MCB4503 FINAL

The protein structure surrounding the viral nucleic acid is called the.... Envelope Cylinder Capsomer Capsid

Capsid

Which of the following is a disadvantage of phage therapy?

Narrow host range

Which Influenza viral surface protein(s) interacts with sialic acid? Check all that apply. Neuraminidase NCP1 Hemagglutinin gp120

Neuraminidase, Hemagglutinin

Which Hepatitis C genotypes are found in the US? Check all that apply. Genotype 6 Genotype 4 Genotype 2 Genotype 5 Genotype 1

1,2,3,4

Which axis of symmetry is used to calculate the triangulation number of a viral capsid? 5-fold 3-fold 2-fold it can be calculated from any axis

5-fold

Which of the following viruses generates a polyprotein during translation? Influenza Parvovirus Poliovirus Mumps virus

poliovirus

T/F Primary cells are cells that have been taken directly from a host and cultured in vitro.

true

EXAM 3

EXAM 3

Which of the following Influenza structural components can be targeted by available influenza antiviral medications? Capsid Antigen RNA polymerase Hemagglutinin M2 ion channel

M2 ion channel

Waning of herd immunity has resulted in a resurgence of which of the following viruses? Polio Measles Rabies Smallpox

MEASLES

T/F Herpes simplex virus can often move through a population silently because it is able to infect without producing symptoms.

TRUE

Which of the following techniques can overestimate the number of infectious viral particles present? Check all that apply. antibody-based assays plaque assays genetic assays

antibody-based assays genetic assays

Where does generation of new Hepatitis B DNA genomes take place during viral replication? inside the nucleus inside the viral core inside the multi-vesicular body free floating in the cytoplasm

? free floating in the cytoplasm

What is the mechanism of entry of Adenovirus?

Clathrin mediated endocytosis

T/F All types of HPV are equally capable of resulting in cancer formation.

FALSE

What feature of Norovirus replication contributes to its rapid nature of replication?

It has a low infectious dose

What is the first viral protein made during AAV replication? VP1 Rep 78/68 RNA polymerase DNA polymerase

Rep 78/68

Which of the following characteristics is shared among all ss(+) RNA viruses? NOTE: This does not include retroviruses. They all have relatively large genomes. They all preferentially replicate in immune cells. They all have a (-) strand replication intermediate. They are all non-enveloped viruses.

They all have a (-) strand replication intermediate.

The phase of a virus growth curve where virus concentration is rapidly increasing is called the... stationary phase burst period plateau phase eclipse period

burst period

Which of the following entry mechanisms begins with a virus binding to protein or carbohydrate coated pits? Check all that apply. clathrin and caveolin independent endocytosis pinocytosis clathrin dependent endocytosis caveolin dependent endocytosis

clathrin dependent endocytosis caveolin dependent endocytosis

The ribosomes and other cellular enzymes necessary for most RNA viruses to replicate are found at what cellular location? The endoplasmic reticulum The cytoplasm The nucleus The Golgi apparatus

the cytoplasm

T/F Dengue viruses acquires its envelope from the endoplasmic reticulum.

true

T/F HIV uses host polymerases for production of viral mRNA.

true

T/F Retroviruses differ from other ss (+) RNA viruses in that their genomes are NOT directly translated into proteins.

true

Which component of Influenza aids in lowering the internal pH of the viral particle?

M2 ion channel

Which class of viral genome can encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)? Check all that apply. dsDNA (-) RNA dsRNA ss(+) RNA ssDNA

(-) RNA dsRNA ss(+) RNA

How many segments of RNA does Influenza virus have in its genome? 6 5 8 7

8

Which of the following viral functions (i.e. steps of viral infection) can be targeted by Hepatitis C antiviral drugs? Check all that apply. Protein synthesis/Inititiation Assembly DNA/RNA replication Attachment mRNA synthesis Penetration and uncoating

? 1, 3, 4, 5

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding retrovirus integration into mammalian chromosomes? Viral enzymes catalyze retrovirus integration into the host chromosome. Viral enzymes are responsible for the duplication of host DNA around the insertion site Retrovirus integration into host chromosomes is permanent Retrovirus integration into host chromosomes is not sequence specific

? Viral enzymes are responsible for the duplication of host DNA around the insertion site

When should treatment with antiviral drugs against influenza be started? Within 2 days of symptom onset Within 10 days of symptom onset there is no ideal treatment window for influenza antiviral drugs Within 8 days of symptom onset

?Within 2 days of symptom onset

Which type of Influenza is most likely to mutate upon infection? C B A

A

Which of the following are common symptoms of Influenza infection? Check all that apply. diarrhea fever runny nose headache

ALL but diarrhea

What is the most common viral vector currently used in gene therapy?

Adenovirus

Which of the following methods can be used to quantify viruses? Plaque Assay All of the answers are correct Antibody based methods like ELISA or flow cytometry Molecular based methods like PCR

All

Which of the following statements about Alphaviruses is TRUE? All Alphavirus proteins are translated directly from the genomic RNA. Alphavirus subgenomic mRNA is made by the RdRp. Alphaviruses produce a subgenomic mRNA to generate their RdRp. Alphavirus subgenomic mRNA is generated from the positive sense viral genome

Alphavirus subgenomic mRNA is generated from the positive sense viral genome

Which two positive test results would indicate that a patient was previously infected with EBV but that infection has resolved. Check TWO. Heterophile Antibody Test Anti-VCA antibody Test Anti-EBNA Test

Anti-VCA antibody Test Anti-EBNA Test

Which of the following statements about Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue infection is FALSE? Binding of the Fc receptor plays a crucial role in antibody dependent enhancement of Dengue infection. Antibodies generated against one strain of Dengue bind optimally to all other strains. A second infection with a different strains of Dengue can result in more severe disease.. People that contract multiple Dengue infections are often infected with a different virus strain.

Antibodies generated against one strain of Dengue bind optimally to all other strains.

Which HIV diagnostic assay detect the virus directly? Check all that apply. Antigen test Antibody test RNA test

Antigen test, RNA test

Why is VSV not able to replicate its genome immediately upon entry into the cell? Because no N protein has been made, so no full length copies of the genome can be made. Because it first needs to make the RdRp. Because it first needs to migrate to the nucleus in order to replicate. None of the answer choices are correct.

Because no N protein has been made, so no full length copies of the genome can be made.

Which host cell receptor is the first one to be bound by HIV during attachment? gp120 CCR5 CD4 CXCR4

CD4

For most viruses, uncoating occurs in the cytoplasm outside the cell nucleus periplasm

CYTOPLASM

What is meant by "discontinuous DNA synthesis" during rolling circle replication? None of the answer choices are correct. The polymerase repeatedly moves around the circular viral DNA to generate numerous copies of the genome Herpes virus replication occurs at random times within a cell. Cellular enzymes will repeatedly sit down on the newly synthesized strand of DNA to make the second strand of the dsDNA genome.

Cellular enzymes will repeatedly sit down on the newly synthesized strand of DNA to make the second strand of the dsDNA genome.

Which of the following is not characteristic of transformed cells? Phenotypic changes Cell immortality Contact inhibition Lower nutrient requirements

Contact inhibition

Which Picornavirus is responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease?

Coxsackie virus

Which of the following are ways Hepatitis B viral replication differs from other dsDNA viruses? Check all that apply. The virus packages an enzyme within its viral core. Translation of structural proteins occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum Creation of the viral DNA genome does not use host enzymes RNA serves as an intermediate template for making new viral DNA.

Creation of the viral DNA genome does not use host enzymes RNA serves as an intermediate template for making new viral DNA.

Which of the following is one of the functions of the Hepatitis B polymerase? Translation Polyprotein cleavage RNA synthesis DNA synthesis

DNA synthesis

Indications of viral infection can be found throughout history. Which of the following are an example(s) of ancient peoples recognition of viruses still around today? Check all that apply. Detailed descriptions of diseases found in ancient medical records. Egyptian stone tablets Ancient laws dictating the responsibility of dog owners. The use of the word "vivum" in Latin manuscripts.

Detailed descriptions of diseases found in ancient medical records. Ancient laws dictating the responsibility of dog owners.

Match the discovery with the proper order in which it was made. Discovery of microscope Discovery of TMV Discovery of first human virus

Discovery of microscope Occurred first Discovery of TMV Occurred second Discovery of first human virus Occurred third

Match the virus with the type of genome it possesses. Ebola virus Zika virus Human B19 virus

Ebola = ss(-) zika = ss(+) human b19 = ssDNA

Match the virus to the correct illness category. Ebolavirus Rhinovirus Hepatitis C

Ebolavirus =Life Threatening Rhinovirus = Inconvenient Illness Hepatitis C = Cancer

What purpose do adjuvants serve within a vaccine? Buffer the vaccine Heat stabilize the vaccine Enhance the host's non-specific immune response Enhance the host's specific immune response

Enhance the host's non-specific immune response

Which of the following cell types can be infected with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)? Check all that apply. epithelial cells B cells red blood cells T cells

Epithelial B cells T cells

Which of the following are a human oncogenic virus? Check all that apply. Poliovirus Epstein-Barr Virus Hepatitis B virus Zika virus

Epstein-Barr Virus Hepatitis B virus

T/F After attachment to the host cell, viral capsids are not involved in viral replication.

FALSE

T/F Co-infection of the same cell with multiple viruses or viral strains leads to large genome re-assortment that can result in antigenic drift.

FALSE

T/F Direct viral vector delivery is useful for targeting hard-to-reach cell types.

FALSE

T/F Like many dsDNA viruses, Pox viruses replicate in the nucleus.

FALSE

T/F Small virions can diffuse across host cell membranes.

FALSE

T/F The HIV RNA genome is released from the capsid directly into the nucleus.

FALSE

T/F Transformation of a cell always leads to oncogenesis.

FALSE

T/F VSV generates polyproteins from its mRNA and these polyproteins eventually get cleaved into individual viral proteins.

FALSE

T/F VSV structural proteins are made by free cytoplasmic ribosomes.

FALSE

T/F Viruses used in gene therapy or oncolytic therapy do not have to undergo modification prior to being used as a treatment in patients.

FALSE

T/F dsDNA viruses cause cellular transformation by integrating into the host genome.

FALSE

T/F ss (-) RNA viruses do not package an RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp).

FALSE

Which of the following are advantages to retroviruses as gene therapy vectors? Check all that apply. Many pseudo-types available Typically only infects dividing cells Fairly large genome capcity Integration can lead to transformation

Fairly large genome capcity Many pseudo-types available

T/F Influenza was the first human virus discovered.

False

T/F Viral infection always results in some apparent change to the cell.

False

Why is the 5' cap on the Norovirus genome necessary? For host proteins to recognize and translate the viral RNA into proteins To protect the viral RNA from degradation The 5' cap has no function To signal the formation of new viral particles

For host proteins to recognize and translate the viral RNA into proteins

Of the lentivirus proteins listed below, which ones can only be made when a stop codon is being suppressed? Gag polyprotein Envelope proteins Gag-pol polyprotein

Gag-pol polyprotein

Which method of virus propagation allowed for the development of vaccines? Growth in immortalized cell lines Growth in embryonated chicken eggs Growth in the live animal host

Growth in embryonated chicken eggs

Which of the following are ways in which HIV differs from simpler lentiviruses? HIV packages additional viral enzymes HIV generates additional spliced mRNAs that dampen the host immune response HIV only packages 1 copy of the viral genome

HIV generates additional spliced mRNAs that dampen the host immune response

Which of the following is NOT a type of live attenuated vaccine? Rotavirus Measles Rubella Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B

Match the virus to its correct viral Family. Human Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Hepatitis B virus Zika virus

Human Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Parvoviridae Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae Zika virus Flaviviridae

Why do certain arboviruses like Zika virus spread so prolifically in areas with high mosquito populations? Infected people have high viral titers in the blood and can transmit the viruses to mosquitos when bitten. None of the answer choices are correct. They are only spread by mosquitos and so only those areas allow for transmission. They replicate best in warm climates and those climates also have mosquitos.

Infected people have high viral titers in the blood and can transmit the viruses to mosquitos when bitten.

Which of the of the following viruses makes individual mRNAs from its single ss (-) RNA genome? Check all that apply. Influenza virus VSV Measles virus HIV

Influenza virus VSV Measles virus

Which characteristic of gene therapy viruses is primarily responsible for long term gene expression?

Integration into the chromosome

Which characteristic of AAV replication is responsible for it's low pathogenicity?

It can't replicate on it's own

Which T cell count is used to mark the formation of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)? greater than 500 T cells/mm3 T cell counts aren't involved in the determine for AIDs 200-500 T cells/mm3 Less than 200 T cells/mm3

Less than 200 T cells/mm3

Which Hepatitis C antiviral drugs reach nearly a 100% cure rate for genotype 1 infections? nucleoside analogs NS5A and NS5B inhibitors Ribovirin alone Interferon + Ribovirin

NS5A and NS5B inhibitors

Match the type of CPE with its description. Pyknosis Syncytium formation Negri bodies

Pyknosis nuclear shrinking Syncytium formation cell fusion Negri bodies virions in the cytopl

Which of the following viruses can be transmitted by bats? Check all that apply. Influenza virus Rabies virus Ebola virus Norovirus

Rabies ebola

Which of the following viruses are currently being used for oncolytic viral therapy? Check all that apply. Reoviruses Adenoviruses Herpes viruses Adeno-associated viruses (AAV)

Reoviruses Adenoviruses Adeno-associated viruses (AAV)

Which of the following is the proper sequence of events in HIV replication? Reverse transcriptase converts HIV RNA into DNA, Integrase transports the new DNA to the nucleus and integrates it into the host chromosome and the viral genome gets translated to mRNA when the host transcribes its own RNA. The viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm, the RdRp copies the viral RNA into mRNA, integrase takes the mRNA to the nucleus for translation alongside host proteins. HIV binds to CD4 molecules and a co-receptor on the cell surface, the viral and host cell membranes fuse which release the capsid into the nucleus, the capsid travels to the nuclear membrane where the RNA is released directly into the nucleus and immediately translated into protein.

Reverse transcriptase converts HIV RNA into DNA, Integrase transports the new DNA to the nucleus and integrates it into the host chromosome and the viral genome gets translated to mRNA when the host transcribes its own RNA.

Which of the following viruses is a dsRNA virus? Rotavirus Norovirus Ebola virus Influenza virus

Rotavirus

Which characteristic of Rotavirus infection is unique compared to Norovirus or Poliovirus? Rotavirus causes both diarrhea and vomiting. Rotavirus infects the intestinal tract. Rotavirus produces an enterotoxin. None of the choices

Rotavirus produces an enterotoxin.

There are some types of proteins encoded by all viruses, some encoded by some viruses and some types of proteins that are not encoded by viruses at all. Match the protein type with the corresponding level of virus encoding (i.e. all viruses, some viruses, no viruses). Some viruses encode these proteins All viruses encode these proteins No viruses encode these proteins

Some viruses encode these proteins release and spread of viruses All viruses encode these proteins packaging of the viral genome No viruses encode these proteins lipid membrane synthesis

Which of the following are true regarding viral binding to host cell receptors? Check all that apply. Only related viruses are able to bind the same cell receptors Some viruses require a co-receptor for entry For some viruses, the receptor is the only cell surface molecule required for entry into cells Cell receptors may determine the host range of a virus

Some viruses require a co-receptor for entry For some viruses, the receptor is the only cell surface molecule required for entry into cells Cell receptors may determine the host range of a virus

What is the first step in formulating the influenza vaccine each year? Selecting the strains that are hypothesized to be present in the upcoming flu season Creating the viral strains to be included in the vaccine Testing the vaccine against new strains of influenza Surveillance of influenza infections at various locations around the world

Surveillance of influenza infections at various locations around the world

T/F All forms of receptor-mediated endocytosis result in vesicle formation.

TRUE

T/F Bacteriophage can switch between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of replication.

TRUE

T/F By particle number, viruses out number every other life form on Earth.

TRUE

T/F Cellular polymerases are responsible for converting ssDNA genomes into dsDNA molecules prior to transcription and replication.

TRUE

T/F Children are more likely than adults to develop chronic hepatitis after infection with Hepatitis B virus.

TRUE

T/F During herpes virus replication, late proteins are primarily structural proteins.

TRUE

T/F For most viruses, fusion proteins bind specific cellular receptors.

TRUE

T/F Host cell receptors are highly specific for a single virus.

TRUE

T/F Human parvovirus infection is much less severe than animal parvovirus infection.

TRUE

T/F In general, vaccines are given to prevent viral infection.

TRUE

T/F Some Influenza mRNAs encode for multiple proteins.

TRUE

T/F The cellular origin hypothesis of the evolution of viruses states that viruses evolved from escaped nucleic acids.

TRUE

T/F The cytoplasm is quite crowded, thus it would take viruses a long time to diffuse through the cell.

TRUE

T/F The lytic and lysogenic cycles for bacteriophage begin in the same way but have different outcomes.

TRUE

T/F Unlike ss(-) RNA viruses, the mRNA of Reoviruses are full length copies of the viral genome.

TRUE

T/F ssDNA viruses are unique in that the whole viral particle can enter the nucleus.

TRUE

Why are Influenza mRNAs unable to be used as templates for making new viral genomes? The intergenic regions prevent full transcription of the genome. The genome segments are coiled and so cannot be fully unwound by the polymerase. The 3' end falls approximately 20 nucleotides short. The 5' end of the mRNA has a host derived sequence attached.

The 3' end falls approximately 20 nucleotides short. The 5' end of the mRNA has a host derived sequence attached.

Which of the following highlights a primary difference between the replication of dsDNA genomes and gapped dsDNA genomes? Both genomes contain dsDNA and so there are no differences in their replication. The gapped genomes use mRNA as the template for generating new copies of the viral genome Only the gapped genomes uses viral enzymes in copying of the genome. The gapped genomes can be directly converted into mRNA.

The gapped genomes use mRNA as the template for generating new copies of the viral genome

Which of the following are a reason that ssDNA viruses rely heavily on the use of host cellular enzymes? Their viral genomes are so small they don't encode many replication proteins. All of the answer choices are correct Some of the enzymes they encode are not functional. They migrate to the nucleus and so can't use cytoplasmic proteins

Their viral genomes are so small they don't encode many replication proteins.

Which of the following are NOT a characteristic of viral nucleic acids? They can be double stranded or single stranded They are used to classify viruses They are stored in the capsid or nucleocapsid They are always linear

They are always linear

In which ways are Rotavirus and Influenza virus similar? Check all that apply. They both primarily infect children. They can both undergo reassortment and make new viral strains when multiple viruses infect the same cell. They both have ssRNA genomes There are commercially available vaccines for both viruses. They both have segmented genomes.

They can both undergo reassortment and make new viral strains when multiple viruses infect the same cell. There are commercially available vaccines for both viruses. They both have segmented genomes.

Which of the following is a reason that pox viruses have very large genomes? They infect large cells. None of the answer choices are correct. They replicate in the cytoplasm and so must encode many of their own polymerases The cause latent infection so they need two sets of genes.

They replicate in the cytoplasm and so must encode many of their own polymerases

T/F Symptoms of disease can be the result of viral replication or the host response to viral infection.

True

Which Ebola virus proteins are involved in blocking the host immune response? Integrin VP 24 VP 40 VP 1

VP 24, VP 40

Which of the following is a difference between VSV and Influenza virus? Check all that apply. The VSV genome is unimolecular while the Influenza genome is segmented. Only VSV mRNAs are capped and polyadenylated. VSV replicates in the cytoplasm, while Influenza replicates in the nucleus. VSV makes one long mRNA while influenza virus makes individual mRNAs Only VSV uses an N protein to aid in production of a full length (+) RNA.

VSV replicates in the cytoplasm, while Influenza replicates in the nucleus. The VSV genome is unimolecular while the Influenza genome is segmented. Only VSV mRNAs are capped and polyadenylated.

Match the term with its proper definition. Viral Pathogenesis Infection Disease

Viral Pathogenesis = viral infection leads to disease Infection = virus enters a cell and replicates Disease = symptomatic impact of viral replication

Which of the following statements explains why viruses are only able to multiply in living cells? Virus do not possess the necessary components for self-replication. DNA is only able to replicate inside living cells. Viruses are too small in size to multiply outside living cells Their binary fission is controlled by host cell genes

Virus do not possess the necessary components for self-replication.

What would be the result if the agarose overlay step in a plaque assay was not performed? Viruses would move through out the culture and defined plaques will not form. Nothing would happen. This is not a critical step. The cells in the culture dish will die. Viruses do not have access to nutrients and therefore will not replicate.

Viruses would move through out the culture and defined plaques will not form.

Match the virus with its mode of transmission. Zika Virus Ebola virus Rabies virus

Zika Virus Mosquito transmission Ebola virus Contact with bodily fluids containing the virus Rabies virus Animal bites

Viral envelopes are typically derived from..... cellular membranes the nucleosome synthesis of new viral proteins the viral capsid

cellular membranes

Which type of infection is characterized by rapid increase in virus concentration that is maintained at a high level for the life of the host? slow infection acute infection chronic infection latent infection

chronic infection

What type of viral genome is found in bacteriophage lambda? dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA ss (+) RNA

dsDNA

exam 2

exam 2

Which phase of Measles infection is characterized by a red, blotchy rash that starts at the head and spreads to the extremities? prodromal phase exanthem phase enanthem phase

exanthem phase

T/F All +RNA is mRNA.

false

T/F During viral infection, the viral genome is copied before the viral mRNA is translated.

false

T/F Retroviruses only package one copy each of the Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase and Protease enzymes.

false

T/F Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases can only convert (-) RNA into (+) RNA.

false

Viral proteins are responsible for conversion of ssDNA genomes into dsDNA prior to transcription.

false

Which of the following virus families are being developed as an oncolytic virus to treat cancer? Check all that apply. Picornavirus Filovirus Bunyavirus Hepadnavirus Rhabdovirus

guess!!!

Which viral shape is most optimized for storing the viral genome? none of these both of these icosahedral helical

icosahedral

Where inside the cell does production of Hepatitis B RNA occur? in the cytoplasm inside the nucleus within the viral core

in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is a function of some of the early proteins produced by Pox viruses? inducing proliferation of neighboring host cells induce membrane ruffling counteract host immune defense mechanisms stop cellular translation

inducing proliferation of neighboring host cells

Which of the following is the most common means of entry for varicella virus? fecal-oral transmission transmission from mother to child during childbirth contact with a chicken pox lesion inhalation of respiratory droplet

inhalation of respiratory droplet

Which event induces fusion of the Influenza envelope with the endosomal membrane to release the viral genome into the cytoplasm? fusion with the lysosome none of the answers are correct cleavage of the viral attachment protein lowering of the endosomal pH

lowering of the endosomal pH

Which component of Hepatitis C provides us with multiple drug targets for antiviral drugs? envelope proteins non-structural proteins structural proteins

non-structural proteins

How is Hepatitis B virus transported through the cell to the nucleus after entry? none. the virus is not transported to the nucleus. inside an lysosome by microtubules by proton motive force

none. the virus is not transported to the nucleus.

At an MOI=10, which of the following statements is correct? on average, approximately 10 viruses were added per 1 target cell there will be no eclipse period in the growth curve on average, approximately 1 virus was added per 10 target cells there will be multiple burst periods

on average, approximately 10 viruses were added per 1 target cell

Which two viruses provide excellent examples for how vaccines are able to dramatically reduce disease in a population?

poliovirus and measles virus

Which cellular characteristic is often used to diagnose infection with Rabies virus? presence of negri bodies cell rounding syncytia formation cell lysis

presence of negri bodies

During viral replication, all viral genomes serve as the starting point for which two processes? production of viral proteins and synthesis of new viral genomes regulating cell homeostasis and shutting down host machinary transcription and host genome editing synthesis of host proteins and replication of viral genomes

production of viral proteins and synthesis of new viral genomes

For which type of RNA containing virus do all viruses within the group replicate in the nucleus? ss(+) RNA viruses dsRNA viruses retroviruses ss(-) RNA viruses

retroviruses

In which cell type do herpes viruses set up latent infection? red blood cells sensory neurons epithelial cells hepatocytes

sensory neurons

The key discovery made from Ivanovsky's filtration experiments was.... none of the answer choices are correct. something small than a bacterium was the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease. viruses contained nucleic acid as the genetic material. viruses required host cells in order to replicate.

something small than a bacterium was the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease.

Which of the following symptoms are characteristic of early stages of Ebola virus infection? Check all that apply. sneezing arthritis stomach pain fever muscle pain

stomach pain muscle pain fever

A cell that has a functional receptor for a virus but may or may not support viral replication is called _____. infected promiscuous susceptible resistant

susceptible

What is the name of the collection of proteins found beneath the envelope but outside of the capsid of Herpes viruses? Tegument Core structure Capsid superstructure Sub-viral particle

tegument

During a latent infection which phase of infection is associated with overt symptoms? Check all that apply. Latent viruses don't cause symptomatic infection. the latent phase the reactivation phase the acute phase

the reactivation phase the acute phase

What is the name of the HSV enzyme that modifies the pro-drug acyclovir to make it functionally active? thymidine kinase elongase integrase peptidase

thymidine kinase

A person acquiring a viral infection after being bitten by a mosquito is an example of what type of transmission? zoonotic transmission vertical transmission horizontal transmission

zoonotic