Meat Science Exam 1
Ground Beef
What do "cow" beef meat usually go into?
To PER BCP from food suppl
What is the goal of HACCP?
950-1500
What is the live weight rage of cattle?
90-200
What is the live weight rage of lamb?
190-310
What is the live weight rage of pigs?
Animal tissue suitable for use as food
What is the new definition of Meat?
Religious Ritual
What is the only exception to the humane slaughter act?
Captive Bold
What is the primary method for killing beef?
The Wand
What is the primary way of killing pigs?
Dairy cows and bulls (when done producing milk)
What kinds of beef do cows include?
Steers and heifers
What kinds of beef does fed beef include?
Loosen skin with a knife
What must you do 1st for hide pulling?
Dip in hot water (141* 1 min)
What must you do first for dehairing?
E.coli (in fecal)
What pathogen may get on meat during hide pulling (beef)
3
What percent profit does the meat industry get marginally?
Wholesome Meat Act
What required that states have regulations that had to be equal to the federal law?
Medium Size
What size plants are rare?
Market Hogs
What species do we dehair?
Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, Goats
What species does the meat inspection act apply to?
Beef and Sheep
What species needs a hide puller?
Sensory
What type of inspection is organoleptic?
Males
What type of pork makes up market hogs?
Females
What type of pork makes up sows?
Mega Reg
What was a big name that came with HACCP for regulations
Meat Inspection Act
What was passed that really changed meat laws?
The edible parts and organs of the carcass of a mammal
What was the old definition of Meat?
Move from sensory inspection to microbial
What was the philosophical change in meat inspection?
Farmer John and Hatfield
What were some exceptions in the 50's and 90's to the style of meat plants?
Knife sanitation
Whats extermination between every animal exsanguinated?
Older
When are cows slaughtered?
Young
When are fed beef cattle slaughtered?
5-6 months
When do they harvest market hogs?
2-3 years
When do they harvest sows?
Fed Beef
Which beef is higher quality?
Cows
Which beef is lower quality?
Cows
Which beef is slaughtered heavier?
Fed Beef
Which beef is slaughtered lighter?
User
Who pays for meat grading?
Low profit margin
Why are small privately owned plants tough for living?
1270
Average live weight of cattle
125
Average live weight of lamb
265
Average live weight of pigs
Prime, choice, select
What are the 3 grades of meat?
Cattle, hogs, sheep
What are the 3 main things included in red meat?
Carcass then whole sale (primal) then retail
What are the 3 ways meat gets cut?
Red Meat, Poultry, Seafood, Game
What are the 4 categories of meat?
Deer, Elk, Bear, Moose
What are the 4 main things included in game meat?
Harvest, Fabrication, Processing, Sales
What are the 4 parts of meat science?
Finish, Age, Weight, Amount Lean, Healthy, Bruiseless
What are the 6 things looked at when appraising slaughter livestock?
72
What is the average dressing percent for pig?
Cut carotid artery and jugular vein
How do you exsanguinate and animal?
Humane Slaughter Act
All calves, cattle, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other livestock must be rendered insensible to pain by single blow before it can be shackled hoisted thrown cast or cut
Humane Slaughter Act
All cattle, calves, horses, etc must be rendered unconscious.....
FSIS
All meat inspection is regulated by what?
hot carcass/ live weight x 100
Equation of dressing %?
Large companies buy or create processing divisions, highly specialized
How are meat plants today?
Mechanical Concussion
How do we stun cattle and sheep?
Electric Shock
How do we stun pigs and sheep?
16-24
How long do you w/hold feed before slaughter?
5,000
How many head daily of beef are slaughtered at LARGE plants?
200 (plus)
How many head daily of beef are slaughtered at MEDIUM plants?
1000
How many head daily of hog are slaughtered at LARGE plants?
9,000
How many head daily of hog are slaughtered at LARGE plants?
Random
How many head daily of sheep are slaughtered at LARGE plants?
3
How much money per person for service for meat?
No inspection
How were laws on meat industry in the past?
Large companies became more segmented (either harvest or process but not both)
How were meat plants in the 50's and 90's?
They did everything, slaughter, cut, and process
How were meat plants in the beginning (20's-50's)?
No, voluntary
Is meat grading mandatory?
Humane Slaughter Act
Plants that want to sell meat must slaughter humanely
Meat Sceince
The combination of the sciences involved in the harvest, fabrication, processing and sales of meat
Harvest
The conversion of meat to muscle
Check animals are healthy
The meat inspection act checks for what pre harvest?
Inspect lymph nodes
The meat inspection act checks what post harvest?
Command and control
The philosophical change moved away from what?
From the gov to the plants
The philosophical change moved risk where?
Pigs
What animals to we chemically stun?
Mandatory and paid for by taxes
What are 2 important things about meat inspection?
Lungs, Brains
What are 2 things in the US we don't use for consumption?
Marinating, smoking, cooking,
What are 3 examples of processing?
Wholesomeness, safety, and accurate labeling
What are 3 things meat inspection looks at?
Relaxed head, loose tongue, no rhythmic blinking, no vocalization
What are 4 signs an animal is unconscious?
minimal transport time, transport in moderate weather, good ventilation, partition holding, nonslip floors
What are 5 transporting rules?
gut fill, pregnancy, degree finish, sex, muscling, covering, mud, travel
What are 8 reasons for variation in dressing %?
Chicken and Turkey
What are the 2 main things included in poultry?
Market Lamb and Ewe
What are the 2 types of lamb slaughtered in the lamb industry?
Sow and Market Hogs
What are the 2 types of pigs slaughtered in the pork industry?
Fabrication
What do we call meat cutting?
Quick Service Restaurant (fast food)
What does QSR stand for (in parenthesis what is it)
Quality (palatibility)
What does meat grading look for?
Sausage
What does most sow meat become?
Muscling
What does the amount lean measure?
Fat cover or marbling
What does the finish on an animal measure?
Pre harvest, post harvest, facilities, processing
What does the meat inspection act check for?
HACCP
What does the new revised meat and inspection act have?
exsanguination
What finally kills the animal?
Inspected (identified with original body)
What happens to the removed head?
Steer
What is a castrated male cow called?
Wether
What is a castrated male lamb called?
Barrow
What is a castrated male pig called?
Cow
What is a female cow called that has given birth?
Sow
What is a female pig called that has given birth?
Ewe
What is a female sheep called that has given birth?
Bull
What is a intact male cow?
Boar
What is a intact male pig?
Ram
What is a intact male sheep?
Stag
What is a late castrated male called?
Calf
What is a very young cow called?
Piglet
What is a very young pig called?
Lamb
What is a very young sheep called?
Heifer
What is a young female cow called that hasn't given birth?
Ewe
What is a young female lamb called that hasn't given birth?
Gilt
What is a young female pig called that hasn't given birth?
Sanitation
What is critical during skinning?
Poultry is included
What is different now from the old definition of meat?
Removing Blood
What is exsanguination?
Hot Carcass weight
What is it called once the head, hide, feet and organs are removed?
Processing
What is it called when you go beyond cutting to add value?
To enhance safety of food product by controlling hazards
What is the Goal of HACCP?
Dressing %
What is the amount of carcass in relation to the animal's live weight
62
What is the average dressing percent for beef?
52
What is the average dressing percent for lamb?
Less chance cutting viscera
Why does withholding feed before slaughter increase sanitation?
Lower risk of BSE
Why is it better animals are harvested young?
Good grades may lead to more purchases
Why pay for meat grading?
Better bleeding, improve sanitation, reduce gut fill
Why withhold feed before slaughter? (3 reasons)
