MCAT Psychology & Sociology - Exam Questions

Based on the results in Table 1, students may be avoiding: A. the sick role. B. medicalization. C. health inequity. D. the illness experience.

A

There is evidence that anxiety might also interact with other types of learning. If the researchers from the passage discover a line of transgenic mice that are unable to learn new behaviors by watching other mice perform them, genes in which cell type have most likely been affected? A. Mirror neurons B. Empathy cells C. Somatic motor neurons D. Erythrocytes

A

Which conclusion about temperament and the course of MDD is supported by the information given in the passage? A. Temperament and MDD are both influenced by genetic and environmental factors. B. Temperament is influenced by genetic factors only, while MDD is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. C. Temperament is influenced by environmental factors only, while MDD is influenced by genetic factors only. D. Both temperament and MDD are influenced by genetic factors only.

A

Given the passage information, patients with which neurological disorder would likely have the highest false memory rate? A. Epilepsy B. Insomnia C. Narcolepsy D. Schizophrenia

B

How would Piaget describe the participants in the full-term group? A. Sensorimotor cognition B. Preoperational cognition C. Concrete operational cognition D. Formal operational cognition

C

In extreme cases, some personalities are considered "disordered." How common is this condition? A. 1% prevalence B. 5% prevalence C. 10% prevalence D. 20% prevalence

C

What was the dependent variable of the second study described in the passage? A. Participants' religious identity B. Participants; political identity C. The amount of money that participants donated to each charity D. The religious or non-religious connotation of each charity

C

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the practice of cultural relativism? A. It describes the belief that one's group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards. B. It is the opposite of ethnocentrism, which is the practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards. C. It may help promote multiculturalism within various populations. D. It renounces assimilation into any new cultures.

C

Individuals with high neuroticism and low extraversion are recruited to participate in a study of aerobic capacity. All participants had low aerobic capacity just after recruitment, but a small group of them had significantly higher aerobic capacity at a five-year follow-up. This finding is most consistent with: A. trait theory. B. biological theory. C. social cognitive theory. D. humanistic theory.

D

A patient presents with a malformed limbic system. Which of the following is most likely a symptom? A. Difficulty retrieving memories B. Impaired visual processing C. Inability to regulate temperament D. Loss of language comprehension

A

According to the passage, participants with low emotional instability and anxiety may: A. have a greater aerobic capacity. B. have more body fat. C. have many friends. D. show variability in aerobic capacity with age.

A

Suppose the experiment were altered so that experimenters collected data from participants in a group setting. Which of the following phenomena would most likely alter the participants responses? I. Peer pressure II. Groupthink III. Group polarization A. I only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

A

A lesion to which of the following regions would most likely affect performance on the 'eyes' task? A. The prefrontal cortex B. The occipital lobe C. The hypothalamus D. The ventral tegmental area

B

According to the passage, second generation immigrants are more likely than first generation immigrants to experience all of the following EXCEPT: A. greater prestige. B. longer lifespan. C. greater wealth. D. higher educational attainment.

B

Many members of a given company expressed prejudice against people who have a BMI>30. This prejudice is likely most detrimental if the members of this company are: A. male. B. African American. C. wealthy. D. single.

C

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used by the government in determining SES status scores of a schools neighborhood? A. Income levels B. Education levels C. Unemployment rates D. Racial composition

D

Which of the following techniques could the study participants have chosen to improve their recall accuracy? A. Interference B. Synaptic potentiation C. Hypnosis D. Chunking

D

Medicalization is defined as: A. an attempt to control individuals by defining certain behaviors as abnormal. B. the gradual characterization of behaviors as constituting disease. C. the desire to obtain medication for an illness. D. the need to expand medical practice to include more illnesses.

B

Which of the following is NOT true about the classification of psychological disorders? A. Somatoform disorders are best explained using the biopsychosocial approach. B. Generalized anxiety and major depression are the two extremes on the mood disorder spectrum. C. Schizophrenia typically manifests as a disconnect from reality. D. Personality disorders tend to endure across the lifespan.

B

Which of the following would be LEAST consistent with the theory of multiple intelligences? A. A subset of subjects scored among the top tenth percentile in both the IRI and on the 'eyes' task. B. High scorers among the 'eyes' task also score highly on problem solving tasks. C. A subject with lower empathic scores was found to be an exceptional athlete. D. Performance on the 'eyes' task improved when subjects were presented with music samples corresponding to the emotion displayed.

B

Which statement best explains thirst in terms of negative feedback? Negative feedback occurs once: A. an individual feels thirst. B. hydration is returned to normal. C. water intake begins. D. the body is overhydrated.

B

Students in the experiment also cited the inaccessibility of clinics as a primary reason for self-medication. Assuming students in the United States self-medicate at a far lower rate, this is an example of a(n): A. health disparity and global inequality. B. environmental injustice and social inequality. C. healthcare disparity and spatial inequality. D. globalization and healthcare transition.

C

The Stroop Color-Word Test in study 1 primarily tests: A. divided attention. B. signal detection. C. selective attention. D. difference threshold.

C

Which finding would be most likely in a study of neurological features in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia? A. Enlargement of multiple structures in the brain B. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis C. Unusually high dopamine levels D. Unusually low dopamine levels

C

Which of the following might be expected to increase the likelihood of bullying behavior? A. Moving a child to a higher SES school B. Expanding the social group of the child C. Treating bullying as a social norm D. Eliminating residential segregation

C

Which of the following would NOT be true of an individual consuming exclusively healthy foods at work in front of their fit and active coworkers, while regularly consuming unhealthy food at home? A. The individual is modifying his or her behavior to appear healthier. B. This person is behaving in a way to make others believe they make healthy diet choices. C. The dramaturgical approach suggests that this person's behavior at work is not his or her "true self." D. This behavior may be the result of this individual fearing judgment for eating unhealthy food

C

Which of the following would most call into question the conclusions that can be drawn from this experiment? A. Subjects reported discomfort with the presented scenario. B. Subjects verbally intervened to different extents. C. Subjects reported IVE to be unrealistic. D. Subjects reported small differences in level of team affiliation.

C

Which processes were most likely involved in the development of religious or non-religious identities by the study participants? I. Role taking based on parental behaviors II. Imitating behaviors of out group members III. Cultural transmission of values A. I only B. II only C. I and III only D. I, II, and III

C

A study examined social functioning in a group of patients with a variety of psychological symptoms, including unexplained disruptions in memory and identity. Of the following psychological disorders, which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis for a subject in the study? A. An anxiety disorder B. An affective disorder C. A somatoform disorder D. A dissociative disorder

D

Based on the results of the two studies described in the passage, which of the following interventions would likely be most effective in addressing mental health problems among emergency room patients with high biopsychosocial case complexity? A. Improving the participants social status B. Directing treatment only at social factors C. Restricting treatment to interventions in biological factors D. Carrying out psychological interventions

D

Given the sAA results of study 2, male participants in the non-stressed condition are likely to experience all of the following characteristics after an acute stressor EXCEPT: A. increased sweat production. B. increased heart rate and contraction. C. increased dilation of bronchioles. D. increased blood flow to all muscles.

D

A follow-up study was performed to assess the influence of authority figures on alcohol consumption. Which concept would best describe abstention from alcohol consumption resulting from a ban on drinking by an authority figure? A. Obedience B. Conformity C. Operant conditioning D. Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A separate experiment presented emotionally valent images to both a control group and experimental group that was administered epinephrine and found that the experimental group reported heightened emotional responses. Which idea does this finding support? A. The James-Lange theory of emotion B. Cognitive dissonance C. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion D. The fundamental attribution error

A

All of the following could be plausible explanations of the paradox of the "healthy immigrant effect" EXCEPT: A. U.S. culture promotes healthy behaviors compared to the native cultures of the immigrant studied. B. individuals who are more healthy and resilient are more likely to migrate. C. immigrants who are older or unhealthy are more likely to return to their home country. D. culturally specific healthy behaviors of immigrants are more influential on health outcomes than conventional risk factors such as low socioeconomic status.

A

Among the Chinese University students surveyed, Western media acted as: A. an agent of socialization. B. a subculture. C. a cultural assailant. D. a socionormative influence.

A

Deep brain stimulation is a technique that has been successfully used to treat neurological problems, including Parkinson's disease. If researchers want to test whether deep brain stimulation has any effect of language impairment, which part of the brain should be stimulated? A. Broca's area B. Occipital cortex C. Lenticular nucleus D. Wernicke's area

A

If members of an office that promotes healthy lifestyle choices believe that all individuals who do not have more than 150 minutes of physical activity per week are lazy, this is NOT an example of: A. discrimination. B. stigma. C. prejudice. D. a stereotype.

A

Suppose the researchers described in the passage wanted to use operant conditioning to ensure that participants continued to look voluntarily at the fear conditioned picture for as long as possible. Which technique should they use? A. Offer participants a reward sporadically, with at least 15 picture views between each reward. B. Offer participants a reward every time they view the picture for 20 views. C. Punish participants every time they view the picture for 20 views. D. Allow the conditioned fear to become extinct and offer no rewards or punishments.

A

Which conclusion is NOT consistent with the results of the second study? A. Genetics and psychological processes have largely separate effects on the development of mental disorders. B. Social status has a significant influence on mental health. C. Psychological factors influence the relationship between genetics and mental health. D. Psychological, biological, and environmental factors interact to influence the development of mental disorders.

A

Which is the best explanation for the decrease the probability of gun ownership in SS homozygotes after fear induction described in the passage? A. The SS genotype leads to transcription products that are implicated in behavior and whose activity is modulated by a strong fear response. B. The percentage of SS homozygotes in the gene pool decreased after a fearful stimulus. C. The percentage of SS homozygotes in the gene pool increased after a fearful stimulus. D. The SS genotype leads to an increase in active fear responses.

A

Which of the conclusions is NOT supported by Figure 1? A. Prematurity may result in defects in formation of the temporal lobe, resulting in cognitive impairments. B. Prematurity is associated with impairments in cognition and may be mediated by defects in the cerebral cortex. C. Prematurity is associated with impairments in cognition that increase in severity with increased cognitive load. D. Gestational age has an inverse correlation to cognitive impairment.

A

Which of the following is most likely to be influenced by in-group/out-group identity? A. Prejudice behavior based on ethnocentrism B. The creation of shared meanings in symbolic culture C. And individuals level of extraversion and neuroticism D. The process of operant conditioning

A

Which statement(s) is/are supported by the study presented in the passage regarding treatment of HIV? I. Hispanics are disproportionately at risk for HIV infection in the U.S. II. Hispanics are significantly more likely to enter HIV care with advanced disease than people of other races III. Entry into HIV care late in the disease process results in worse clinical outcomes A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I and III only

A

A follow-up study indicated that ER patients who had been admitted multiple times in the past year, compared to those who had not, had lower levels of cultural knowledge that facilitates belongingness in one's social context. Compared to the other patients, those patients with multiple hospital admissions had lower: A. intergenerational mobility. B. cultural capital. C. social capital. D. socioeconomic status.

B

A separate study found that children from low SES families are 350% more likely than their high SES peers to have at least one parent who was also raised in low SES conditions. These findings are consistent with the idea of: A. meritocracy. B. social reproduction. C. cultural capital. D. social capital.

B

Additional data from the first study described in the passage showed that compared to patients in the other two clusters, those in cluster 2 were younger and had obtained higher educational levels. This difference is best described as a difference in: A. social class. B. demographics. C. social institutions. D. material culture.

B

After major disasters it is common for people to put themselves in potentially dangerous situations, such as crawling into unstable buildings, in order to help rescue strangers who are trapped or injured inside. This kind of behavior can best be described by which of the following concepts? A. Inclusive fitness B. Altruism C. Foraging behavior D. Game theory

B

At which task may participants in the SLI group perform well? A. Describing their weekend B. Drawing a self-portrait C. Taking a spelling test D. Taking a college admissions test

B

Based on the hypothesis presented in the passage, the researchers in this study would most likely argue that: A. apathy is explained by a biomedical model that is focused on biological, psychological, and social factors. B. apathy is explained by a biomedical model that is focused on genetics and neuronal functioning. C. apathy is explained by a biopsychosocial model that is focused on biological, psychological, and social factors. D. apathy is explained by a biopsychosocial model that is focused on genetics and neuronal functioning.

B

Children who are medically unable to produce speech, and who are therefore unable to produce speech errors, have mastered their native language. This finding best supports which theory of language development? A. Learning B. Nativist C. Interactionist D. Developmentalist

B

In a modification to the experiment, participants were encouraged to socially engage with other pub occupants while viewing the confrontation. As a result, study participants began to demonstrate group polarization. Which of the following scenarios best represents this effect? A. Though they began with different viewpoints, members of the group converged on the decision to verbally intervene with the confrontation. B. Several pub occupants suggested verbally accosting the attacker, but the group ended up physically accosting the attacker. C. Members of the group felt anonymity in the crowd and began assaulting the attacker. D. One group member made a compelling case for violently intervening in the confrontation, changing the opinion of the group.

B

Later research revealed that impression management was a significant explanatory factor behind the observed trends. This finding most likely indicates that: A. respondents omitted negative answers in order to maintain a positive self image. B. respondents skewed their answers in order to demonstrate more socially acceptable drinking behaviors. C. data collectors mediated the responses of participants via preconceived notions of participants. D. researchers framed questions that biased answers in one direction.

B

Measuring which of the following would likely be LEAST helpful to researchers who want to assess the correlation between assimilation and immigrant health? A. English language proficiency B. Choice of occupation C. Change in diet D. Exposure to psychosocial stress, including racial and anti-immigrant discrimination

B

Seeking experiences to make an individual feel better about himself or herself is characteristic of which theory of personality? A. Biological theory B. Humanistic theory C. Trait theory D. Behaviorist theory

B

The researchers were interested in studying international applicability of this study's findings. In a follow-up study, they administered the 'eyes' test in the Maori language to age match samples of Maori, and indigenous people of New Zealand. How would the results most likely compared to those of the original study? A. An age-related decline in 'eyes' performance would be expected amongst Maori subjects. B. Scores would be similar to those of the original studies control groups. C. Scores of medicine men would most closely align with those of the 'doctors' group. D. There is no anticipated relationship between results acquired from the two populations.

B

The symptoms of apathy and depression often overlap, but not everyone with detectable apathy has a clinical diagnosis of depression. While apathy can affect up to 70% of patients with PD, the prevalence of disordered mood within the broader population is: A. 1%. B. 10%. C. 20%. D. 30%.

B

What factor has likely most hindered contemporary researchers' attempts to replicate the conditions surrounding the murder of Kitty Genovese? A. There are too many uncontrolled variables that could have led to the inaction of all 38 onlookers. B. Ethical considerations prevent exposing subjects to simulated violence. C. It would be impossible to have a control group. D. Group effects would require a sufficiently large number of subjects to produce undesired cofounding variables.

B

Which feature of sensory processing may be impaired in children with SLI? I. Auditory sensation II. Auditory perception III. Cognition A. I only B. III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

B

Which of the following best describes the office of President of the United States? A. A position of power in a meritocracy B. A position of prestige in a social institution C. A position of upward mobility in a social class D. A white-collar position in a social movement

B

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from Figure 1? A. Sleep is necessary for the proper encoding of memories. B. Sleep is necessary for proper retrieval of memories. C. Caffeine enhances long term potentiation. D. Caffeine has no effect on memory retrieval.

B

Which of the following is the best example of conditioning through negative punishment? A. A mother begins spanking her son when he starts to throw a temper tantrum in a public place. B. A father confiscates his sons favorite toy when he starts to throw a temper tantrum in a public place. C. A father gives his son his favorite toy when he stops throwing a temper tantrum in a public place. D. A mother stop spanking her son when he stops throwing a temper tantrum in a public place.

B

Which of the following statements about the nature of stress is supported by the study results? A. The ANS of men and women respond similarly to strains caused by changes in equilibrium. B. Men who have repeated exposures to stress have a blunted ANS response to further changes in environment. C. The attention of men, but not women, is affected by disruptions to their daily lives. D. Continuous disruptions in the lives of women, but not men, can lead to health-related repercussions.

B

A classical twin study design would most likely allow researchers to: A. separate the effects of genetic influences and shared environment by comparing monozygotic twins that were raised in the same household. B. separate the effects of genetic influences and shared environment by comparing dizygotic twins that were raised in different households. C. separate the effects of shared environment and genetic influences by comparing sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins that were each raised in the same household. D. separate the effects of non-shared environment and genetic influences by comparing sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins that were each raised together.

C

A person with a multiculturalist perspective would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding immigration to the US? A. Immigration should not be allowed. B. Immigration should be allowed and immigrants should receive services to help them assimilate. C. Immigrants' native cultures should be preserved and appreciated. D. Immigrants' behavior should be judged by the cultural norms of their native culture, not of their adopted country.

C

A physician surveyed for the study in the passage credited her empathic skill to placing an arm on a patient's shoulder whenever they shed tears. This action is an example of: A. emotional appraisal. B. belief persistence. C. a heuristic. D. social-cognitive theory.

C

An American equestrian lover visits the Yunnan province of China and is upset when she is served horse meat for dinner. Her experience most closely relates to which of the following processes? A. Globalization B. Material culture C. Culture shock D. Demographic transition

C

Based on the data provided in Table 1, which of the following cohorts would perform best on a nutrition and fitness assessment? A. White males in a large workplace because they are more obedient B. African-American males in a mid-sized workplace due to peer pressure from coworkers C. White males in a large workplace due to social norms in the workplace D. African-American males in a large workplace due to social norms in the workplace

C

Based on the final paragraph, why are the findings of this study relevant? A. Pre-term children have impairments in cognition, especially at high cognitive workload. B. Performance on cognitive tests during school age can predict success later in life. C. Very pre-term children may be at risk for low IQ and need extra instruction in school. D. Cognitive function may be relevant to areas other than intelligence including relationships and happiness.

C

How could a theory of language development explain the impairments in the participants in the study? A. The interactionist theory suggests that language is biologically impaired in participants. B. The empiricist theory contradicts the interactionist theory by arguing that there is no reason to believe biology controls language development in the participants. C. The learning theory suggests that participants were not conditioned to speak correctly. D. The nativist theory suggests that multiple biological and environmental factors resulted in impairment.

C

If the TCI scores are assumed to be continuous, which change to the methods of measurement in the last study described in the passage, if any, would allow use of a correlation for statistical analysis? A. No changes needed; It is already possible to use a correlation. B. Dividing the subjects into low, average, and high categories for each personality dimension. C. Recording numerical depression scores rather than dividing the subjects into control, remission, and treatment-resistant categories. D. There is no way to alter the methods of measurement such that a correlation could be used.

C

In another study, researchers hypothesized that rates of depression in Parkinson's patients would exceed the rates observed in the general population. Which of the following biological mechanisms would best explain the reasoning for this hypothesis? A. Depletion of neurons in the substantia nigra leads to overcompensation by monoamine neurons in other areas of the brain. B. The symptoms of PD lead to difficulty performing daily activities, which causes some individuals to experience symptoms of depression. C. Depletion of dopaminergic neurons leads to a decrease in monoamine transmission D. One of the side effects of the dopamine precursor drug for PD is depressive symptoms.

C

Patients with anxiety disorders often learn to steer clear of the neutral stimuli that trigger the anxiety attacks. This is an example of which type of learning? A. Shaping B. Deviance C. Avoidance conditioning D. Escape conditioning

C

Suppose that over the last several million years, males in certain mammalian species have developed more aggressive patterns of behavior. Which of the following would best explain this change? A. New social pressures that affect all phenotypes equally B. Aggressive behavior leads to a decrease in transcription of genes associated with passive behavior. C. Alleles leading to aggressive behavior have higher adaptive value than those leading to passive behavior. D. Alleles leading to aggressive behavior have been artificially selected for over time.

C

The actions of the attacker best exemplify: A. institutional discrimination. B. social facilitation. C. deviance. D. social loafing.

C

The behavioral effects of stress are observed in the: A. cognitive performance of non-stressed males on the color-word task. B. Loss of sAA responsiveness and stressed males after acute stress. C. Cognitive performance of stressed males on the color-word task. D. Elevated sea levels and non-stressed males after acute stress.

C

The finding that antidepressant treatment of MDD leads to substantial decreases in harm avoidance scores in some patients is LEAST consistent with which theory of personality? A. Social cognitive theory B. Situational approach C. Trait theory D. Humanistic theory

C

The passage focuses on the trait theory of personality. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the biological theory of personality? A. Personality can be described through a set of characteristics which are stable across one's lifetime. B. Personality is controlled by specific genes on several different chromosomes. C. The personalities of monozygotic twins are more similar than those of dizygotic twins. D. The personality of a child is often a mix of the personalities of both parents.

C

What effect would the LookAt condition be expected to have on the findings of the experiment? A. It should not affect the findings of this study. B. It strengthens the conclusions drawn about the bystander effect. C. It should minimize the extent of the bystander effect. D. It decreases the validity of the findings by introducing a confounding variable.

C

Which conclusion is NOT supported by Figure 1? A. Changes in neural activation from chronic stress can lead to impaired performance on cognitive tasks. B. Decreased activity of the HPA axis can disrupt attention in such a way that the performance on cognitive tasks is affected. C. Increased ANS reactivity is the source of impaired performance on the cognitive task. D. The physiologic changes experienced in chronic stress have effects on cognition.

C

Which is the most likely mechanism of the antidepressants described in the passage? A. Acting as monoamine antagonists B. Decreasing the production of monoamine neurotransmitters in presynaptic neurons C. Decreasing the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters D. Increasing the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters

C

Which of the following best explains the findings seen in Figure 1? A. Heterozygous allele expression causes popularity among peers in adolescent males. B. Homozygous allele expression causes popularity among peers in adolescent males. C. Possessing two G alleles enhances a pre-existing relationship between popularity and number of female friends. D. Possessing two A alleles enhances a pre-existing relationship between popularity and number of female friends

C

Which of the following concepts best accounts for the strong semantic relationship between real and false memories described in the passage? A. Primacy effect B. Weber's law C. Spreading activation D. Neural plasticity

C

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with high neuroticism? A. Depression and suicide B. Low aerobic capacity C. Inheritance of the Nrt gene D. Low self-esteem and self-efficacy

C

Which of the following may be a confounding variable in this study? A. Gestational age at birth B. Age at time of cognitive assessment C. Cultural background D. Genetic disorders

C

Which of the following terms best describe the previously neutral event and associated fear after acquisition described in the passage, respectively? A. Unconditioned stimulus; Unconditioned response B. Unconditioned response; Conditioned response C. Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response D. Conditioned stimulus; Unconditioned stimulus

C

Which of the following, if true, would be LEAST likely to introduce error to the findings of the study presented in the passage? A. Teachers over report bullying behavior of louder students. B. Parents are experiencing relative poverty rather than absolute poverty. C. Parents are experiencing absolute poverty rather than relative poverty. D. School districts have been re-zoned since the government determination of status scores.

C

A neurosurgeon finds that her patient has suddenly lost the ability to understand speech. What portion of the brain did the surgeon most likely lesion? A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Broca's area D. Wernicke's area

D

A researcher asked subjects from Western and Eastern countries to complete a task assessing the fundamental attribution error. This study will most likely find that: A. Western subjects are always more biased towards situational attributions than are Eastern subjects. B. Eastern subjects are always more biased towards situational attributions than are Western subjects. C. Western subjects are more biased towards situational attributions than are Eastern subjects when situational factors are emphasized. D. Eastern subjects are more biased towards situational attributions than are Western subjects when situational factors are emphasized.

D

All of the following items or gestures are examples of symbolic culture except: A. a thumbs up. B. a handshake. C. a novel. D. a fork.

D

An individual lost his job and is currently homeless. His situation can best be described as: A. isolation. B. social exclusion. C. relative poverty. D. absolute poverty.

D

Another researcher found that patients with treatment-resistant MDD are less likely than controls to attribute their successes to internal characteristics and their failures to external characteristics. This finding suggests that MD affects: A. locus of control. B. role-taking. C. self-concept. D. self-serving bias.

D

How might a cultural relativist react to the differences in measured drinking habits between Western and traditional culture of orientations? A. She would analyze the drinking habits of each culture relative to the other. B. She would embrace the diversity of different cultural viewpoints. C. She would recognize the inability to judge foreign cultures. D. She would judge each drinking habit relative to the norms of each culture.

D

Lack of access to health care is an example of a social and environmental factor that can contribute to biopsychosocial case complexity. Which theoretical approach would likely be most useful for examining differential access to healthcare between social groups due to differing levels of power and prestige? A. Social constructionism B. Symbolic interactionism C. Functionalism D. Conflict theory

D

Re-introducing ex-prisoners into the larger society is often fraught with difficulties. Economic hardship can be the biggest immediate threat to integration into society, as ex-prisoners often experience difficulty finding jobs and affordable housing. Which of the following best describes the likely outcome of such hardships? A. Prejudice arises from socioeconomic status. B. Prejudice arises from spatial inequality. C. Poverty arises from social capital. D. Poverty arises from social exclusion.

D

Suppose a later study finds that documented and undocumented Hispanics tend to live in separate neighborhoods, and that neighborhood location is significantly associated with access to health care resources. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this finding? A. Differential health outcomes are partially due to documented vs. undocumented status. B. Undocumented immigrants experience structural barriers to accessing healthcare. C. Hispanics in the U.S. do not experience intragroup social inequality. D. Spatial inequality contributes to differential health outcomes among Hispanic immigrants.

D

The formation of political and religious identities would most likely be addressed by the work of which theorist? A. Freud B. Vygotsky C. Skinner D. Erikson

D

Which of the following are important in diagnosing illnesses like ADHD? I. Values II. Norms III. Beliefs A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III

D

Which of the following best explains the responses to PIC1 and PIC2 after worrisome thinking seen and Figure 1? A. Worry is driving fear extinction. B. Worry is enhancing fear acquisition. C. Worry is driving stimulus discrimination. D. Worry is driving stimulus generalization.

D

Which of the following has the least influence on cognitive development? A. A child's genetic information. B. A mother ate a diet of only canned tuna during pregnancy. C. A mother contracts an acute case of tuberculosis during pregnancy. D. A child is born into an exceptionally wealthy family.

D

Which stage of sleep is most important for memory consolidation? A. Non-REM sleep B. Stage 2 sleep C. Stage 3 sleep D. REM sleep

D