MDST 1002 - Intro to Social Media Final Exam

asynchronous communication:

exchanges in which participants do not interact at the same time.

algorithms:

executable programs or formulas that take data and output particular aggregate or calculated results.

networks:

Connections of individuals and groups connected to other groups and individuals through which communication flows

political economy:

an approach to understanding media that considers how texts are shaped by ownership trends, government regulation, and market forces.

meme:

an element of a culture or system of behavior that may be considered to be passed from one individual to another by nongenetic means, especially imitation.

privacy:

an expected interpersonal boundary between individuals.

structuration:

a concept that says the larger patterns we see in media are created and structured by the behavior and interactions of individuals.

public:

a discursive space in which individuals and groups congregate to discuss matters of mutual interest, and, where possible, to reach common judgment.

interpersonal communication:

a form of communication typically between two people (often in-person) and assumed to be practiced in assumed privacy.

self-presentation theory:

argues that we are always presenting ourselves for a perceived audience

dramaturgical theory of self:

argues that we are always putting on a mask, performing different roles or selves on a "stage" with "props" for an intended audience.

stereotype:

a mental pattern or "image label" which simplifies and generalizes about a people or minority or trait

conversational analysis

a method used by linguistics to study how extralinguistic cues affect communication.

newbie:

a new user in an online community who may not have learned the norms of the culture

status:

a person's standing within a social group

social media:

a practice, or set of practices, for using media socially

network analysis

a research method that looks at connections between people online.

subculture:

a smaller grouping within a culture that shares norms and values

platform:

a system that coordinates the interactions between two or more groups of people.

Web 2.0:

a term used to differentiate the collective production tendencies in networked communication from the more institutional-focused mass communication models.

role theory:

a theory arguing that people inhabit different roles containing social and cultural norms that influence their behavior.

signaling theory:

a theory that argues we are always giving off social signals, whether we are aware of them or not.

disinhibition

describes unrestrained or impulsive behavior without regard for social norms or consequences.

flaming:

digital interaction that is hostile, intended to insult, provoke or rebuke

communitarian values:

emphasize freedom of expression in relation to the group or community as a whole

libertarian values:

emphasize individual freedom of expression

troll:

individual who baits and provokes other group members, often with the result of drawing them into fruitless argument to disrupt the stated purposes of the group

inattentive skeptics:

less informed, and are pessimistic that truth can be identified

content analysis:

methods that collect, measure and analyze text or visual data for quantitative patterns.

reach:

metric measuring the number of people exposed to an advertisement or online content.

two-faced racism:

observations that racist discourse is more prevalent in someone's social media speech than in their offline speech

community:

orthodox/traditional understanding based on notion of social interactions among a set of persons who know each other; more contemporary understandings no longer define communities by locality, but rather shared subcultures, including work-oriented communities of practice

affordances:

our sense that objects have implied uses.

social network sites:

platforms that A) allow users to construct a profile, B) articulates a list of other users with whom someone is connected, C) allows users to see connections beyond their own network.

counterpublics:

publics that form in opposition to dominant cultural norms and values.

blog:

short for weblog, a reverse order chronological entry system for presenting text and media posts.

conventions:

social agreement on how social interactions should occur.

attention economy

social media commodification (monetary value) of people's attention, allowing corporations and individuals to make money off of likes, views, clicks, etc.

hate speech:

speech that attacks, threatens or insults a person or group based on race, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or other traits.

machine learning:

the predictive algorithms that lets software use data to predict choices for customers.

representation:

the presentation of a group that contains meaning about the traits or interpretations of the identities of individuals of that group.

ideal self:

the self we hope to project by emphasizing positive aspects while deemphasizing negative aspects.

discourse:

the system of ideas and practices that frame individual behaviors and communications

diagonal integration:

the tendency for corporations to extend their holdings into new sectors.

online disinhibition effect

the tendency to experience disinhibition because of the effects of computer mediated communication.

use value:

the value a commodity has to the individual who possesses it

exchange value:

the value of compensation through sale or exchange of a commodity

posthuman theory:

theories that see technology and human bodies increasingly intertwined, challenging the boundaries of each.

search engine optimization:

using design principle to enhance search engine retrival scores.

Vertical integration:

when a company expands to gain control over production and distribution functions

crowdsourcing:

when collaboration among a collective produces solutions to a problem or creates knowledge.

prosumption:

when consumers become increasingly adept at fulfilling their own needs, primarily with technology.

context collapse:

when two or more social worlds collide

confirmation bias:

when users seek out information from sources with which they tend to share ideological agreement.

genre:

"a particular set of conventions within a form" (Humphrey 32)

form:

"the type of media that results from a particular technology" (Humphrey 31)

mass communication:

A form of communication to reach a larger, diverse, and spread out group of people, typically associated with major networks of news and entertainment.

technology:

A material configuration that allows for the production or reception of media

gender:

A social role a person performs as part of their identity

uses and gratifications theory:

A theory that assumes individuals differences and rewards drive people to make a variety of individual decisions about what media to consume and how to use it.

media ecology:

The argument that media, a mode of communication, impacts the behavior and thus the structure of institutions, social practices, and human cognition.

technological determinism:

The belief that technology shapes human communication.

interpellation:

The effect on feelings and identity one experiences from being called certain names and categories

synchronous communication:

communication occurring while participants are co-present during the exchange.

modal community:

community defined by shared interests, friendships, bridge-building, child-rearing, and cultural pursuits

social capital:

connections to people (status) that serves as a resource for an individual.

participatory culture:

means that audiences participate not only in consuming cultural products but also in producing them (Jenkins, 2006).

netnography:

online ethnography, where a researcher participates and observes online behaviors within a community.

glocalized:

people are involved in both local and long-distance relationships

knowledgeable optimists:

people who (believe they) are informed, and believe that it is possible to find the truth

identity tourism:

people who pretend to be a different race online than offline

parasocial relationships:

relationships in which people form emotional ties to characters, celebrities or remote individuals that resemble in-person relationship investments.

discourse analysis:

research method that looks how text matches broader patterns and structures within society, usually by taking into account the social role, position and power of the person communicating.

social comparison theory

suggests that we form evaluations of ourselves through comparison with others.

horizontal integration:

tendency of corporations to expand their market power, usually by purchasing other firms.

media richness:

the amount of sensory information transferred between the sender and receiver of messages.

cultural capital

the articulation of tastes, embodied practices, or formal education that represents the potential to advance of social class.

pseudonymity:

the association of a person's actions or reputation to an online profile that does not connect to offline identity.

sex:

the biological traits that influence how an individual constructs gender.

tie strength:

the closeness between nodes on a network

social presence:

the degree to which a medium allows individuals to perceive others as psychologically present.

heteronormativity:

the degree to which a user assumes men prefer women and women prefer men

doxxing:

the distribution of a person's private information for malicious intent.

social construction:

the idea that reality is shaped by collective understandings.

information overload:

the idea that some users overdose on information, leading to decreases in attention, concentration, and analytical thinking.

remediation

the idea that styles and elements from previous media genres are carried forward into new styles and genres of communication.

convergence:

the increasing compatibility of digital forms that brings activities and functions closer together than analog media culture.

social identity:

the intersection of how we see ourselves and how others see us

netiquette:

the knowledge of norms for social media communication.

anonymity:

the lack of verifiable identity available in online interactions.

flow:

the mental absorption with use that leads to escape and loss of time

networked individualism:

the move from densely-knit and tightly-bound groups to sparsely-knit and loosely-bound networks

net neutrality:

the notion that all activity on the Internet should be treated equally, no matter its sender, receiver or content.

frequency:

the number of times someone is exposed to a message.

corporate interlocks:

the overlaps between two organizations where individuals hold key roles in each (usually when the board members of one company serve as in executive role of another).