developed than the part of the brain which is responsible for that trait would expand this would push against the skulls creating huge bulges in the head they could feel the traits at which the person had by measuring and examine the head

erikson: psychosocial development

created stages of personality development these stages are based on a series of crises/event that come from conflicts between ones own individual needs and social demands emphasizes on emotional development and interactions with the social enviroment he thought that a person could fail at accomplishing the conflict presented at one stage - but could still move onto another stage the mastery of one stage was not dependent to move onto the next stage the test to see if someone mastered the stage was to give them a question that demonstrated the skills and traits that would show that they surpassed that stage stages: 1. trust vs mistrust (0-1) 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3) 3. initiative vs guilt (3-6) 4. industry vs inferiority (6-12) 5. identity vs role confusion (adolescence) 6. intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood) 7. generativity vs stagnation (middle age) 8. integrity vs despair

Noam Chomsky

created the nativist biological theory of language advocated for the existence of some innate capacity for language worked on *transformational grammar* focused don synthetic transformation or changes in word order to retain the same meaning he noted that children learn to make transformations from I took a bath to the bath was taken by me effortlessly - which is why he thought it was an innate ability

social network

creates two types of social inequality 1. situational - socioeconomic advantage 2. positional - based on how connected one is within a network and one's centrality within the network

associate learning

creation of a pairing or association between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response two types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning

language

critically important in the transmission of culture requires a complex interplay of multiple brain circuits spoken, written and signed symbols which are regulated according to certain rules of grammar and syntax the sharing of ideas, thoughts, experiences, discoveries, fears, plans and desires with others allows us to communicate through both spatial and temporal memories

cultural barriers

cultural differences impedes interaction with others

display rules

cultural expectations of emotions govern what emotion can be expressed and to what degree

universal emotions

darwin stated that the emotions are due to evolution - which is why they are universal seven of them: happiness sadness contempt surprise fear disgust anger these correlate to distinct facial expressions

bottom up processing

data driven refers to object rejection by parallel processing and feature detection (being able to create a cohesive image and analyze it due to seeing it before) essentially the brain takes the individual sensory stimuli and combine them to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is if only did this we would be very bad at recognizing objects - every time would be like looking at something for the first time

wish fulfillment

daydreaming satisfies the satisfaction needed by the id in frustration

state dependent memory

dealing with mood/state of mind when recalling memory people who learn a task when being drunk show better performance at the task when drunk rather then being sober why you are better at beer pong when drunk - you learned it by being intoxicated!!! works with emotions being in a bad mood brings up bad memories which thus sustain the bad mood memory will be better if learned in a similar mood - also will lead to persistance of that mood

approach avoidance conflict

deals with only one choice/goal/event but the outcome could have a positive and or negative effect sending the letter to adam

social psychology

deals with social behavior people influence others attitudes and behaviors impact that individuals have on one another impact that social groups have on individual group members impact that individual group members have upon the social group impact that social groups have on other social groups

obsessive compulsive and related disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders former classified under anxiety disorders and somatic symptom disorders obsessive compulsive disorder body dysmorphic disorder

tolerance

decrease in perceived drug effect over time explained by the opponent process theory the body is going against the drug and creating symptoms of the opposite that the drug is doing -- "perceiving" that the drug isn't doing as good of a job

relative deprivation

decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society

avolition

decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self-directed purposeful activities marked by a decrease engagement in purposeful, goal directed actions

central route processing

deep thinking described in the elaboration likelihood model of attitude

aphasia

deficit in language production or comprehension

medicalized

defined and treated as medical conditions

alzheimer's disease

degeneration of the brain thought to be linked to acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus marked by progressive dementia and memory loss, atrophy of the brain illness resulting in progressive and incurable memory loss loss of acetlycholine cholinergic neurons connecting to the hippocampus is associated with this disease retrograde fashion of losing memories most recent to the more long term memories *neurofibrillary tangles, beta amyloid plaques, and sundowning* accounts for 60-80% of all dementia cases

differential association

degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs ideals that go against those norms

avoidance symptoms

deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities and objects associated with the trauma

delirium tremens

delirium associated with the withdrawal of alcohol can be life threatening alcohol as a depressant is the only drug that can be lethal as an overdoes and as an withdrwal

learned helplessness

demonstrated in the self efficacy depression experiment with the group three dogs modle for clinical depression when the person doesn't even avoid the painful experience but accepts it and acts helpless

urbanization

dense areas of population creating a pull toward migration cities are formed as individuals move into the established residency in these new urban centers gives economic opportunities and creation of the large world cities increase this 1/2 worlds population is due to these urban areas rarely homozygous in population make up

benzodiasepines

depressant used to reduce anxiety and as a sleep medication have replaced barbiturates because they are less likely to establish an overdose also increase GABA activity - making the brain inhibited and relaxed if taken with alcohol this could result in coma or death *alprazolam*, *lorazepam*, *diazepam*, and *clonazepam*

dysthymia

depressed mood that isn't severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode

poverty line

derived from the governments calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities does not take into account of the cost of the living in different communities

cognitive neoassociation model

describes the psychological and situational predictors of aggression states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, hungry, sick, frustrated or in pain ex. riots more likely to happen on hot days than cold days drivers without air conditioning are more likely to honk at others that would have air conditioning

personality

describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations identity- who we are this - how we react and act to the enviroment theories: 1. psychoanalytic/psychodynamic 2. humanistic/ phenomenological 3. type and trait 4. behavioralist

group think

desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision in attempt to eliminate/minimize conflict among the members, a consensus decision is made without assessing alternative ideas can lead to riots, fads, mass hysteria creates a loss of independent critical thinking also can isolate and ignore external viewpoints seeing their own correct without a question can depend on group cohesiveness, group structure, leadership, situational context first experiment was conducted by Irving Janis studied extreme stress on a group cohesiveness

normal conformity

desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection asch experiments shows the strength of social influence on this

super ego

desires are focused on the ideal self 'personalities perfectionist' judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishment and guilt at our failures part of the constrictive model of Freud's in the psychoanalytic perspective of personality two subsystems: both a reflection of the morals that are taught to us by our parents conscience ego ideal

extirpation

destroying the brain tissue and then leaving it in place experiments done by pierre flourens to study the major parts of the brain

detection of motion

detected by *magnocellular cells* have very high temporal resolution they have very low spatial resolution thus much of the rich detail cannot be seen provide a blurry but moving image of the object

regional Cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain assumption: when a specific cognitive function activates, the certain regions in that brain, the blood flow increases to those regions uses nonhramful radioactive die and uses Ct and MRI and PET scan to generate pictures of the brain

Kinsey Scale

determined by Alfred Kinsey described sexuality on a 0-6 scale 0= heterosexual 6 = exclusive homosexuality very few people fell at the 0 and 6

determining the form of an object

determined by parallel processing and feature detection motion is determined by the magnocellular cells

cognitive development

development of one's ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan childhood - limited by the pace of the brain maturation. They have to learn how to control their own body and how to manipulate things in their enviroment characterized by mastering the physical enviroment once the physical tasks are mastered the child can move onto abstract thinking may be changed by culture, brain disorders, genetic/chromosomal conditions. drug use, parental styles on punishment and reward antisocial personality - strong genetic component down syndrome - on x chromosome can also be inhibited by chemicals during birth, illness or injury infections in the brain can cause electrical abnormalities umbilical cords rapping around the next will result in the baby not getting oxygen can have an effect

prenatal life

development of the nervous system starts with neurulation neural crest will migrate throughout the body to form tissues including: dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment producing cells) and calcitonin producing cells of they thyroid the remaining furrow closes to form the neural tube the neural tube will eventually form the central nervous system neural tube invaginates and folds in on itself embroyonic brain begins as the three swellings (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon) become five swellings: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

differential association theory

deviance can be learned through interactions with others intimate exposure to other who engage in deviant behavior will lays the groundwork for one to engage in deviant behavior for him/herself but will still interact with norm abiding individuals depending on what percent make up that group - the individual will move toward that behavior to match the the majority "fallen into the wrong group" chan hanging out with the drug dealer

trauma and stressor related disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders PTSD

bipolar and related disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders bipolar 1 bipolar 2 hypomania cyclohymic disorder biological factors: increased norepinephrine and serotonin - monoamine theory higher risk if parent is bipolar higher risk if person has MS classified by a mania episode

depressive disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders must meet certain severity and duration requirements for diagnosis most common first line treatment is the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRls)- these block the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic nuero resulting in higher levels of serotonin in the synapse and relief of symptoms biological factors: abnormally high glucose metabolism in amygdala hippocampus atrophy after a long duration of the illness abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids - cortisol decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine monoamine theory of depression the actual production of the neurotransmitters is decreased because both the neurotransmitters and the metabolites are decreased major depressive disorder seasonal affective disorder

personality disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders pattern or behavior that is inflexible, maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of these: cognition emotions interpersonal functioning impulse control these are considered ego syntonic

dissociative disorders

diagnostic class of mental disorders person will avoid stress by escaping his identity other than that the person still has an intact sense of reality dissociative amnesia dissociative identity diorder = multiple personality disorder depersonalization/derealization disorder

formal organizations

different from a group!!! - they continue despite the departure of an individual member (can have a history before and after a individual member) - these also have expressed goals - usually a record to guide the members and their activities -have enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members -have a hierarchy of formal roles/duties to the members these can be very large

sexual inequality

differential expectations of behavior between men and women promiscuity men - rewarded - womanizer/ player women - stigmatized and considered dirty/unworthy women more likely to be objectified - viewed as a sexual object than males

insomnia

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep dyssomnias may be related to anxiety depression, medications, disruption of sleep cycles or a disruption of circadian cycles

role strain

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role when Kristina can do the sex, but can't fully emotionally commit or give burke dates role is being a girlfriend

role conflict

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles in that status burke - trying to please Kristina as a boyfriend but has to also reprimand her in the hospital

Heinz Dilema

dilema given in the kohlberg moral reasoning questions heinz wife is dying of a rare disease doctor can cure the disease with a drug which cost 200 but sells for 2000 heinz goes to the man to ask if he could lower the price because he cannot afford it but the doctor refuses so Heinz desperate to save his wife steals the drug

competence dimension

dimension in the stereotype content model groups that are those that have high status in society

warmth dimension

dimension in the stereotype content model groups that are those that are not in direct competition with the in group

sexual orientation

direction of ones sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite or both sexes heterosexual bisexual homosexual coming out of ones sexual orientation is a huge milestone in determining ones personal identity can release depression/ anxiety symptoms can be measured by the drop of cortisol

institutional discrimination

discrimination of a person or group by an entire institution this discrimination is built into the structure of society it is perpetuated simply by following the status quo

Alzheimer's disease symptoms

disorientation in time/space problems with abstract thought misplace things poor judgment personality changes difficulty with procedural memory loss of initiative if all the symptoms are seen in one person atrophy of brain

three fundamental dimensions of interaction

dominance vs. submission friendliness vs unfriendliness instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive

memories

done by encoding, storing and retrieving they are heavily influenced by our thoughts both while the memory is being encoded and later on even through rehearsal the actual event can change drastically over time

activation synthesis theory

dreams are caused by a widespread random activation of neural circuitry the activation can mimic incoming sensory information and may also consist of pieces of stored memories current ad previous desires, met and unmet needs and other experiences cortex tries to stitch the unrelated information together resulting in a dream that is bizarre and familiar

cognitive process dream theory

dreams are merely the counter part of steam of consciousness ex. might be thinking about weekend shift - changes to MCAT - changes to Adam super quickly so can the brain/ dreams

problem solving and dream theory

dreams are the way to problem solving while you are sleeping they are untethered by the rules of the world and thus allow us to interpretate the obstacles differently than we would during a wakeful state

meritocracy

driving force on social mobility based on intellectual talent and achievement means for a person to advance up on the social ladder since social mobility is decreasing in america - said that mastery of a skill, strong work ethic etc... are no longer important to move up in the world and we are becoming *plutocracy*

role exit

dropping of one identity for the other picking being a surgeon over being a girl friend

sleep apnea

dyssomnia sleep disorder inability to breathe during sleep they will awake often during sleep just so they can breathe can be obstructive or central

tympanic membrane

eardrum vibrates in phase with the incoming sound waves the frequency of the sound waves determines the rate at which it vibrates moves faster a higher frequency sounds and moves more slowly at a lower frequency sound

Lev Vygotsky

educational psychologist player in psychology identity - proposed a stage system of identity formation said that the main driving force in cognitive development is the child's internalization of his/her culture the skills are still in the formative stages and needs help from other individuals to continue the development of those skills

controlled processing

effortful processing memorizing for the mcat! can become automatic but takes practice learning a language to become fluent - now it is automatic

integrity vs despair

eighth conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory above 65 if resolved will end in wisdom = detached concern for life itself with assurance of the meaning of life, dignity and acceptance of the fact that one's life has been worth while, also has the readiness to face death if not resolved one will have bitterness about ones life and the feeling of worthlessness about its life and they will usually fear death

neuropsychology with electrical stimulus

electrically stimulates and records the brain activity the electrodes cause the neurons to fire and thus activating the behavioral or perceptual processes associated with those neurons stimulate motor cortex - specific muscle movements stimulate visual cortex - sees flashes of light that are actually not there neurosurgeons can create cortical maps

EEG

electroencephalogram test used to monitor electrical activity of the brain 19 recording electrodes among the scalp used in sleep to identify areas of unusual brain activity as seen during seizures measures average electrical patterns within different portions of the brain beta, alpha, theta and gamma waves and a fifth wave for REM sleeping

attachment

emotional bond between a caregiver and a child starts during infancy parental figures are the most common can occur with any caregiver who is sensitive and responsive during social interaction study on this started after WW2 with John Bowlby noticed negative effects of isolation on social and emotional development in orphaned children Mary Ainsworth expanded and said that infants need a secure base in the form of a consistent caregiver during the first six months - two years of their life to explore the world and develop approximately 4 different styles: secure avoidant ambivalent disorganized

culture

encompassing the entire lifestyle of a given group helps us interpret the world usually passed through family lines makes human societies unique from one another binds: nation states political institutions marketplace religions ideologies could be material or symbolic

division of labor

encouraged by capitalists specific components of the tasks are separated and assigned to skilled and trained individuals promotes specialization and efficiency

organizations

entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture ex. schools, political organizations, community action committees, sororities, fraternities sports teams, music groups etc... study of these is at the heart of sociology because the importance of these through out a person's life types formal

ChAT

enzyme that makes acetylcholine reduction of this in Alzheimer's disease

catecholamines

epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine also names *monoamines* or *biogenicamines* they all play an important role in the experience of emotions

nonmaleficence

ethic in medicine do no harm responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

respect for patient autonomy

ethic in medicine responsibility to respect the patients wishes and choices about their own healthcare only stopped in psychiatric cases or public health treats or with children patients do have the right to refuse life saving therapies

justice

ethic in medicine responsibility to treat similar patients withs similar care and to distribute the healthcare resources fairly

cocktail party phenomenon

even though engaging in a conversation - hear you name your ears perk up even though you way be paying attention - you were able to perceive that your name had been called evidence for a different interpretation of the selective attention

crises

event

disconfirmation principle

evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work when the potential solution to a problem fails the solution should be discarded

material culture

examination of people based on their artifacts ex. American flag flag gives a sense of belonging via the shared citizenship other symbols can be baseball, apple pie, rock and roll most visible in ceremonies (birthdays, wedding, funerals)

Paul Broca

examined the behavioral defects of people that had brain damage first person to demonstrate that specific brain lesions could be linked to functional impairments found that a man that was unable to talk was due to a lesion in the left side of the brain -- brocas area

anomic conditions

excessive individualism social inequality isolation all things that erode social solidarity in postindustrial modern life have accelerated the decline of social inclusion and thus have further obstructed opportunities to acquire social capital

hyperthyroidism

excessive levels of thyroid hormones: triiodithyronine T3 thyroxine T4 hormones that increase the bodies metabolic rate and will cause anxiety like symptoms needs to be ruled out before the diagnosis of an anxiety disorder

capital punishment

execution

self fulfilling prophecy

expectations (which came from stereotyping) can crate conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectations you are a girl - you should be a nurse so you can have a family start to doubt yourself so much and start to wonder if you should be a nurse validates the stereotype

Stanley Milgram

experiment on obedience learner = actor teacher which would give the shock 15V increase with every wrong answer actors given no shock but would yell/ beg to stop etc at what ever pain they were "administered" the teachers became less willing to give the shock as it increased - but by saying - you must to - you have no other choice 60-65% of teachers gave a voltage of 450V showed the level of obedience even if they did not wish to continue

Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment

experiment that showed observational learning children watched an adult in a room kicking and beating an inflatable clown toy the kids ignored the other toys and started to beat the toy clown as well

opponent process theory

explains continuous drug use shows that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects by changing the physiology usually the reaction will last longer than the drug itself - creating withdrawal effects that are the opposite of the drug itself --> leading to the person wanting to take the drugs again this creates a physical dependence on the drug itself also explains tolerance go against alcohol (depressant) by increasing arousal

game theory

explains decision making behavior mathematics/economics - predict interaction based on: strategy, wining, losing, rewards, punishments, profits, costs -game was defined by the players -info was given to the player at specific points and there was playoffs associated with each outcome

attitude

expression of positive or negative feelings toward a person/place/thing/scenario develop from experiences with others who affect our opinions and behaviors even prior to meeting someone - past experiences and information from others can influence your attitude to someone components: affective behavioral cognitive "ABC"

Big Five

extension of the PEN theory used five traits 1. Openness 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism OCEAN

adaptive value

extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species leads to *adaption* through *natural selection*

situational causes

external causes of attribution those causes that relate to features of the surroundings (threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure) consider the characteristics of the situational context as the primary cause person got a reward he got it because he is lucky and wealthy

homeostatic regulation

external factors are encountered and the system will react to push the system back to its optimal state

social stigma

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society can include differences in beliefs, abilities, behaviors, appearance stigmas can be created from people that have a medical problem (HIV, obesity, achondroplasia) can change over time - being divorced can be put on other people that are close/ associated to a particular individual family members of a rapist are also stigmatized

object relations theory

falls under the psychoanalytic personality theories object refers to the representation of parents or other caregivers based on the subjective experiences during early infancy the representation of our parents in us (objects) persist into adulthood and impact our interactions with others including the social bonds that we create and our predictions of other's behaviors

delusion

false belief which is discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individuals culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary can involve the concept of *thought broadcasting and thought insertion* can be: reference persecution grandeur positive symptom of schizophrenia/psychotic disorders

low self esteem

far more critical of themselves take criticism of themselves poorly typically believe that people will only accept them if they are successful more pessimistic more likely to use drugs

age cohert

fast aging 85+ group more than 40% of adult patients in acute care hospital bed are 65 years and older

william james

father of american psychology thought it was important to study how the mind changed and adapted to a new environment his view was among one of the first theories that formed functionalism

BF Skinner

father of behaviorism associated with operant conditioning

polyandry

female having exclusive relationships with multiple males

identity vs role confusion

fifth conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory 12-20 this has the *physiological revolution* if resolved the person will be fidelity if confusion wins the person will be confused about his/her identity and have a personality that shifts from day to day

genital stage

fifth stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory beginning of puberty and lasts through adulthood thought that if got to this stage then they should be a healthy heterosexual at this point however, if sexuality traumas have not been resolved - homosexuality, asexuality or fetishism will result

Jean Piaget

figure in developmental psychology he thought that there were *qualitative* differences between the way children and adults thought divided the life span into four different stages of cognitive development thought that from going from one stage to the next was a continuous and sequential process in which completion of one stage allows the individual to go onto the next

trust vs mistrust

first conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory 0-1 year if conflict is resolved fully the child will be able to trust his enviroment and himself if not the child will be suspicious of the world

basic model of emotional expression

first established by Darwin he stated that emotional expression has a number of components: facial expressions behaviors postures vocal changes physiological changes said that it is consistent with evolution and thus should be consistent across the cultures also primates and other animals exhibit the same rudimentary muscle actions that are similar to the ones used in humans during facial expression now research shows that a number of basic human emotions are universally experienced and they correspond to facial expressions that are universally recognized

social interactionist theory of language acquisition

focuses on the interplay between biological and social processes stating that the language acquisition is driven by the child's desire to communicate and behave in a social manner also allows for a role of the brain's development in the language acquisition as the biological foundations for language develops and children re exposed to language the brain groups sounds and meaning together as the child acts with the surrounding world - those are reinforced and others are de-emphasized ones that are de emphasized the circuits degrade or undergo atrophy

selective attention

focusing on on apart of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems if the stimulus is attended to, it is passed through a filter and analyzed further if the stimulus is not attended to - it will be lost all or nothing process - but recent evidence shows that this might not be fully accurate different interpretation of this: cocktail party phenomenon filter that allows us to focus one one thing while processing the background - only if the other stimuli is important will (name, light, pain) will our attention shift slightly

korsakoff's syndrome

for of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain marked by retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia and confabulation

hypothalamus

forbarin FOUR F's part of the brain that controls hunger and thirst along with emotion *serves homeostatic functions* *connects the endocrine system to the nervous system* regulates the hormonal function of the pituitary gland hunger, thirst, water balance, temperature = homeostatic functions emotion = during high arousal states, aggressive behavior, sexual behavior helps with some endocrine functions (antiduretic hormone to increase water reabsorption) and autonomic nervous system functions (drive behaviors such as sex)

basal ganglia

forebrain parkinsons and hungtingtons muscle movement routs information to the brain also play a role is Schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

thalamus

forebrain smell doesn't go through this part of the limbic system sensory relay station incoming sensory information for all except smell after receiving the sensory information the thalamus transmits them to the appropriate *cerebral cortex* "way station"

altruism

form of helping behavior donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to himself or herself person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself can be motivated by selflessness, egoism, ulterior motives (public recognition)

network support

form of social support gives a person a sense of belonging physically, gestures, group activities, shared experiences

informational support

form of social support giving someone information that will help them exactly what doctors do or advisors

emotional support

form of social support listening/affirming /empathizing with visiting at the hospital I'm so sorry for you loss

esteem support

form of social support more directly affirming the qualities and skills of a person reminding the someone of the skills they possess give them a boost of confidence to take on the problem

material support

form of social support tangible support type of financial or material contribution giving food when loved on is lost donating money to a person who needs it

ritual

formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism and additional mandates on acceptable behavior have prescribed order of events/routine can be associated with specific milestones

neural tube

forms at the neural tube pushing the neural fold up the neural crest is at the top of the tube now and not on the sides forms the central nervous system has an alar plate and a basal plate over time, it invaginates and folds on itself many times

interneurons

found in between other neurons most numerous type of neuron found mostly in the brain and *spinal cord* linked to reflexive behavior keep us out of trouble - keep from burning ourselves that badly have ability to override

imbalances of dopamine

found to play a role in schizophrenia supports the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

immigration assimilation

four factors to access the complete ness of the assimilation socioeconomic status geographic distribution language attainment intermarriage

industry vs inferiority

fourth conflict in *erikson's psychosocial developmental theory* 6-12 years if resolves, the person will feel competent - and will be able to show his intelligence and abilities in the world if inferiority wins - the person will have a sense of inadeqentness, a sense of inability to act in a competent manner and will have low esteem

latency stage

fourth stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory occurs once the libido is diverted or sublimated this stage will last until puberty is reached

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins --> not identical share 50% of their genes

social constructs

from humans communicating and working together to agree to the significance of a concept or principle ex. money work ethic acceptable dress gender role

freud: psychosexual development

frued throughout that human physiology and sexuality were inextricably linked libido sex drive was what the person was born with thought that the libido energy and the drive to reduce it were the dynamic forces that accounted for the human psychological processes thought that there were five stages to the psychosexual development - in each stage children faced a conflict with different sexual body part -each stage differs in the way that the libido energy is manifested and the way the drive is met stages: oral anal phallic/oepidal latency genital fixation can occur - and when anxiety of fixation happens a neurosis can be the end result in the adult

theories of attitude

functional attitudes theory learning theory elaboration likelihood model social cognitive theory

language

fundamental to the creation of communities basic components: phonology morphology semantics syntax pragmatics

brainstem

fusion of the midbrain and the hindbrain primitive region of the brain

GABA

gamma aminobutyric acid a chloride channel that causes hyperpolarization of the membrane produces *inhibitory synaptic potentials* inhibits the brain -seizers *stabilizes neural activity in the brain*

proof of the nativist biological theory of language acquisition

girl of abuse was isolated for society from 2-13 and then discovered she was only able to establish some syntax but was unable to master many rules of language

ovaries

gonads in females makes high levels of estrogen

testes

gonads in males makes high levels of testosterone

developmental milestones

gross motor skills progress in a head to toe fashion like starting with the ability to lift the head, stabilize the trunk and then finally start to walk also the motor skills start at the core and the develop to the extremities social skills move from being parent oriented to self oriented to other oriented

secondary group

group in which the interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds they usually last a short period of time they form and dissolve without any true significance ex. students working together on a group project

hair cells

have long objects/ stererocilia on top of their surface respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures hearing, rotational acceleration, linear acceleration

hallucinogens

group of a consciousness altering drug ex. LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin containing mushroom mechanism of most of these are unknown thought to be a complex interaction between various neurotransmitters - especially serotonin cause: distortions of reality and fantasy enhancement of sensory experiences introspection increased heart rate increased blood pressure dilation of pupils sweating increased body temperature

depressant

group of consciousness altering drug reduce the nervous system activity resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety ex - alcohol

Cluster B

group of personality disorders antisocial borderline histrionic narcissistic WIld all marked by behavior that is labeled as dramatic, emotional and erratic by others

Cluster C

group of personality disorders avoidant dependent obsessive compulsive worried all marked by behavior that is viewed as anxious or fearful by others

Cluster A

group of personality disorders paranoid schizotypal schizoid Weird all the behaviors in this class are considered odd or eccentric by others (schizotypal and schizoid is not the same as schizophrenia)

stimulants

group of the consciousness altering drugs cause an increase in arousal in the nervous system increases arousal by increasing the frequency of action potentials how it increases the frequency of action potentials is different among the drugs

triads

group of three people

primary group

group where the interactions are direct, bonds are close providing warm/personal/ intimate relationship to its members usually last a long period of time include a core circle of friends, tightly knit family or members of a team

group conformity

groups hold power over its members, creating group pressures that ultimately shapes members behaviors individuals are compliant with the groups goals even the the group's goals might be the opposite of what the individual wants individuals will conform and attempt to fit in to be accepted by the group individuals would usually participate in behaviors that they normally would not

taste buds

groups of cells on the tongue that act as the chemoreceptors for taste

subcultures

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong symbolic attachment to things like clothing/music can differentiate the group from the majority can be formed based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, sexuality or anything that makes it different from the whole society can be seen as negative when they subvert the majority's culture definitions away from normal - counterculture

group polarization

groups tend to made decision that are more extreme then the individuals idea/ inclinations of just the members within the group can lad to riskier or more cautious decision individuals in group situation will form more extreme then they would have made alone hypothesis to this is that individual ideas tend to not be extreme - but through discussion of the group - the ideas tend to be more and more extreme originally termed risky shift same term as choice shift *describes behavior at the individual level* explains real life situations - policy making, violence, terrorism, jury duty group doesn't need to be a physical form - social media

brown sequard syndrome

half of the spinal cord is severed shows that pain and temperature use a different pathway then vibration and pressure they will loose pressure and vibration on the same side as the lesion and lose temperature and pain sensation on the opposite side

hypnagogic hallucinations

hallucinations when *go*ing to sleep symptom of narcolepsy

hypnopompic hallucinations

hallucinations when awakening symptom of narcolepsy *po*pping out of bed

peyote

hallucinogen

psilocybin containing mushroom

hallucinogen

intragenerational changes

happen within a persons life

accommodation

happens if the new information does not fit neatly into a pre existing schema process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information apart of adaption to form information

primary socialization

happens in childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society usually through observing our parents lays the foundation for future socialization and creating personal opinions

obstructive sleep apnea

happens when a physical blockage in the pharynx or trachea prevents airflow

pressure stressor

happens when expectation or demands are put in place of external sources felling of urgency to complete the tasks, perform actions or display a particular behavior

dysfunctions

harmful consequences of peoples actions they undermine a social systems equilibrium

somatosensation

has four modalities 1. pressure 2. vibration 3. pain 4. temperature involved in tactile information

bipolar 2 disorder

has hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

narcissistic personality disorder

in cluster B of personality disorders has a grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness preoccupation with fantasies about success need for constant admiration and attention disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as feeling of entitlement these people don't usually like themselves too much actually have low self esteem constantly concerned with how others view them may have feelings of rage, inferiority, shame. humiliation or emptiness when these individuals are not viewed favorable by others

antisocial personality disorder

in cluster B of personality disorders three times more likely in males pattern of disregard for the violations of the rights of others repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, lack of remorse for said actions comprise about 20-40% of the people in prisons a lot of the serial killers show no remorse for the ones that they have killed

borderline personality disorder

in cluster B of personality disorders two times more likely in females pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self image the interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable there may be huge identity disturbances uncertainty about self image, sexual identity and long term goals/values usually have a intense fear of abandonment may use splitting as a self defense mechanism suicide or self mutilation is common

avoidant personality disorder

in cluster C of personality disorders affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection will see themselves as social inept or socially isolated they will have an intense desire for social affection and acceptance tend to stay in the same jobs, life situations and relationships despite wanting to change

dependent personality disorder

in cluster C of personality disorders continuous need for reassurance tend to remain dependent on one specific person to make their decisions or actions

obsessive compulsive personality disorder OCPD

in cluster C of personality disorders perfectionist and inflexible - tending to like rules and order way be in able to disregard old/worn out objects lack a desire for change excessive stubbornness lack a sense of humor have a maintenance of careful routines this is life long ego syntonic - i just don't like germs not the same as OCD ego dystonic - i cant stop washing my hands because I don't like germs

functional autonomy

in gordon Allport's theory of trait based personality a behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior ex. I might have started to talk to adam soley for sexual pleasure - but continued with it do to actually enjoying to be around him

ossicles

in the middle ear three smallest bones in the body help transmit and amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear malleus, incus, strapes AMPLIFICATION

sleep spindles

in the stage two of sleep spiny close together up and downs that are in clusters

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

in the thymus - processing vision in the brain

functional fixedness

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner candles, tacts, wall, match box match box is being used in an untraditional way

egocentrism

inability to image what another person may think or feel in the preoperational stage

belief perseverance

inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary goes against disconfirmation principle

sensory memory

includes both *iconic*/visual and *echoic*/auditory memory usually only lasts a very short amount of time under a second maintained in the projection areas of each sensory system vision: occipital lobe hearing: temporal lobe unless attended to it will be lost

behavioral response of emotion

includes: facial expression body language

gross motor skills

incorporate movement from large muscle groups and the whole body motion sitting, crawling, walking

libido

increased by the sex hormones contribute to mating behavior and sexual functioning

biological markers of bipolar disorders

increased norepinephrine and serotonin - monoamine theory higher risk if parent is bipolar higher risk if person has MS

alcohol effects on the brain

increases the activity of the GABA receptor causing the brain to be inhibited resulting in diminished arousal parts of the brain that stop inappropriate behavior are also diminished which is why behavior seems to be less inhibited also increases levels of dopamine - creating mild euphoria at higher doses logical reasoning, and motor skills are effected. One effect of this is not being able to recognize consequences of your actions = *alcohol myopia* fatigue may kick in

assimilation

process of classifying new information into existing schema apart of adaption going to form new information

derealization

individual feels detached from their their surroundings giving the world a dreamlike or insubstantial quality can cause insignificant impairment of regular activities even during these times a person does not give of psychotic symptoms like delusions/hallucinations

ego dystonic

individual sees the illness as something that is placed upon them and is intrusive and problematic all other mental disorders besides personality disorders

inferiority complex

individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially striving for superiority drives the personality concept of Adler

peers

individuals who are equals within a social group play a huge role in adolescence in determining life style/appearance/ social activities becomes more important as the teenager becomes independent from the parent can cause changes in behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to conform to the norms of the groups exists at all ages pressure can con in the forms of religious ideals, appearance, values, drug use, sexual behavior can be positive or negative social acceptance is associated with being most like the social norm of the group regardless of the positive or negative conditions explained by the identity shift effect

Demographic transition stage four

industrialized society birth rates and death rates are low

privilege

inequality in opportunity inequality in networks creates this

prestige

influences of prejudice level of respect shown to a person by others amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea particular education institutions, organizations, awards, accolades may play a factor

power (prejudice)

influences prejudice ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles and their ability to control their resources

class

influences prejudice refers to a socioeconomic status

basal ganglia

initiates and terminates movements sustaining repetitive motor tasks and smoothening motions

instincts

innate fixed patterns of behavior in response to a stimuli ex. thumb sucking is a instinctual behavior of humans and is aimed to self sooth

unconditioned response

innate or reflexive physiological response jump when hear a loud noise mouth waters when smell warm bread

freud: instinct

innate psychological representation of the biological need fall into two types: life instincts death instincts

adrenal medulla

inner layer of the adrenal gland releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as a part of the sympathetic nervous system

neurofibrillary tangles

insoluble twisted fibers that are found in the inside of the brain cells in alzheimer's patients

penis envy

instead of wanting to castrate their fathers they have this in the anal stage of Freud's psychosexual developmental theory

the four factors that influence motivation

instincts arousal needs drives

Threshold of Conscious Perception

it is possible for sensory systems to send signals to the central nervous system without a person perceiving them this can happen due to the stimulus being to subtule to demand the attention or doesn't last long enough for the brain to fully process the information a stimulus below this threshold still reaches the central nervous system but does not reach the higher order brain regions that control the attention and consciousness people try and use this to sell products but there is little practical use to this

theories of emotion

james lange theory cannon bard theory schachter singer theory thought that the cognitive component of emotion led to the physiological component when then made the behavioral moment ex. anger first came the perception of a negative stimuli caused an increase in temperature yelling came

force field theory

kurt lewin theory did not put emphasis on personality constraints (fixed traits, id, edo, super ego) or a persons past or future focused on situations of the *present* the "field" was ones current state of mind - the sum of all the influences on an individual at that moment in time either the influences were assisting in our attainment of those goals or the forces were blocking the path to them to reach self realization

narcolepsy

lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep characterized by cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations dyssomnia sleep disorder

church

large universal religious group that can be divided into multiple coexisting denominations

parts of the brain that receive the visual information

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thymus visual cortex of the occipital lobe after going through the temporal and the parietal lobes superior colliculus - controls some responses of visual stimuli and reflexive eye movements

latent learning

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced rats shown/carried through the maze then given food at the end of the maze this worked better than giving them food/ reinforcement along the way

mandated reporter

legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse domestic abuse is not required to tell about

anterior chamber

lies in front of the iris

lens

lies right behind the iris helps control the refraction of the incoming light

study of dreaming

limited by the difference between the brain and the mind dreaming must have a neurological component but is still highly subjective

whole report

list of letters flashed and the individual is asked to repeat any letter she say she is able to identify three or hour out of the nine testing sensory memory testing iconic memory true that it made its way all the way to the occipital lobe because she can recall it at will

partial report

lists of letters flashed and the individual is asked to repeat a whole row she is able to identify any row with 100% accuracy testing iconic memory true that it made its way all the way to the occipital lobe because she can recall it at will

papillae

little bumps on the tongue that contain the taste buds

fovea

little indent in the retina that only contains cones the center of the macula which is the center of the retina most sensitive to normal daylight vision

Partietal Lobe

lobe of cerebral cortex spatial processing - orient yourself in 3D space - catch things they miss sensory perception (touch, temp, pain)

Frontal Lobe

lobe of the cerebral cortex executive function higher order functioning three basic regions: *prefrontal lobes* and the *motor cortex*, *brocas area*

Temporal Lobe

lobe of the cerebral cortex *hearing, speech and language* contains the auditory cortex and Wernick's area (sound and language comprehension) also functions in memory processing, emotions and language emotional control electrical stimulation of this area can evoke memories of the past - hippocampus is buried deep inside the temporal lobe

Occipital Lobe

lobe of the cerebral cortex *vision* processing

superior olive

localizes the sound when it receives the signals

olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves)

located in the olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity the chemical/smell must bind to the respective chemoreceptors to cause a signal thus millions of these receptors

Wernicke's area

located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension when damaged: the comprehension of the speech is lost - but they can speak = Wernicke's receptive aphasia

adrenal gland

located on the top of the kidneys divided into two parts: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

ethnic enclaves

locations/ neighborhoods with high concentrations of one specific ethnicity usually most common in urban areas Little Italy Chinatown

dementia

loss of cognitive function starts with a loss of memory but then progressing into impaired judgment and confusion

intensity of sounds

louder sounds have greater intensities it is due to the increase in amplitude increase loudness = increase amplitude = increase the intensity

poverty

low socioeconomic status lack of possessions lac of financial resources can be handed down from generation to generation can be defined in its own terms or can be defined in comparison to the rest of the population highly related to geography another factor influencing this is the spatial setting of social life

PEN model

made by the Eysenck's consists of 1. Psychotism 2. Extraversion 3. Neurotiscism Eysenck's reasoned that people could be distinguished from one another based on where they fell in the three dimensions above. expanded to what is known as the big five

corticosteroids

made by the adrenal cortex type of hormone ex. cortisol

cortical maps

made by the electrical stimulus relies on the patient to be awake during the brain surgery

information processing model

main components 1. thinking requires sensation, encoding and storage of a stimuli 2. stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (rather than responded to automatically to be useful in decision making 3. decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems - situational modification 4. problem solving is dependent not only on the persons cognitive level but also on the context and complexity of the problem

reading of facial expressions

mainly done by the amygdala mainly controlled by the temporal lobe with help from the occipital lobe is a lateralized function - the right hemisphere is more active women usually have more activity in this area then men weak in children but gets stronger as the adult grows

self discrepancy theory

maintains that each of us that three selves 1. actual self 2. ideal self 3. ought self

fundamentalism

maintenance of strict adherence to religious code

bipolar 1 disorder

manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

birth defects

may be caused due to viruses (measles, mumps, hepatitis, influenza, varicella, herpes) or bacteria (rubella) can causes these by crossing the placenta into the developing fetus may be caused to malnutrition actually the leading cause to abnormal development Protein deficiency: slow growth --> mental retardation and reduce immunity to disease narcotic addiction makes chemically addicted/dependent babies who undergo severe withdrawal after birth cigarette smoking can lead to slowed growth, both physically and psychologically prenatal exposure to X rays linked to retardation defects of the skull, spinal cord, and eyes cleft plate, limb deformities

pheromones

may not have an effect on humans since we lack many of the necessary genes for the function of the *vomeronasal organ* this olfactory organ is seen in many animals how smell carries interpersonal information play a huge role in animal social/foraging (obtaining of food)/ sexual behavior released by one individual and once they bind with chemoreceptors of another individual they urge another to behave in a specific way

determining constancy of an object

meaning we perceive certain characteristics of objects to remain the same despite differences in the environment ex. a white paper will essentially be the same color no matter if outdoors, in fluorescent lighting or normal light bulbs = color constancy categorical perception is an auditory example of constancy

inclusive fitness

measures of an organism success in a population based on *number of offspring, success n supporting offspring, ability of those offspring to support others* used to be only the number of offspring - but now takes into account how some behaviors can benefit the population at large can protect the population at large - even if not own children the genetic material will be passed down goes for the same idea of altruism

fisherian

mechanism of mate choice *runaway selection* positive feedback mechanism has no effect on survival and becomes more exaggerated over time increases the attractiveness of the mate because they are so "fit" in other ways that they can afford this elaborate attractive thing bright peacock

genetic compatibility

mechanism of mate choice creation of mate pairs that when combined have complementary genetics gives a mechanism for the reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population : people who mate with very different genetic make ups are likely to conceive offspring that have a lower probability of having homozygous for a disease carrying allele

sensory bias

mechanism of mate choice development of a trait to match a preexisting preference crabs - attracted to things that come out of the sand horizon because usually indicative of a food source male crabs build pillars around them to attract mates

phenotypic basis

mechanism of mate choice observable traits that make one more attractive to the opposite sex usually indicate an increased production and survival of the offspring males that look more nurturing males that look more strong will be able to fight for their children/women

mental health and social capital

mental health problematic individuals lack both strong and weak ties in communication without multiple weak ties they find it difficult to access and contribute to social capital due to repercussions of social exclusion - they find that social capital is out of their reach personally and social disempowered - propelling the cycle of exclusion

Phineas Gage

metal rod pierced his brain destroying the left frontal lobe memory, speech and motor skills all unaffected personality was greatly different irritable and impatient also could not complete simple tasks his case was a used as a huge study for the prefrontal cortex

peg word system

method to memorize associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers 1=sun 2=shoe 3=bee 4=bore butter melting in the sun (1) with the bee's (3) flying in the air next to the smelly bore (4) that is wearing childrens shoes (2) 1342 is the code

method of loci

method to memorize involves associating each item in a list with a location along the route through a building that has already been memorized. grocery list eggs on door step milk spilt in hallway butter in living room etc.. want to remember the list they just need to walk through their house

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges

confirmation bias

might stop the individual from throwing out the solution that failed to work goes against the disconfirmation principle tendency to focus on information that its an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them also attributed to overconfidence

Absolute Threshold

minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system the minimum intensity at which a stimulus will be transduced and converted into an action potential a stimulus below this will never reach the central nervous system

false consciousness

misperception of one's actual position within society ex. proletarait could not see how bad conditions are, or see the commonalities between their experiences and other's experiences - or too clouded to assemble into the revolutionaries

multiple intelligences

model for intelligence Howard gardner's theory says there are seven different types of intelligences: 1. linguistic 2. logical - mathematical 3. musical 4. visual spatial 5. bodily kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. interpersonal says that western culture values linguistic and logical/mathematical over all others and thus these are the two that are tested in the IQ

impression bias

model of social perception that focuses on our selection of cues to form interpretation of others over time perceiver with unfamiliar target all the cues from the target and enviroment and it goes unfiltered perceiver with familiar target categorize the target into very basic categories friend vs enemy additional time the perceiver will conform the categorization even further over time, additional cues are selective in order to paint the picture of the target that is already consistent with the image they have already made on the person

somatotypes

model of type and trait perspective of personality created by William Sheldon made personality types based on blood type Type A and Type B type a is said to be more prone to heart disease but there is not much evidence to support this

major depressive disorder

mood disorder characterized by at least on major depressive episode in order to be diagnosed - the symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in functioning about 15% of people with this disorder die of suicide

social groups

more complex that an group of people sharing the same physical space share many common characteristics such as values, interests, ethnicity, social background, family ties, political representation social interaction is the most important characteristic that strengthens this

alcohol

most common depressant most widely abused drug

specific phobias

most common type of anxiety disorder anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation claustrophobia - irrational fear of closed spaces acrophobia - irrational fear of heights arachnophobia - irrational fear of spiders

child abuse

most commonly manifests as neglect signs: broken femur when the child is too young to begin walking burn marks on buttocks - place in boiling water

auditory pathway

most information passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brainstem from the brain steam it ascends to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus goes from the MGN to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe for sound processing some information also is sent to the superior olive which localizes the sound

aging and memory

most people can recall their 20s and teens the easiest - that is when the brain is encoding the most people do not show much degradation of skill(sematic memory) or recognition memory as they age prospective memory remains intact when it is event based (primed by a trigger - remembering to buy milk when walking past a grocery store) prospective memory when time based (taking X at X time) does tend to fail

intrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from intrinsic (from self) forces can be driven by pure enjoyment just like the subject (intrinsic) good grade (extrinsic)

needs

motivators that influence human behavior

emigration

movement away from a geographic space

immigration

movement into a new geographic space larger than emigration in the US contributes to the large ethic/racial diversity

sound through the hair cells

movement of fluid inside the cochlea leads to the depolarization of the neuron associated within the hair cell as vibrations reach the basilar membrane underlying the organ of corti, the sterocilia on top of the hair cells begin to sway back and forth within the endolymph the swaying causes the opening of the ion channels which cause the receptor potential the hair receptors of the tectorial membrane help amplify the incoming sound highest frequency pitches cause vibrations of the basilar membrane very close to the oval window where as the low frequency pitches cause vibrations at the apex away from the oval window which hair cells are vibrating gives the brain an indication of the pitch of the sound

storage of memory

must be stored if it is to be remembered different ways to store memory 1. sensory memory 2. short term memory 3. working memory 4. long term memory

emotions

natural instinctive state of mind that is derived from ones circumstances, moods or relationships with others states that there are three levels of emotion: 1. physiological response 2. behavioral response 3. cognitive response

opiates

naturally occurring forms of opium *morphine* *codine* bind to the opiod receptor in the peripheral and central nervous system can cause a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria overdoes: lead to death by respiratory suppression the brain stops sending signals to breath

psychotic disorder

people suffer from one or more of the following delusions hallucinations disorganized thought disorganized behavior catatonia negative symptoms

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

need based motivational theory created by Abraham Maslow he observed that certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation classification of needs into five different groups and assigned different levels priority usually stated in hierarchy form stated if the lowest level is not met, motivation to meet those needs will take over motivation to complete each level will be based on priority most primitive and essential needs at the base physiological (breathing, food, sex) safety (family, employment, body, property) love/belonging (family, friends, sexual intimacy) esteem (confidence, respect of others) self actualization (creativity, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts, morality)

self determination theory SDT

need based motivational theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness says these must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others

primary drives

need for food, water, warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

competence

need to complete and excel at difficult tasks universal need stated by the SDT

relatedness

need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships universal need stated by SDT

Peripheral nervous system

nerve tissues and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body is divided into the somatic and automatic nervous system *sensory and motor neurons - we have control*

immediate networks

networks that are dense with strong ties may be composed of friends

reflex arc

neural pathway - control reflexes criticized by John Dewey's 1896 article breaks the process of reacting to a stimulus into discrete parts a nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse in between

mirror neurons

neurons that are involved with observational learning located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex these fire when someone is doing the reaction and when someone watches the reaction involved in motor processes but related to empathy and vicarious emotions (when we experience and emotion and when we witness an emotion)

sensory receptors

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals transmit the signal to the central nervous system through ganglia they may encode multiple aspects of a stimulus ex. photo receptors respond to light and encode brightness, color and shape

serotonin

neurotransmitter catecholamine *regulates mood, eating, sleeping and dreaming* - most used in gut also plays a role in mania and depression (like norepinephrine) too much: manic states too little: depression

glycine

neurotransmitter one of the twenty amino acids inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system increases chloride influx into the neuron hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (like GABA)

glutamate

neurotransmitter of the central nervous system one of the twenty amino acids is am *excitatory* neurotransmitter (opposite of glycine)

neologisms

new words invented through disorganized thought

Characteristics identified by Abraham Maslow

non-hostile sense of humor originality creativity spontaneity need for some privacy

symbolic culture

nonmaterial culture *ideas* that represent the group of people mottos, songs, themes in times of war and crisis this is used a lot by the governments has both cognitive and behavioral components includes beliefs, but also the social norms usually slower to change

norepinephrine

noradrenaline neurotransmitter commonly acts at a local level as a neurotransmitter low levels: depression high levels: anxiety and mania

empathy altruism hypothesis

one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior one individual helps another person when he feels empathy for the other person regardless of the cost heavily debated not thought that will only help out when the benefits outweigh the cost for the individual

psychological zero

normal temperature of the skin object feels cold because it is less then this value and warm when it is above this value

folkways

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular interactions shaking hands after a tennis match

anterograde amnesia

not being able to establish new memories but the memories that were gained before the accident are still intact

peripheral route processing

not deep thinking will look at fine details personal appearance word usage credibility

NAc

nucleus accumbens apart of the mesolimbic reward pathway

neuromodulators

nueropeptides they are peptide neurotransmitters involves a more complicated chain of events than regular neurotransmitters they are relatively slow have longer effects

mortality rates

number of deaths in a population per unit time usually the deaths per 1000 people has dropped significantly through technology and medicine

modeling

observational learning helps determine the behaviors through one's lifetime people learn what behaviors are acceptable by watching others preform them shows that the child will more likely do what mama did rather than what mama said

sleepwalking/somnambulism

occurs during SWS parasomnia sleep disorder sleep/walk/sexual intercourse/ drive great distances with no recollection of the event should quietly bring the person back to bed to avoid SWS

surplus

occurs when one sex has a larger population than the other

olfactory pathway

oder molecules are inhaled into the nasal pathway they then contact the the olfactory nerves in the olfactory epithelium the receptor cells are then activated the receptors send the signals to the olfactory bulb and relayed via the olfactory tract to the higher regions of the brain (limbic system)

basal plate

on the neural tube differentiates into motor neurons

alar plate

on the neural tube differentiates into sensory neurons

relative poverty

one is poor in comparison to the larger population in which they live might be poor in santa barbara but rich in north dakota

subject contours

one of gestalt's principles has to do with perceiving outlines (contours) perceiving shapes that are actually not in the stimulus like the white diamond is "laying down" on the black squares and circles the diamond could or could not be there

law of similarity

one of gestalt's principles objects that are similar tend to be grouped together the hollow dots are different the the filled in dots

law of closure

one of gestalt's principles when a space is enclosed by an outline it is thought to be perceived as a complete figure

mesolimbic reward pathway

one of the four dopaminergic pathways in the brain involved in motivation and emotional response activation accounts for the positive reinforment of substance use the addiction pathway is activated by all substances that produce a physiological dependence (drugs, gambling, falling in love) neurotransmitter for this pathway is *dopamine* includes: nucleus accumbens (NAc) ventral tegmental area (VTA) medial forebrain bundle (MFA)

acetlycholine

one of the main neurotransmitters found in both the central and peripheral nervous system peripheral : used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles - mainly used by parasympathetic -small portion used in the sympathetic in the ganglia for sweat glands central: linked to attention and arousal loss of these cholinergic neurons connecting with the hippocampus is associated with Alzheimer's disease voluntary muscle control - parasympathetic NS

constrictor pupillae

one of the muscles in the iris constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

personal unconscious

one of the unconscious part of carl jung psychoanalytic perspective of personality similar to freud's theory of the unconscious

collective unconscious

one of the unconscious part of carl jung psychoanalytic perspective of personality system that is shared between all humans and considered to the residue of the experiences of our early ancestors they are common experiences : having a mom and dad they have an archetype

individual discrimination

one person is discriminating against another group or person conscious and obvious can be eliminated by eliminating this person

Negative Reinforcement

one relationship between stimulus and behavior in operate conditioning acts similarly in that they increase the frequency of a behavior but they do so by removing and unpleasant stimulus can be divided into 1. escape learning 2. avoidance learning taking a advil reduces a head ache - so next time you have one you are more likely to go back to advil instead of another medication

Positive Punishment

one relationship between stimulus and behavior in operate conditioning adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to try and reduce that behavior spanking a child for yelling at the store

Positive Reinforcement

one relationship between stimulus and behavior in operate conditioning increase the behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following a desired behavior money is a common positive reinforcer

Negative Punishment

one relationship between stimulus and behavior in operate conditioning reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed taking away the telephone/ TV when the child is being bad

metencephalon

one swelling which arises from the rhombencephalon becomes the medulla oblongata

myelencephalon

one swelling which arises from the rhombencephalon becomes the pons and cerebellum

neuropsychology with brain lesions (humans)

one way researchers have determined the functions of the brain problem with studying human brain lesions: they are rarely isolated to specific brain structures when serval areas are effected it is hard for researchers to identify what problem result from loss of what structure

role of culture in cognitive development

ones culture will determine what the child is expected to learn one culture might value social engagement where the other might value knowledge also effect the rate of development because children are treated differently from one culture to the next

consciousness

ones level of awareness of both the world and ones own existence within that world some states: alertness, sleep, dreaming and altered state of consciousness meditation, hypnosis drug induced altered states of consciousness can also be from sickness like dementia, delirium and coma

pigeonholing

only viewing an individual through the master status without regard to any other person characteristic happens with the president or any other major political figure

shaping

operate conditioning concept process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors wanted the human to memory a whole book - give a treat at each page

ego

operates according to the reality principle part of the constrictive model of Freud's in the psychoanalytic perspective of personality "organizer of the mind" receives power from and can never be fully independent of the id also moderates desires of the supergo parts in the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious

reality principle

operates the ego takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id's pleasure principle guidance of the id = secondary processes wants to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained the mutual give and take from the ego and reality promotes the growth of perception, memory, problem solving, thinking and reality testing

heroin

opioid also called diacetylmorphine originally created as a substitute for morphine once injected the body rapidly metabolizes it into morphine smoked or injected most abused opioid

ear

organ which is in charge of hearing, rotational acceleration and linear acceleration divided into three parts: outer middle inner

mating system

organization of a group's sexual behavior can be seen in monogamy, polygamy, promiscuity usually a dominant mating system humans exhibit more flexibility among the systems in humans influenced by biological and social factors humans also differ from animals because they have formal relationships to correspond to mate choice mating can be associated with marriage or dating but also could be independent of them

class consciousness

organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action barrier to this is false consciousness

schema

organized patterns of behavior coined by Jean Piaget can include a concept what is a dog? can include a behavior what do you do when someone asks your name? can include sequence of events what do you do in a sit down restaurant?

social movements

organized to promote or resist social change motivated by a perceived relative deprivation members of this work to what they perceive as social injustices can make an organization that correlates to the proactive movement that they are trying to accomplish NAACP = National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ACLU = American Civil Liberties Union HRC = Human Rights Campaign Humane Society Greenpeace

adaption

out detection of a stimulus can change over time can have a physiological (sensory) component and a psychological (perceptual) component is the one way the mind and body try to focus attention on only the most revelvant stimuli - usually the changes in the environment around us Piaget thought that new information was processed via this assimilation and accommodation makes this go to information eyes dilate/constrict to make the vision the most same among different environments stop feeling our clothes on us after getting dressed when in loud environments the small muscles in the inner ear constrict to reduce vibration of the ossicles so the sound intensity is reduced we "get used to" cold water after being in it a while

self concept

out own internal list of answers to the questions WHO AM I? goes beyond the self schema because it includes who we were and who we want to become all encompassing concept but single/ acts as a unit

adrenal cortex

outer layer of the adrenal gland produces corticosteroids-- cortisol contributes to sexual functioning by producing sex hormones : estrogen and testosterone

dura mater

outer layer of the meninges that is touching the bone/skull

cerebral cortex

outer surface of the brain that is involved in complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes in the forebrain sometimes called the *neocortex* most recent evolutionary development of the human brain came from the telencephalon swelling has numerous bumps = gyri and sulci which increase surface area of the brain divided into the four lobes: Frontal, parietal, Occipital, temporal outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres language processing to problem solving impulse control to long term planning

night terrors

parasomnia sleep disorder most common in children periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow wave sleep children with scream and thrash show signs of sympathetic overdrive= high heart rate and rapid breathing usually happen during SWS - hard to wake up and does not remember the dream in the morning

Neurotiscism

part of the PEN model measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations

Extraversion

part of the PEN model measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

inferior and superior colliculi

part of the brain that is control of the sensorimotor reflexes midbrain little reflex receives visual sensory input banging and then turning to see what it is

reticular formation

part of the brain that is used in *arousal and alertness* in the hindbrain fibers from the prefrontal cortex interacts with this in the alertness state of consciousness located in the brainstem keeps the cortex awake and alert if disrupt these fibers they body will go into coma

ciliary muscle

part of the ciliary body under the parasympathetic control as it contracts it pulls on the suspensory ligaments

prefrontal lobe

part of the frontal lobe manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of the other regions it supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control and long term planning does not store the actual memory but does store the knowledge to remind the individual that he or she is suppose to remember anything at all to regulate attention and alertness - communicated with the *reticular formation* in the brainstem telling the individual to wake up or relax - depending on the situation good example of a association area - integrates information from different cortical regions damage to this area impairs overall supervisory functions damage can lead to impulsive decisions or being depressed start to say inappropriate things that are not like them to say

brocas area

part of the frontal lobe necessary for speech production found in the dominant hemisphere usually in the left hemisphere

hypothalamus

part of the limbic system located below the thalamus makes and releases neurotransmitters modulates emotions by the releasing/controlling of neurotransmitters that effect mood and arousal

type theorists

part of the type and trait perspective of personality create a taxonomy of personality types humors, somatotypes, MBTI

trait theorists

part of the type and trait perspective of personality describe a individuals personality as the sum of a persons characteristic behaviors uses clusters of behaviors to describe individuals people: Hans and Sybil Eysenck Gordon Allport

Henry Molaison H.M.

patient where researchers found the link to the hippocampus to long term memory his hippocampus along with his amygdala was removed in efforts to control his epileptic seizures he could not retain any new information and his intelligence was severely stunted had anterograde amnesia

word salad

patients speech is so disorganize it seems to have no structure and the words are just thrown together can be seen in schizophrenia and in receptive/wernicke's aphasia

persistent depressive disorder

patients who suffer from dysthymia if a person has a major depressive disorder for over two years can also be given this diagnosis person with this disorder might have a mix of dysthymia and major depressive episodes

strong ties

peer group and kin contacts quantitatively small qualitatively large

sancations

penalties for misconduct used to maintain social control can be imprisonment (incarceration) or bodily injury (corporal punishment) or execution (capital punishment)

emotional and behavioral responses to stress

people can become moody, irritable, tense, fearful, have effects on concentration and memory withdrawal of others difficulties at school/work substance use agression suicide anxiety and depression (mental disorders)

social facilitation

people tend to preform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others shows that people naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched even though presence doesn't necessarily mean that there will be an evaluation - performance sparks a perceived evaluation in the individual performing reflects the idea that performance is not solely influences by individual ability but also by social enviroment and awareness of that enviroment Yerkes- Dodson law of social facilitation

external locus of control

people with this feel the events in their lives are caused by luck from outside forces spiritual people my shoes didn't fit and the track was wet

internal locus of control

people with this view themselves of controlling their own fate i did not train enough

sub liminal perception

perception of a stimulus below the given threshold usually refers to the threshold of a conscious perception

social support

perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network offer may different types of health benefits reduce psychological distress - anxiety and depression people with less of this are more likely to show mental disorders/alcohol and drug use/suicidal ideation higher morality risk: cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological health (more likely to get colds/be sick) can be in different categories: emotional esteem material informational network

hallucinations

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality most common is auditory individual will perceive voices coming from inside or outside of their head visual and tactile are less common - usually seen in drug withdrawal or use olfactory/ gustatory most uncommon - usually experienced before a seizure positive symptom of schizophrenia/psychotic disorders

undifferentiated

person that is in a spontaneous state of having low masculinity and femininity

role partner

person whom one is interacting with this changes the behaviors and expectation of the person doing the role performance role performance by doctor role -- would be the patient, relative, nurse etc...

agents of socialization

personal relationships: parents social circles (peer, friends, teachers) colleges bosses enviroment - entering college complete change in life style creating a shift of acceptable behavior ethnic background religion neighborhood media - can effect pop culture by giving impersonalized communication to a vast audience

Gordon Allport

personality trait theorist listed these traits : cardinal central secondary *functional autonomy* was a major concept in this theory

communication between humans and animals

pets vocal commands tone of voice look or gesture goes both ways Koko - gorilla communicate through sign language knows over 1000 words

reciprocal liking

phenomena where people like others better when they believe the others likes them component of attraction

Malthusian catastrophe

prediction that as the third world countries industrialize and undergo the demographic transition, the pace at which the world population will grow is much faster than the ability to generate food and mass starvation will occur similar to the death phase of bacterial growth

preparedness

predisposition to learn or to not learn something birds are more likely to learn how to peak because in nature they peck for food rewarding them with food in response to a pecking based behavior works well it also can be very hard to train animals away from their normal natural instincts - like going against their natural food gathering instinct

exposure effect/familiarity effect

prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently marketing hear a products name over and over they are more likely to buy the product

projection areas

preform very simple/ rudimentary tasks ex. visual cortex, primary motor cortex

cognitive dissonance

presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions at the same time usually leads to a internal state of discomfort - leads to anxiety, fear, anger, confusion the person will try and change, adding to or minimize one of the opposing thoughts

Alzheimer's disease genetic components

presenilin genes: chromo 1 and 14 apolipoprotein genes: chromo 19 B amyloid precursor protein gene: 21 (down syndrome linked)

auditory cortex

primary site for sound processing including speech and music in temporal lobe

grasping reflex

primitive reflex occurs when the infant closes their fingers around an object placed into their hand

babinski reflex

primitive reflex when the sole of the foot is stimulated the toes of the infant spread apart automatically

rooting reflex

primitive reflex of infants automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek (turning toward the nipple upon feeding) sucking and swallowing when something is placed into the mouth

infant motor abilities

primitive reflexes infants also kick, turn, wave - these uncoordinated/unconnected behaviors for the basis for later more coordinated movements all infants usually develop motor skills around the same age and in the same order - indicating that they are innately programmed abilities for human infants first year: everything in mouth, crawls, one hand approach to toys, age one: walks alone, kick/throw ball, emergency hand of preference age two: high activity, turn doorknobs, scribbling, aiming to throw a ball age three: alternates feet going upstairs, tricycle, cut with scissors, toilet training, drawing, unbutton buttons

pleasure principle

principle that aims to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any built up tension the id functions according to this

coping and stress management

problem focused strategies working to overcome the stressor reaching out to family confronting the issue head on emotion focused strategies center on changing ones feelings about the stressor taking responsible for the issue distancing oneself from the issue engaging in wishful thinking can be adaptive - turning to family or can be maladaptive - turning to drugs and alcohol

fluid intelligence

problem solving skills peaks in early adulthood

anticipatory socialization

process by which a person appears for future changes in occupations/living situations/ relationships ex. couple living together preparing to experience the married life

resocialization

process by which a person will disregard old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change can have positive or negative connotations army members to respond instantly to a command attracting and bringing someone into a cult

culture assimilation

process by which an individuals group or group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group groups with different cultures can also merge together integrates new aspects of society and culture with old ones - transforming the culture itself sometimes not an equal blend one usually dominates - more traits of that culture aspect will be displayed after the transformation slowed by the creation of *ethic enclaves* describes a "melting pot"

Schizophrenia

prototypical psychotic disorder the person must have two or three of the psychotic symptoms in the last six months to be diagnosed as this one of must be delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech the symptoms are divided into positive and negative types much higher rates among the homeless/indigents - downward drift hypothesis this mental disorder causes a decline in socioeconomic stats leading to a worsening of symptoms - negative spiral for the patient toward poverty and psychosis biological factors genetic/trauma at birth hypoxemia - low oxygen at birth excessive use of marijuana in adolescence partially inherited - 10% more likely excessive dopamine in the brain treatment - block dopamine receptors in the brain some structural changes in the brain may be observed

population pyramids

provide a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

cognitive development in late adulthood

reaction time steadily increases time based prospective memory declines IQ drops greatly between 30 and 40 both fluid and crystalized intelligence decreases with age intellectual abilities is linked to how long an older adult can maintain the activities of daily living higher education, greater performance in intellectual activities and socialization by a stimulating enviroment can help against intellectual decline

visual pathways

refer to the physical anatomical connections between the eyes and the brain and the flow of visual information along these connections each persons left eye's vision goes into the right side of the brain and the right eye's vision goes into the left side of the brain (relating to OPTIC CHIASM not optic tract) signal goes from the optic nerve to the brain

pituitary gland

referred to as the master gland located at the base of the brain divided into two parts: anterior and posterior

ethnic identity

refers to ones ethnic group members share a common ancestry, culture heritage, language kenneth and mamie clark in the doll study

disorganized behavior

refers to the inability to carry out activities of daily living (paying bills, maintaining hygiene, keeping appointments) positive symptom of schizophrenia/psychotic disorders

exercise and stress management

releases endorphins, opioid neuropeptides that act as feel good neurotransmitters meditation - and spiritual practice also helps

depth perception

relies on both monocular and binocular cues (using one eye or both eyes) monocular = using one eye cues: relative size of the object, obscuring one object from the next, position of the object in the visual field, lighting, shadowing binocular = using both eyes cues: slight differences in the image the angle between the two eyes can bring the object into focus

rorschach inkblot test

relies on the assumption that the client projects his/her unconscious feelings onto the shape

denominations

religious separations share similar beliefs/practices but not others

prospective memory

remembering to preform a task at some point in the future buy milk

maintenance rehersal

repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory to stop from forgetting it or to store it in short memory and eventually turn it into long term memory this only keeps it at the forefront of the consciousness

compulsions

repetitive tasks

central trait

represnet major characteristics of the personality that are easy to inter everyone has to have this trait coined by gordon Allport ex. honesty and charisma

types of nerve cells in the nervous system

sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons SAME (sensory -afferent) (motor -efferent)

foraging

seeking out and eating food driven by biological?psychological/ social influences biological - driven by the hypothalamus and genetics lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger (damage lead to loss of all interest in food) ventromedial hypothalamus promotes fullness/satiety (damage lead to obesity) genetics can effect the division of tasks between members cognitive skills (spatial awareness, memory, decision making) plays a role in this (when in a group or alone) primarily a *learned behavior* -learn to hunt by watching others -learn what is safe to eat by observation strict rules regarding the individuals which are allowed to eat - there is an order to it all

Elder abuse

seen across all socioeconomic classes neglect of an older relative caregiver is the most common source of the abuse

ideas of reference

seen in patients with schizotypal personality disorder similar to delusions of reference but not as intense

magical thinking

seen in patients with schizotypal personality disorder superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance (seeing things in the beyond)

K complex

seen on an EEG when in stage two of sleep huge polarization and huge depolarization

beta wave

seen when the person is awake high frequency when the person is alert or attending a mental task that requires concentration occurs when the neurons are randomly firing

alpha wave

seen when the person is awake but relaxing/ with eyes closed slower than a beta wave more synchronized than a beta wave

ought self

self of one of the three selfs in the self discrepancy theory our representation of the way others think we should be

actual self

self of one of the three selfs in the self discrepancy theory self concept makes this up the way we see ourself currently

ideal self

self of one of the three selfs in the self discrepancy theory the person that we would like to be carl rogers originated this idea

sleep paralysis

sensation of not being able to move even though being awake symptom of narcolepsy

social exclusion

sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel segregated and isolated from society this attitude can create further obstacles to achieving self help, independence and self respect further accelerate social inequality

Solomon Asch's conformity experiment

showed that individuals will often conform to an opinion held by a group males observed actors and made observations point of the study was to see if the behavior of the males was influenced by the peers compared two cards one card had length C one card had three lines (length A, length B, length C) actors were told to say the correct answer incorrectly or correctly when actors answered correctly the error rate of the males was less then one percent when actors answered incorrectly 33.33% was the error rate in males thus - individuals will sometimes provide answers the know to be untrue if it avoids going against the group *the urge toward conformity could outweigh the desire to provide the right answer*

Duncker's candle problem

shows that problem solving can be done by an inappropriate mental set or by functional fixedness want the candle to be one the wall without dropping the wax onto the floor tack the box and then leave the candle on the box

Bandura's Triadic reciprocal causation

shows the three factors of social cognitive theory and how they all influence one another enviroment personal factors behavior work ethic of PW (behavior) is dependent on how other people value PW (enviroment) and their own personal love for PW (personal factors)

neuropsychology with brain lesions (animals)

similar to research done with lesions in the human brain but..... lesions can be isolated in one specific area of the brain due to extirpation researchers can also produce lesions by inserting electrodes into the brain and then applying heat, cold, or electricity to the specific area region

working memory

similar to short term memory and also housed by the hippocampus parietal and front lobes are also involved this allows us to do simple math in our heads this memory allows us to keep some information in our head at once so we can manipulate the data/info

heuristics

simplified principles used to make decisions "rule of thumb" can quickly rule out some possibilities so you don't have to analyze all of them chess: the king must be protected - rule out possibilities that do not protect the king

instinctive drift

simular to preparedness difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors

sleep cycle

single complete progressing through the sleep stages gets longer starts at 50 minutes in children to 90 minutes in adults children also spend more time in SWS than adults

theoretical approaches to sociology

single unified sociological persecutive of social reality does not exist - but it is a mix of these perspective functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism social constructionism rational choice exchange theory feminist theory

dyssomnias

sleep disorder that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep ex. insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

religion

social institution a pattern of social activities that are organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence lasts over time members are resocialized not important if you agree examine religion objectively within its social and cultural context can de divided into denominations or sects struggle to find a place in society represented by a shift toward modernization within the religion and relaxing historical practices

medicine

social institution aimed at maintaining or improving the health of an individual/family/ community/ society as whole now expected to not be in the sick role but take on ownership of their role - diet, life style changes, primary doctors illness is now considered a normal part of the human condition adhere to these ethics: beneficence nonmaleficence respect for patient autonomy justice

education

social institution aimed to arm the entire population with information info in form of facts, figures, mental processes also emphasizes the social aspect of this creates statuses in society stimulates learners to add to their knowledge base also includes the hidden curriculum sociologist may focus on ethics. morals, political influence, finances and values of this system also explore the trends: grade inflation, grade deflation, adult education, online education, accessibility to education performance in this depends on - students intrinsic ability - education system itself susceptible to inequalities across socioeconomic class lower - associated with decreased accessibility and quality of this this is an institution that is intentionally or unintentionally connected to many of the other institutions

economy

social institution impact all other social institutions to an extent can be seen on the individual level making money paying bills on time producing efficiently organizes money, goods and services

family

social institution influenced by culture, value systems, beliefs, practices, gender, age, race, ethnicity and others does not have a fixed generation expectations of a family as of now doesn't even match the expectations of a family a couple generations ago will study the stages of coupling, changes in relationship between spouses and parenting through time so many different structures of these with different forms of parenting can be a source of support/joy or a source of violence

horizontal mobility

social mobility that is a change of occupation or lifestyle but remains in the same social class

proactive

social movements that promote a social change civil rights/women's rights/ animal rights/environmentalism movements

reactive

social movements that resist a social change white supremacist/counterculture/ antiglobalization/ anti-immigration movement

Bystander effect

social phenomenon individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present likelihood/ timing to react is inversely proportional to the number of bystanders in grous: -people are less likely to recognize anything out of the ordinary - usually because the social etiquette that it is rude to watch others -people also take cues of others - if no one else is responding then the are less likely to respond because they might not think it is as serious as it truly is -degree of danger - higher emergency bystanders are more likely to intervene -degree of responsibility felt by the bystander (relationship to victim) - cohesiveness of group - less likely to respond if crowd of strangers murder of Kitty Genovese in Queens neighbors heard her but she bleed to death because of this

deindividuation

social phenomenon - occurs when individuals are in group settings this is thought to be due to the presence of a large group that provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity can lead to *antinormative behavior* attempts to provide an explanation for violation seen in crowds and riots - when in a crowd the person looses his identity and becomes an anonymous part of a group and he is more likely to act in a manner that is inconsistent with his normal self enhanced when the groups identity is masked - increasing anonymity

social inequality

social stratification the capitalist economy had increased this further accelerated by anomie created by a lowering of social capital more pronounced in racial and ethnic minorities

Type B

somatotype coined by William Sheldon characterized by behavior that is generally laid back and relaxed

Type A

somatotype coined by William Sheldon characterized by behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive more prone to heart disease

belief

something that a individual accepts to be true

eye

specialized organ used to detect light in the form of photons nutrients are provided via the chorodial and rentinal blood vessels

symbolic ethnicity

specific connection to ones ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important happens even when ethnic identity does not play a huge role in everyday life irish american - only shows this on on day - st pat day on a regular day doesn't matter that much

demographic transition

specific example of a demographic shift changes in the birth and rate deaths in a country as it develops from preindustrial to industrial economic system can be divided into four stages! death rate first drops, than birth rates - thus teh population grows at first while the morality rate is dropping, but than plateaus when the birth rate starts to drop as well

greater than % one year prevalence mental disorders

specific phobia social anxiety disorder major depression alcohol use disorder PTSD generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder bipolar disorder

hypnosis

state of consciousness state in which a person appears to be under the control of his or her normal functions but in a highly suggestible state usually and easily does the suggestions of other people starts with hypnotic inductions can be used for trauma cases but that is because it gives the individuals *false memories* can be used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weightless, stopping smoking brain imaging shows that this state is real - but it needs the willing personality and lack of skepticism on the part of the patient

alertness

state of consciousness we are able to think and are awake able to perceive, process and access information along with expressing that information verbally also experience a physiological arousal cortisol levels higher EEG indicate that the brain is awake maintained by neurological circuits in the prefrontal cortex at the very front of the brain

euphoria

state of great excitement or happiness

catatonia

state of neurogenic motor immobility apparent unresponsiveness to a stimuli patient's spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced or the patient may maintain a rigid posture - refusing to be moved also could include useless/bizarre movements that are not caused by external stimuli (echolalia and echopraxia) seen in schizophrenics

yerkes - dodson law

states a U shaped function between level of arousal and performance like a bell shaped curve peak of curve is when the performance is high and the arousal is in-between simple tasks require more arousal than complex tasks

Yerkes- Dodson law of social facilitation

states that being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks on is already good at/simple tasks and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks/complex tasks also used to describe the relationship between stress/ sympathetic arousal and performance social facilitation and moderate levels of arousal can increase the performance - arousal can can also be an effect of being surrounded by others and creating the feeling pressure to perform arousal - complicated tasks: bell shaped curve highest in the middle simple tasks : plateau at the highest wen the arousal is the highest piano expert pianist would perform better in concert than alone amateur would perform better alone then in a social setting

iron law of oligarchy

states that democratic/bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group shift is because: necessity of a core body of individuals to carry our day to day activities in the organization increased need for specialization leadership characteristics of certain members of the group thus it will ultimately centralize - placing power in the few leaders

implicit personal theory

states that there are a set of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits and their behavior is related

catecholamine/monoamine theory of depression

states that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression two sides of same coin when treated for depression should watch for signs of mania

demographics

statistics of populations the mathematical applications of sociology can be gathered informally or formally

master status

status by which a person is most identified usually the most important status that the person is identified with usually how people view themselves and often holds a symbolic value can cause a pigeonholing compassionate person

achieved status

status that is gained as a result on ones efforts or choices acquired via direct and individual efforts through hard work being a doctor being a ***** being a California girl class system stratify due to this

ascribed status

status that is given involuntarily factors for this include race, gender, family background blond Caucasian clearly identifiable characteristics involuntary caste and estate system stratify due to this

paternalistic stereotypes

stereotype in which the group is looked down upon as inferior/ ignored warmth: high competence: low low status, not competitive housewives, elderly people, disabled people

contemptuous stereotypes

stereotype which the group is viewed with an annoyance or anger warmth: high competence: low low status but competitive welfare recipients, poor people

cochlea

the entrance to the inner ear spiral shaped organ divided into three parts 1. scalae

ambivalent attachment

style of attachment also called *anxious ambivalent attachment* (child is anxious about the reliability of the caregiver) caregiver gives an inconsistent response to a distressed child (sometimes appropriately and sometimes neglectful) child is unable to form a secure base - she cannot constantly relay on the caregivers response very distressed when the caregiver leaves but mixed emotions when the caregiver returns

avoidant attachment

style of attachment caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child child will show no preference between a stranger and caregiver little to no distress when caregiver leaves little to no comfort when the caregiver returns

secure attachment

style of attachment child has a consistent caregiver able to go out and explore - knows that he has a secure base to come back to upset at departure of caregiver comfort at return of caregiver can find comfort in stranger - but would absolutely prefer the caregiver vital part of the child's social development all other styles of attachment can have deficits in social skills later on

disorganized attachment

style of attachment children with this show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregivers absence or presence usually associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver red flag for abuse show a mix of behaviors -avoidance -resistance -dazed -frozen -confused -repetitive behaviors (rocking)

counterculture

subculture group gravitates toward this identity that is at odds with the majority and deliberately opposes the social customs/conventions/mores

hits

subject correctly perceives the signal in the signal detection experiment signal present yes

cognitive appraisal

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress consists of two stages: 1. primary appraisal 2. secondary appraisal

emotion on decision making

subjective experience of a person in a certain situation how a person feels often influences how a person thinks and makes decisions ex. angry person - more likely to engage in risky behavior (ali being the dare devil) the emotions that a person *expects* to feel also play a role ex. ali thinks that the free people clothes will make her feel pretty and good she is more likely to buy them due to wanting to feel good after a break up

cognitive response of emotion

subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced determination of the feeling into an emotion is impacted by memories/past experiences and perception of the cause of the feeling being experienced

dissociative fugue

sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from ones home or location of usually daily activities people with this state that they are confused about their identity and can assume a new identity they may even think they are someone else with a complete backstory to support it

perillymph

suspends the endolymph/membranous labyrinth in the bony labyrinth transmits vibrations from the outside world and cushions the inner ear structures vibrations go through this and hit the basal membrane

culture lag

symbolic culture is slower to change then material culture smart phones are changing but still have a symbolic culture of wanting privacy

mandala

symbolizes the self in Carl Jun's psychoanalytical perspective of personality reconciler of opposite and the promotor of harmony seen in buddhism and Hinduism

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

symptoms that are involve the absence of normal or desired behavior disturbance of affect and avolition include: disturbance of affect blunting flat affect inappropriate affect

low ball

technique of compliance requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual - the raise the cost of the commitment can be money, effort or time okay I will go to a meeting for five hours each month later found out that you have to do a pre and post write up along with a presentation

foot in the door technique

technique of compliance small request is made, after gaining compliance, the larger request is made can i borrow your notes wait can you copy your notes - I don't have a copier

neurotic needs

ten of them Horney thought that if someone had a neurotic personality that they are governed by one of these each of these needs is directed toward making life and interactions bearable primary concept is *basic anxiety* --based on that a child's early perception of self is important and stems from a child's relationship with his or her parents --need to obtain a degree of security to over come this ex. need for affection and approval need to exploit others need for self sufficiency and independence healthy people have all these needs to some extent but they are thought to become problematic if they fit one of the four criteria if one would go to great degrees for it (disproportionate intensity) then it would become unhealthy

overconfidence

tendency to interoperate ones decisions knowledge and beliefs as infallible goes against disconfirmation principle

primacy/recency effect

tendency to remember early and late items relates to the serial position effect

semantic network

term to coin the brain network of interconnected ideas this way you can use the enviroment to see what part of the brain the memory is in concepts are linked together based on similar meaning red linked to other colors but also fire, roses, rachel your sister when one node is activated by seeing the word red other nodes are also activated unconsciously

paradoxical sleep

term used for REM sleep ones heart rate, breathing patterns and EEG mimic wakefulness but is still asleep

network

term used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups these patterns can be determined by mapping the interactions between individual units (can be highly variable) analysis of this can be used to gain a understanding of the actions of individuals and groups and to study the broader social structure may provide an access to resources these face the demands and expectations of other members university alumni they are held to certain commitments and standards but they get benefits from this when searching for a job combination of the two types provide the most benefit for its members because the two types will works complimentary to provide different resources ex. genetic pedigree- geneticist can map genetic patterns types: immediate distant

fixation

term used when the child is overindulged or overly "frustrated" during on of the stages in development anxiety can occur do to this if that happens the child will form a personality disorder based on what ever particular stage that is getting them frustrated - this pattern will become a mental disorder as the child becomes a adult - mental disorder is termed neurosis referring to freud's theory

taste pathway

the dissolved compounds bind to the specific chemoreceptors on the taste buds the signal goes from the taste buds to the brainstem and then ascends to the taste center in the thalamus then that information goes to the higher order brain regions

inappropriate affect

the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individuals speech type of disturbance of affect ex. when describing a persons death - the person might start to laugh hysterically

mind guards

the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

illusion of morality

the belief that the group's decisions are morally correct one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

beta amyloid plaques

the beta pleated sheets for the deposit on the brain protein clumps that become sticky plaques can block cell to cell signaling at the synapses found in alzheimer's patients

suspensory ligaments

the ciliary muscle pulls on this which then changes the shape of the lens

self esteem

the closer the three selves of the self discrepancy theory are the higher this is

iris

the colored part of the eye composed of the dilator and constrictor pupillae (muscles) continuos with the choroid and ciliary body

excessive stereotyping

the construction of stereotypes against the outside opinions one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

Illusion of invulnerability

the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk taking one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

radicalization

the definition or establishment of a group as a particular race Judaism - use to be only a religion but now Jewish is considered a race

misinformation effect

the enviroment effects the memories stored ex. shown a picture with a car stopped at a yield sign and then given a written description of it saying the car was stop sign - when the participants had to draw a picture of the image they drew the stop sign instead of the yield sign and swore that they saw the stop sign can also be seen in recall how fast were the cars going when they crashed vs collided - the students that were asked with the word crashed were more likely to use a more exaggerated speeds

introspection

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processe can be caused by hallucinogens

distinctiveness cues

the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios if varies in different scenarios we are likely to form a situational attribution to explain the behavior

consensus cues

the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others if person deviates from the socially expected behavior, we are are likely to form a dispositional attribution (internal) to that person's behavior

illusion of unanimity

the false sense of agreement within the group one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

optic chiasm

the fibers in the optic nerve that are on the inner (nasal) part of the retina cross with the other fibers on the inner part of the retina of the other eye

pre conventional morality

the first of the three phases in kohlberg's moral reasoning theory typical of preadolescents thinking places a emphasis of the *consequences* of the moral choice stages: 1. avoid punishment 2. 1. obedience 2. self interest

cornea

the front portion of the eye clear and dome like window to the eye light passes through this first gathers and focuses the incoming light

identity

the individual components of our self concept related to the groups which we belong we have many of these to show us how we should behave in a given context identity is usually very different amoung different social situations but we have one/ all encompassing self concept these are organized according to a hierarchy of salience types: gender ethnic

nurture

the influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior

retina

the innermost layer of the eye contains the actual photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information the brain can process on the back of the eye consists of neural elements and blood vessels considered part of the central nervous system and develops as an outgrowth of the brain tissue 6 million rods 12 million cones

two point threshold

the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli the size of this depends on the density of nerves in the particular area of the skin being tested

autonomy

the need to be in control of ones actions and ideas universal need stated by the SDT

self enhancement

the need to maintain self worth can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures -- aka can be done through the self serving bias

self-presentation

the process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors people use specific strategies to shape what other people think about them also termed *impression management*

Webers law

the ratio of the change in stimulus to the original value states that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus thus for the higher magnitude stimuli the actual difference must be larger to produce a jnd for example... if states that the jnd for sound frequency was .68% than 1000hz to 1006.8 would make the jnd, but 1000hz to 10003hz would not (.3%) will need to apply this ratio!!!

homeostasis

the regulation of the internal enviroment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions usually controlled by negative feedback

general adaption syndrome

the sequence of physiological responses of stress 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

optic tract

the temporal/side fibers relating to the temporal/side fibers on the retina do not cross each other. Thus the left temporal fibers go to the left side of the brain and the right temporal fibers on the retina go to the right side of the brain

response bias

the tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors determined by the signal detection experiment with trails a significant amount proportion of misses or false alarms gives an indication of response bias in the subject

post conventional morality phase

the third of the three phases in kohlberg's moral reasoning theory thought that not everyone was capable of reaching this phase may conflict with laws and is based on social conventions of a community *higher level reasoning* stages: 1. individual rights 2. abstract and universal ethical principles - water around the world stages: social contract universal human ethics

reinforcement schedules

the timing of stimulus being used to get those desired behaviors fixed or variable based on a ratio or an interval 1. Fixed Ratio FR schedule 2. variable Ratio VR schedule 3. Fixed Interval FI schedule 4. variable Interval VI schedule overall the ratios are the quickest overall the variables are the quickest

role set

the various roles associated with a status

behavioral component of attitude

the way a person acts with respect to something reflect the affective component I spend time with Adam i avoid florida due to the alligators

cognitive component of attitude

the way an individual thinks about something justification for the other two components of attitude adam is a great, handsom, smart boy alligators can kill me in an instant on land or in water

learning

the way at which we acquire new behaviors change in behavior that occurs in response to a stimulus associate and observational

affective component of attitude

the way that a person feels toward something emotional component I love adam alligators scare me

social cognition

the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact our behavior our attitudes/ the way we perceive others impacts that way we behave to them

self schema

the ways in which we define ourself self given label that carriers with it a set of qualities mostly deals with the present ex. athlete - qualities of youth, physical fitness, dressing/acting in certain ways

self censorship

the withholding of opposing views one of 8 factors that effect group think recognized by Irving Janis

need based theories

theories on motivation maslow's hierarchy of needs SDT motivation is described as how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy these needs thus its the motivation that determines which behaviors are most important to pursue, how much effort will be taken and for how long the effort will be maintained

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

theory about the origin of schizophrenia argues that delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from an oversensitiveness to dopamine in the brain is an important theory but does not account for all the findings of the disease

rational choice theory

theory in sociology focuses on the decision making process of an individual reduces the decision making process ad a consideration for the benefits and harms to the individual focuses on interactions of individuals social interaction is associated with a particular reward (love/acceptance/money) and a particular punishment (embarrassment) carefully accesses all the possible punishments and rewards for each social action the social action that has the highest benefit to harm ratio is preformed mental pro and cons list and them takes the course of action to maximize the personal benefit problem with altruism

james lange theory

theory of emotion according to this, a stimuli results in a physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which emotion is labeled *FIRST RESPONSE= nervous system response* *SECOND RESPONSE= conscious emotion* William James believed that when peripheral organ receive information and response - that response is labeled as emotions by the brain the physiological response of the periphery is resulting the cognitive labeling of the emotion because my temperature raised i must be angry the emotion would then not be processed without the work of the peripheral organs this states that patients cannot create a sympathetic response (spinal cord injuries) show a decrease in emotions but this has been proven to be incorrect

schachter Singer Theory

theory of emotion also termed: *cognitive arousal theory* and *two factor theory* states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal (by the enviroment) must occur in order for emotion to be experienced. *FIRST RESPONSE= nervous system response and cognitive appraisal* *SECOND RESPONSE= conscious emotion* "I am happy because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy" has a unique idea about *cognitive appraisal* experience: had ignorant, in formed, misinformed people gave them epinephrine or placebo external cues : actor acting happy or sad zz - epinephrine increased physiological arousal - but enviroment and cognitive processing had an affect misinformed and ignorant people had the highest levels of emotion (cognitive processing - people that knew what was happening was more neutral)

cannon bard theory

theory of emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard was created to test the James- Lange Theory states that physical arousal and emotion happen at the same time - will react to the emotion both physically and mentally at the same time. One does not conduct the other *FIRST RESPONSE= nervous system response and conscious emotion* *SECOND RESPONSE= action* whens someone is exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus experiments relationship to feedback from the sympathetic nervous system using cats with severed afferent nerves thus severing the afferent nerves should not stop emotion visual stimuli pass through the thalamus and rough information is sent to the amygdala (emotion) and the sympathetic nervous system (arousal). Action/ muscle contraction quickly follows. The visual cortex can then strengthen or stop this response once it has identified the stimuli "I am afraid because I see a snake AND my heart is racing" fails to explain the vagus nerve -

expectancy value theory

theory of motivation states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at that goal

drive reduction theory

theory of motivation motivation is based on the goal to eliminate uncomfortable conditions certain conditions (unmet needs) result in a negative internal enviroment and then that drives motivation to seek homeostasis to reduce this uncomfortable internal state

incentive theory

theory of motivation says that behavior is motivated not be need or arousal but the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishment

arousal theory

theory of motivation states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal seeking to increase arousal when below optimal levels and seeing to decrease arousal when it is above optimal levels

conflict theory

theory of sociology Karl Marx focuses on how power differential are created and how those power differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order can lead to dominance if the group out competes other groups for economic, political and social resources

social constructionism

theory of sociology focuses on how individuals put together their social reality how society defines ---- is dependent on the interactions and decisions of the individuals within the society the decisions depend on the society themselves they are subject to change as the norms and opinions change over time only give money value because we imbedded them with value

symbolic interactionism

theory of sociology study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols main idea is that symbols (things to which we attach meaning) - key to how we interpret the world and communicate with each other the symbols do not always match across the cultures, and thus when developing into one culture is learning the appropriate signals and their use in the given culture

feminist theory

theory of sociology tries to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender focuses on the subordination (placing at lower rank) of women through social structures and institutional discrimination women face discrimination through institutional discrimination - puts limits on them by devaluing there contributions to society financial inequality - getting paid less or harder to get a top level administrative level

learning theory

theory on attitude says that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning direct contact with an object can influence attitudes ex. child gets a positive attitude almost immediately after eating them direct contact/instruction from others can influence attitudes ex. mom told me porn was bad i had a negative attitude toward sex and anyone who had sex without love others attitudes can influence our attitudes ex. one friend may develop a positive attitude toward thinking after seeing all his friends positive attitude toward smoking attitudes may be formed through: classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning

social cognitive theory

theory on attitude says that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others with thoughts of our own and the enviroment we are in three factors = behavior, personal factors and enviroment all factors influence one another = *Bandura's Triadic reciprocal causation* according to this, behavior is not learned by trial and error but is learned through direct observation and replication of actions of others

elaboration likelihood model

theory on attitude separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information people who elaborate extensively (central route processing) - people that think deeply about the information - scrutinize the meaning/ purpose draw conclusions/ make decisions based on this thought those who do not think deeply (peripheral route processing) - focus on superficial details focus on credibility, word usage, appearance of the person most people are in the middle somewhere

instinct theory

theory on motivation basis of motivation on instincts was derived from Darwin's theory of evolution William James and William McDougall were the main players both said that instincts of suckling and carrying food to the mouth result in naturally motivating one to eat says people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts

functionalism

theory on sociology functional analysis study of the structure and function of each part of society early viewed society as a living organism parts of the system must work together in harmony when all fulfill their functions society is in its normal state functions help keep society in balance dysfunctions are harmful

signal detection theory

theory that focuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and external (environmental) context perception of the stimuli can also be affected by non sensory factors such as experiences/memory, motives and expectations having name yelled in the crowed.. how likely to look up/answer it depends on size of crowd, and the make up of the crowd. also depends of being social vs introvereted

areas of the brain and language

there are two different areas each area is located in a dominant hemisphere and usually in the left hemisphere Broca's area Wernicke's area both of them are connected by the *arcuate fascicles*

gate theory of pain

there is a special "gating" mechanism that can turn pain signals on or off affecting whether or not we perceive the pain or not believed that the spinal cord is able to forward the signals from other touch modalities (pressure and temperature) to the brain and thus reducing the sensation of the pain explains why rubbing an injury seems to help the pain

gestalt principles

these are ways for the brain to infer missing oarts of the picture when the picture is incomplete 1. law of proximity 2. law of similarity 3. law of good continuation 4. subject contours 5. law of closure 6.law of pragnanz

sclera

thick structural layer of the eye most exposed portion of the eye does not cover the cornea

initiative vs guilt

third conflict in erikson's psychosocial developmental theory 3-6 years if resolved will have a sense of purpose, will be able to initiate activities and have the ability to enjoy accomplishments if guilt wins the child will be able to overcome by fear of punishment - will restrict himself or overcompensate by showing off

phallic stage

third stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory 3-5 years also called the oedipal stage is about the oedipal conflict in males or the electra conflict for females the male child will envy his fathers intimate relationship with his mother and fears castration at his fathers hands - he wants to eliminate his father to posses his mother as a child they will feel guilty about these wishes to resolve the conflict he tries to identify with his father - establishing his sexuality and internalizing his moral values the child also sublimate/divert his libido energy - collecting objects or through school work females are thought to have penis envy thought to exhibit less stereotypical girl behavior and be less morally developed

exhaustion

third stage of the physiological responses in the general adaption syndrome to stress when the body can no longer remain the elevated response of the sympathetic nervous system activity this is when the individuals become more likely to get sick and have medical conditions (ulcers and high blood pressure) organs can even begin to deteriorate

source monitoring error

this involves confusion between the explicit long term memory (between semantic (factual) and episodic (event) memory) person will remember the event but will get confused on how the knowledge of the event was gained usually happens when the person hears a story of someone else but then remembers as if the story happened to him/herself

retrieval memory

this is pulling the memory back up after it is being stored process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained

stage two of sleep

this is the deep sleep theta waves are present along with sleep spindles and K complexes starts to shift to a dream like stage

type and trait perspective of personality

this perspective came from the dissatisfaction of the psychoanalysis's

social cognitive perspective of personality

this perspective is similar to the behaviorist but takes it one step further focuses on how the enviroment influences the behavior and how we interact with the enviroment *reciprocal determinism* is the main concept in this perspective *locus of control* is another concept best predictor of future behavior is past behavior in similar situations players: Albert Bandura

secondary drives

those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological/ emotional desires thought to stem from learning ali wants to do well on the Mcat to go to medical to become a good doctor could be a desire for nurturing, love, achievement, and aggression

franz gall

thought that behavior, intellect and personality might be linked to the brain anatomy created doctrine of phrenology this doctrine was false but did generate serious research on brain functions that helped and was necessary for other psychologist

abstract thinking

thought to happen after the child has mastered the physical tasks dependent upon increasing the working memory and mental capacities as the brain develops the ability to think in a abstract manner also develops can be lost in patients with mental disorders ex. schizophrenia patient explain "don't count your hens before they hatch" will relate their answers to the hens themselves rather than the abstract thinking part of it

pre conscious

thoughts that we are not currently aware of

conscious

thoughts that we have access to

unconscious

thoughts that we have repressed

semicircular canals

three of them sensitive to *rotational acceleration* they are arranged perpendicularly to each other each ends in a swelling = ampulla when the head rotates, endolymph in the semicircular canal resists the motion bending the underlying hair cells and sending a signal to the brain

components of social perception

three of them: perceiver target situation

problem solving

trail and error type of approach testing behaviors until they yield a reward as you got older can correctly orientate it and observe the situation better to get the correct result for the first time around 1. frame the problem - create a mental image or schematic of the issue 2. generate potential solutions 3. begin to test them - usually by a mental set method 4. evaluate the results 5. consider other easier potential solutions that may be more effective different types: trail and error, algorithms, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

catch trials

trail in which the signal is being presented

David McClelland

trait theorist personality trait = need for achievement (N-Ach) people you are rated high in N-Ach tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments they will avoid high risks to avoid failing they will also avoid low risks because the easy tasks will not generate the sense of achievement they set realistic goals the stop striving for a goal where the success is unlikely

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

trait theorist on personality used *factor analysis* to group behaviors that typically occur together and assigned labels to those groups described three traits in the PEN model ex. people who are more reserved/less outspoken are in groups that tend to enjoy solitary activities and avoid overstimulation would fall under the label of "introversion"

cardinal trait

traits around which a person organizes his or her life not everyone has to have this trait coined by gordon Allport Gandhi trait - self sacrifice

somatosensation pathway

transduction occurs in the receptors then the signal is transferred to the central nervous system the signal then transfers to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

verbal communication

transmission of information via the use of words (spoken, written or signaled) dependent on non verbal communication - even through phone conversations through pauses, changes in tone

placenta

transmits food, oxygen, and water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother

hidden curriculum

transmitting of social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students

vitreous

transparent gel that supports the retina

culture shock

traveling outsides ones own country - the cultural differences can seem quite dramatic

direct therapy

treatment that acts directly on the individual medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist

research that looks at degree of genetic influence

twin studies family studies adoption studies

motor skills

two types 1. Gross motor skills 2. Fine motor skills

social anxiety disorder

type of anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety that is due to social situations have persistant fear when exposed to social or performance situations ex. speech giving socializing at a party using a public restroom

generalized anxiety disorder

type of anxiety disorder disproportionate and persistant worrying about many different things (basic things like making mortgages, returning emails) for at least six months physical symptoms: fatigue muscle tension sleep problems

classical conditioning = acquisition

type of associate learning instinctual responses to create new associations between unrelated stimuli taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned response to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus works because some stimuli cause an innate/ reflexive physiological response (mouth waters at smell of warm bread - jump when we hear a loud noise) these are *unconditioned response* Ivan Pavlov dog experiments

operant conditioning

type of associate learning links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors BF Skinner four different relationships between the stimulus (added or removed) and behavior (stops and continuos) 1. positive reinforcement 2. Positive Punishment 3. negative Reinforcement 4. negative Punishment

phenobarbital

type of barbiturate

alprazolam

type of benzodiasepine

clonazepam

type of benzodiasepine

diazepam

type of benzodiasepine

lorazepam

type of benzodiasepine

cultural attribution

type of culture of an individual plays a major role in they types of attribution the individual makes some cultures put hight value on the individual, personal goal and independence dispositional attribution collectivist cultures (african/Asian) but a high value on conformity, interdependence use for fundamental attributions use situational attribution

repression

type of defense mechanism "unconscious forgetting" egos way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges into the unconscious underlies many other defense mechanism the aim of this is to disguise threatening impulses that may find their way back from the unconscious kinda like time heals all --- after a while of this they cannot be found in the conscious anymore

suppression

type of defense mechanism a more deliberate repression (conscious forgetting) just went through a terrible break up but puts those feeling a way to have fun with the girl friends

projection

type of defense mechanism individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others I love adam. Adam loves me a cheater is convinced he is being cheated on by his wife besides his lack of evidence important part of personality analysis rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test

rationalization

type of defense mechanism justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society ex. adam doesn't want to be exclusive well clearly he just wants to have sex - and he doesn't actually care about me so I am just gonna leave driving to la to ny in 33 hours well i am in complete control - there are plenty of dangerous drivers on the road - what will the difference of one more make? a murderer who claims to know that killing is wrong still says that the victim deserved it

regression

type of defense mechanism reversion to an earlier developmental stage when faced with stress - adults might go to a earlier behavior like sucking of thumbs, throwing temper tantrums, and clinging to their mothers biting of nails in a test/finals when telling someone bad news - talks in baby talk

displacement

type of defense mechanism transference of an undesired urge from one object to the other i got a bad grade in biochem blamed/snapped at adam when sent to his room - a kid punches the wall

sublimation

type of defense mechanism transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors built up sexual feelings may be sublimated into a drive for business success a boss (shepard) who is attracted to the employee becomes her (grey) mentor/advisor

reaction formation

type of defense mechanism when they suppress their urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites I love adam - so i find everything wrong with him to try and hate him because i know he will never love me back two people fight all the time because they are actually attracted to each other

age

type of demographic document a graying of america - as the Baby Boomer ages 2030 - 70 million americans will be 65 years or older (20% of the population)

gender

type of demographic social construct that is related to the behavioral, cultural or psychological traits typically associated withs sex not biologically determined - relates to a set of behavioral, cultural and psychological traits differences in this tend to emphasize the distinct roles and behaviors of men and women in a given culture these differences do not always mean that there is inequality - but it usually does in most cultures there are two - boy and girl maybe more if the gender identities to not match their biological sex

capitalist

type of economy that focuses on free market trade and kaussez faire policies consumerism drives the success or failure of a business little intervening of the central movements as possible owner maintains the profits they encourage a division of labor led to an increase in: social inequality reduction in social cohesions waning of social capital

semantic memory

type of explicit long term memory facts that we know

episodic memory

type of explicit long term memory our experiences/ events

out groups

type of group an individual competes with or is in opposition to

peer groups

type of group defined by association of self selected equals around similar interests, ages and statues give the opportunity for friendship and a sense of belonging

family group

type of group determined by birth, adoption, marriage joins members of various ages, sexes, and generations through emotional ties may have conflicts when in adolescence and struggle with culture gaps between the generations

reference group

type of group groups that establish the terms in which individuals elevate themselves to see how likely you are at getting into medical school you might look at yourself in a reference group and compare yourself to all the medical school applicants

Gemeinshaft

type of group coined by Ferdinand Tonnies community group of unified by feeling of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography families and neighborhoods

Gesellshaft

type of group coined by Ferdinand Tonnies society groups that are formed because of mutual self interest and working together toward the same goal countries and companies

gender identity

type of identity Describes a person's appraisal of him/herself on scales of masculinity/femininity thought that masculinity and femininity are separate because a person can have high scales of both usually established at the age of three not necessary tied to biological sex or sexual orientation - though through western cultures that are very much related

enkephalins

type of neuromodulator have similar effects to morphine and other opiods in the body

body dysmorphic disorder

type of obsessive compulsive and related disorders person has a unrealistic negative evaluation of his o her personal appearance and attractiveness usually directed toward a certain body part person sees a body part that is horrific when actually it is normal person will seek multiple plastic surgeries - extreme interventions

inductive reasoning

type of problem solving method bottom up reasoning create a theory via generalizations starts with a specific instance and then draws a conclusion from them

deductive reasoning

type of problem solving method top down reasoning starts from a general set of rules and draws conclusions from the information given logic puzzle one has to synthesize a set of logical rules to come up with a single possible solution to the problem

variable interval schedule

type of reinforcement schedule reinforce the behavior the first time the behavior happens after a time has passed though one interval might be 90 seconds, the other 30 seconds or the other 3 minutes. Once the interval has passed the next push of the lever will get get the treat and the start of the new interval

variable ratio schedule

type of reinforcement schedule reinforcement after a varying number of performances - but the average number of performances to get the treat is relatively the same works the fastest for learning the new behavior and also the most resistant to extinction kinda how gambling works - winning the jackpot for any individual is the same - why people have this feeling that the next one will be "it"

homosexual

type of sexual orientation attraction to individuals of the same sex

bisexual

type of sexual orientation attraction to members of both sexes

illness anxiety disorder

type of somatic symptoms and related disorder characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition quick to become alarmed about their health excessively check themselves for signs of illness or avoid medical appointments all together most patients are considered to be *hypochondriacs* hypochondriacs if no symptoms are present

somatic symptom disorder

type of somatic symptoms and related disorder have at least one somatic symptom may/may not be linked to an underlying medical condition there will be misappropriate concerns for it about its seriousness devotion of an unusual amount of time/energy to it hypochondriacs if symptoms are present

conversion disorder

type of somatic symptoms and related disorder unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions the symptoms are generally soon after the person experiences high levels of stress or a traumatic event paralysis or blindness without any damage to a neurological system in history this disorder was called hysteria the disorder might be even happen in a literal way or poetic way - women goes blind after watching her son die

amphetamines

type of stimulant causes increase arousal by increasing the release of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse and decreasing their re-uptake causes: increased arousal reduction in appetite decreased need for sleep increase heart rate increase in blood pressure euphoria hypervigilance anxiety delusions of grandeur paranoia prolonged and can result in stroke or brain damage withdrawal can lead to depression, fatigue and irritability

hypomania

typically does not significantly impair functioning not psychotic features a individual may be more optimistic and energetic

pavlov's dog/classical conditioning experiment

unconditioned stimulus= meat unconditioned response = salivate neutral stimulus = ringing the bell would ring the bell before placing the meat in the bowl for the dog - initially there was not much reaction to the bell, but then soon the dog would salivate when the bell was rung before the meat was placed. he turned a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus stimuli changes in the experiment - but the response is the same the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response due to the change of the stimulus

object permanence

understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view peek a boo game for infants doesn't work anymore this marks the beginning of representational thought

Max Weber

understanding the connection between social processes and interaction attempted to describe and understand social action

have nots vs haves

unequal distribution in power, resources, money, prestige can make the haves and have nots have nots may develop a negative attitude toward the haves based on jealously haves may develop a negative attitude toward the have nots as a defense mechanism to justify the fact that they have more

middle class

upper middle and lower upper middle successful business ad professional people middle middle unable to achieve the upper middle because of educational and economic shortcomings lower middle skilled and semi skilled workers with fewer luxuries

crystalized intelligence

use of learned skills and knowledge peaks in middle adulthood

characteristic institution

use to be a kin/clan/sib urban cities have now become centers of trade and commerce - turning into a bureaucracy

splitting

used as a self defense mechanism in borderline personality disorder the person will view others either as all good or all bad

dramaturgical approach

used by Erving Goffman to describe impression management used the metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations and their role to the script front stage and the back stage

client centered/person centered/ non-directive therapy

used by carl rogers doesn't give a diagnosis/give solutions helps the client reflect on its own problems, make choices, generate solutions and take positive actions and determine his own destiny originator of the concept of the ideal self

methadone

used for a treatment option when someone is addicted to an opioid it is a long acting opioid with a lower risk of an overdose

token economies

used in inpatient therapeutic settings positive behavior is rewarded with tokens and privileges treats or other reinforcements goes with the behaviorist perspective of personality

controlled effortful processing

used when maintaining undivided attention on a task usually used for new or complex actions

availability heuristic

used when we try to decide how likely something is when this is used we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances are imagined usually leads to the correct decision imagine how many words start with letter k verse words that have K as the third letter we are so use to thinking of words in terms of their first letter - lead us down the wrong path the mcat has answers that were in the passage but do not truly answer the question - if the students do not truly problem solve they are likely to pick the answer still stated in the passage due to this heuristic

endocrine system

uses chemical messengers : hormones slower than the nervous system because the hormones have to travel through the blood to their final destination

punishment

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior always involved the *reduction* of a behavior

non-dominant hemisphere

usually the right associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing take pieces of the image and assembles them into a holistic picture less role in language is more sensitive to the tone of the language recognized others moods depending on visual and auditory cues which adds to communication interprets the language due to the tone it was given in

dominate hemisphere

usually they left (regardless of handyness) analytic in functioning making it well suited for managing details language, logic, math skills are all located in the dominant hemisphere Broca's area and Wernicke's area are primarily driven by the dominant hemisphere takes in language to analyze its content

humanistic perspective of personality

value of individuals and take a more person centered approach describe the ways in which healthy people strive toward self realization usually associated with *Gestalt therapy*

junction between stapes and the oval window

very similar to thermodynamic gas piston system however fluids are not as compressible as gas thus that is why the round window must be present to allow the perilymph in the cochlea to actually move back and forth with the stapedial footplate

deviance

violation of norms/rules/expectations within a society strongly negative connotations any act that goes against social norm can refer to anything ranging in severity - walking or murder some say it is necessary to obtain social order gives a clear perception of social norms and acceptable boundaries encourages unity within society can promote a social change

flat affect

virtually no signs of the emotional expression type of disturbance of affect

locus of control

way we characterize the influences in our lives can be internal or external

fundamental attribution error

we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions especially in a negative context

short term memory

we do pay attention to some of the information that we are presented with - that goes into this type of memory housed in the hippocampus which is also responsible for turning short term memory into long term memory only lasts about 30 seconds without rehearsal limited in capacity to seven items that can be in your short term memory = 7(+-)2 rule can be maintained by extended in duration by clustering or maintained by rehearsal

synaptic pruning

weak neural connections are broken while the stronger connections are heightened - increasing the efficiency of the brain to access the information

social institutions

well established social structure that dictates certain patterns of behavior or relationships are accepted fundamental parts of culture regulate the behavior of individuals in core areas of society ex education family religion government economy medicine

frontal lobe

what truly allows us to navigate in the world lets us get instantaneous reward and delayed gratification controls the production of language to communicate ideas helps us coordinate our thinking by deciding which stimuli deserve our attention disproportionately large in our species

identity shift effect

when an individuals harmony is disrupted by a threat of rejection... the individual will try and conform to the norms of the group but through that change the individual will experience internal conflict because the behavior is outside their own norm to eliminate this internal conflict they will change their identity to an identity that is better correlated to the new behavior highlights the bigger theme of cognitive dissonance

scalae

when given the cross section (circular) of the cochlea there are three parts of the cochlea the outside scalae contains the perilymph and the inner scalae contains the endolymph

attribute substitution

when individuals must make a judgment that is complex, but instead substitute a simpler solution or use a heuristic might address a different solution or scenario without even knowing that the substitution has been made sphere inside a cube most people envision a circle inside a rectangle said the volume was 75% but that is actually a lot bigger than when there is a sphere inside 50% also done with optical illusions

retroactive interference

when new information causes the forgetting of old information school teachers cannot recall the students from last year because they are trying to remember the newer students names why best to study about an hour before falling asleep

polygamy

when one individual has multiple relationships with the opposite sex

control stressor

when one is more control of their setting they have a reduction in stress nursing home - when able to have more control over their daily activities they were found to be more happy and positive

spreading activation

when one node is activated by seeing a word/object other nodes are activated unconsciously idea of the brain holding memories in a semantic network

neuroplasticity

when our brains develop neural connections form rapidly in response to a stimuli children's brains are so "plastic" they can reorganize upon injury - when they have their hemispheres removed to prevent seizers the other hemispheres will grow and take over those functions

deja vu

when seeing something for the first time we expect to relay on bottom up processing - however the mind can find that it recognizes details more quickly more like top down processing and we are searching for a reason of this recognition

physiological response of emotion

when something first happens - arousal is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system changes in : heart beat breathing blood pressure

conduction aphasia

when the arcuate fascicles is damaged both speech conduction and comprehension is intact the patient is unable to repeat something that has been said because the connection between the two regions have been lost this is very rare

shaken baby syndrome

when the baby was shaken too much causes slowed cognitive function because there is trauma to the brain

central sleep apnea

when the brain fails to send signals to the diaphragm to breathe during sleep

contralaterally

when the cerebral hemisphere communicate with the other cerebral hemisphere ex. motor neurons on the left side of the brain activate movements on the left side of the brain

accommodation

when the ciliary muscles in the ciliary body contracts under parasympathetic nervous system which then pull on the suspensory ligaments which then change the shape of the lens

extinction of a conditioned stimulus

when the conditioned stimulus is not used for a while bell not rung

autonomic processing

when the information is gained and stored into memory without effort

automatic processing

when the information is gained and stored into memory without effort permits the brain to focus on other tasks with divided attention does not allow for innovation or rapid response to change used for less critical stimuli in divided attention also used for famililar or repetative actions ex. allows us to drive a car

secondary circular reactions

when the manipulation of something is not found on the body ex. throwing toys from a high chair repeatedly repeated because the child gets a reaction from the child (picking up the toy)

false memories

when the memory was altered by our thoughts that it actually did not happen confabulation is an example of creating these

neurulation

when the octoderm overlaying the notocords begins to furrow and forms the neural groove surrounded by the neural folds

la belle indifferece

when the person becomes un concerned with a symptom in a conversion disorder

correct negatives

when the subject correctly identifies that no signal was given signal not present no

misses

when the subject fails to perceive a given signal in the signal detection experiment signal present no

false alarms

when the subject seems to perceive a signal when non was given in the signal detection experiment signal not present yes

expressive aphasia

when there is damage to broca's area and the person can understand language but cannot speak it "mehhhhshhhhhllhhehhhhhsjjjjj"

receptive aphasia

when there is damage to wernicke's area and the person can speak but has no language comprehension they will speak nonsensical words they think they are speaking coherently and perfectly well but the people around them will have no comprehension of their random words they lose syntax! "I ground far to get Adam can lollipop"

representational thought

where the child has begun to create a mental representation of external objects and events object permanence starts this

optic disk

where the optic nerve leaves the eye considered the blind spot there are no photoreceptors there

precentral gyrus

where the primary motor cortex is just in front of the central sulcus

cultural relativism

while one group may follow a given set of rules that are different, one doesn't perceive those as superior or ins superior - just different

five ethics model

white black asian latino native american used by the United States Census Bureau and National Institutes of Health (NIH) over-reliance on this can lead to intersectionality to avoid this people are pushing a model that recognizes a state of hyperdiversity

mores

widely observed norms customs conventions

basic anxiety

with bad parenting that can cause vulnerability and helplessness vulnerability and helplessness is this

self efficacy depression experiment

with dogs three groups group 1: dogs attached to harness group 2: dogs attached to harness and subjected to a painful electric shock - but could stop it by pressing a lever group 3: dogs attached to harness and subjected to the electrical shock but had no power over the matter dogs in the first two groups recovered from the experiment third group soon stopped trying to escape the shock - and acted helpless to avoid the pain even when given experiences to avoid being shocked only when they were forcibly taken out of their cage did they try and avoid the shock once more demonstrates learned helplessness

gender and emotional expression/detection

women are better at detecting subtle differences in emotion women are expected to express anger less often in public then males men are expected to express sadness less often in public than females

glass ceiling

women have a more difficult time attaining a top level administrative within a company can see the positions but a physical wall blocking them

1896 article

written by john dewey seen as the starter of functionalism criticized the concept of reflex arc