Med-Surg HESI

Tarry stools= bloody stools RATIONALE: Thrombolytic agents are used to dissolve existing thrombi, and the nurse should monitor the client for obvious or occult signs of bleeding. This includes assessment for obvious bleeding within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, urinary system, and skin. It also includes Hematest testing of secretions for occult blood.

A client with no history of heart disease has experienced acute myocardial infarction and has been given thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator. What assessment finding should the nurse identify as an indicator that the client is experiencing complications of this therapy?

Decreased heart rate and decreased blood pressure RATIONALE: Hypothermia decreases the heart rate and the blood pressure because the metabolic needs of the body are reduced in this condition. With fewer metabolic needs, the workload of the heart decreases, resulting in decreased heart rate and blood pressure.

A new registered nurse (RN) is assigned to the care of a client hospitalized with a diagnosis of hypothermia. After consulting with an experienced RN, which statement by the new RN indicates understanding of likely assessment findings for this client?

low sodium diet and fluid restriction that reduce the amount of endolymphatic fluid

Diet for meniere's disease

look into the ear canal using a flashlight rationale: Insects are killed before removal unless they can be coaxed out by a flashlight or a humming noise. Therefore, the first action would be to look into the ear canal using a flashlight. Substances such as viscous lidocaine may be prescribed to be instilled into the ear to suffocate the insect, which then is removed with the use of ear forceps.

A client arrives at the emergency department stating that a mosquito flew into his ear and that he is hearing a constant buzzing noise. Which intervention should the nurse take first?

Instillation of mineral oil RATIONALE: Insects are killed before removal unless they can be coaxed out by a flashlight or by a humming noise. Mineral oil or diluted alcohol may be instilled into the ear to suffocate the insect, which is then removed by using ear forceps.

A client arrives at the emergency department with a foreign body in the left ear and tells the nurse that an insect flew into the ear. Which intervention should the nurse implement initially?

"Your health care provider needs to be contacted to report this problem." RATIONALE: A sensation of pins and needles or feeling as though the surgical limb is falling asleep may indicate temporary or permanent nerve damage after surgery.

A client calls the nurse at the clinic and reports that ever since the vein ligation and stripping procedure was performed, she has been experiencing a sensation as though the affected leg is falling asleep. The nurse should make which response to the client?

Increased calf circumference RATIONALE: The client with thrombophlebitis, also known as deep vein thrombosis, exhibits redness or warmth of the affected leg, tenderness at the site, possibly dilated veins (if superficial), low-grade fever, edema distal to the obstruction, and increased calf circumference in the affected extremity

A client complains of calf tenderness, and thrombophlebitis is suspected. The nurse should next assess the client for which finding?

Notify all health care providers (HCPs) of the history of infective endocarditis before any invasive procedures. RATIONALE: The client should alert any HCP about the history of infective endocarditis before invasive dental, oral, or upper respiratory procedures. The HCP should place the client on prophylactic antibiotics if one of these procedures is needed.

A client is being discharged from the hospital after being treated for infective endocarditis. The nurse should provide the client with which discharge instruction?

Tinnitus RATIONALE: Tinnitus is the most common complaint of clients with otological disorders, especially disorders involving the inner ear. Symptoms of tinnitus range from mild ringing in the ear, which can go unnoticed during the day, to a loud roaring in the ear, which can interfere with the client's thinking process and attention span.

A client is diagnosed with a disorder involving the inner ear. Which is the most common client complaint associated with a disorder involving this part of the ear?

The heart rate and blood pressure could drop RATIONALE: Applying pressure to both carotid arteries at the same time is contraindicated. Excess pressure to the baroreceptors in the carotid vessels could cause the heart rate and blood pressure to drop reflexively. In addition, the manual pressure could interfere with the flow of blood to the brain, causing possible dizziness and syncope.

A client who has been exercising in a gymnasium stops to measure his pulse and places his fingers over both carotid arteries simultaneously. The nurse exercising nearby is correct when cautioning the client to check the pulse on only one side, primarily for which reason?

Before each QRS complex

A client with a complete heart block has had a permanent demand ventricular pacemaker inserted. The nurse assesses for proper pacemaker function by examining the electrocardiogram (ECG) strip for the presence of pacemaker spikes at what point?

Banana's RATIONALE: Triamterene is a potassium-retaining diuretic, so the client should avoid foods high in potassium. Fruits that are naturally higher in potassium include avocados, bananas, fresh oranges, mangos, nectarines, papayas, and prunes.

A client with a history of hypertension has been prescribed triamterene. The nurse determines that the client understands the effect of this medication on the diet if the client states to avoid which fruit?

a prolonged ovarian abnormality should be evaluated thoroughly

A client with a history of ovarian cysts is seen by the health care provider (HCP). The client has had 2 previous surgeries related to this condition. Her HCP recommends an exploratory laparoscopic procedure for the current ovarian cyst, which has persisted for several months. The client states that the prior ovarian cysts were benign and questions the need for this procedure. Which response is best for the nurse to provide?

Bathroom privileges and self-care activities

A client with myocardial infarction (MI) has been transferred from the coronary care unit (CCU) to the general medical unit. What activity level should the nurse encourage for the client immediately after transfer?

Amiodarone

A client with myocardial infarction is experiencing new, multiform premature ventricular contractions and short runs of ventricular tachycardia. The nurse plans to have which medication available for immediate use to treat the ventricular tachycardia?

4-7 L/min

Normal cardiac output

Ear irrigation for impacted cerum removal

Position the client with the affected side down after the irrigation. Warm the irrigating solution to a temperature that is close to body temperature Direct a slow, steady stream of irrigation solution toward the upper wall of the ear canal.

Management for DVT

Standard management for the client with DVT includes maintaining the activity level as prescribed by the health care provider; limb elevation; relief of discomfort with warm, moist heat; and analgesics as needed. Recent research is showing that ambulation, as previously thought, does not cause pulmonary embolism and does not cause the existing DVT to worsen. Therefore, the nurse should maintain the prescribed activity level, which could be bed rest or ambulation.

encourage coughing with deep breathing encourage increased oral intake of water daily place thigh length elastic stocking on client avoid dark, green leafy foods high in vitamin k avoid placing sequential compression (only used for prevention of dvt formation)

The health care provider (HCP) prescribes limited activity (bed rest and bathroom only) for a client who developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after surgery. What interventions should the nurse plan to include in the client's plan of care? Select all that apply.

I will eat enough daily fiber to prevent straining at stool

The home care nurse has taught a client with a problem of inadequate cardiac output about helpful lifestyle adaptations to promote health. Which statement by the client best demonstrates an understanding of the information provided?

"I need to be sure that I elevate my leg above the level of my heart for at least an hour every day."

The home care nurse is providing instructions to a client with an arterial ischemic leg ulcer about home care management and self-care management. Which statement, if made by the client, indicates a need for further instruction?

what to do during a nosebleed

sit client down, ask the client to learn forward slightly and apply pressure to nose for 5-10 minutes

blurred vision

symptom of early stages of cataracts

Assessment findings associated with cardiac tamponade

tachycardia, distant or muffled heart sounds, jugular vein distention with clear lung sounds, and a falling blood pressure accompanied by pulsus paradoxus (a drop in inspiratory blood pressure greater than 10 mm Hg).

Stable angina

triggered by a predictable amount of effort or emotion and is a chronic condition

Unstable angina

triggered by an unpredictable amount of exertion or emotion and may occur at night; the attacks increase in number, duration, and severity over time.

Variant angina

triggered by coronary artery spasm; the attacks are of longer duration than in classic angina and tend to occur early in the day and at rest.

+4 edema

very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen

pernicious anemia

weakness, mild diarrhea, smooth red tongue that is sore

day 18

what day do you ovulate on a 32 day cycle

extreme anxiety and agitation because of sense of drowning, suffocation or smothering

what kind of anxiety will client experience with pulmonary edema

bunched up for easier application but you should place the hand inside the stocking and pull the heel out. The foot of the stocking should then be placed over the client's foot and the rest of the stocking pulled up the leg. This will help to prevent wrinkling and twisting of the stocking.

when applying antiembolism stockings make sure the socks are not...

Cover the legs lightly when sitting in a chair. RATIONALE: Covering the legs with a light blanket during sitting promotes warmth and vasodilation of the leg vessels. The nurse plans postoperative measures to prevent venous stasis. These include applying elastic stockings or leg wraps, use of pneumatic compression boots, and discouraging crossing of the legs. Clients should be encouraged to perform passive and active range-of-motion exercises.

The nurse is concerned about the adequacy of peripheral tissue perfusion in the post-cardiac surgery client. Which action should the nurse include within the plan of care for this client

Spikes occur before QRS complexes when intrinsic ventricular beats do not occur. rationale; When a pacemaker is operating in the VVI mode, pacemaker spikes will be observed before the QRS complex if the client does not have his or her own intrinsic beat;

The nurse is evaluating a client's cardiac rhythm strip to determine if there is proper function of the VVI mode pacemaker. Which denotes proper functioning?

rise in blood pressure

The nurse is evaluating the condition of a client after pericardiocentesis performed to treat cardiac tamponade. Which observation would indicate that the procedure was effective?

Use the arms for balance, not weight support, when getting out of bed or a chair. RATIONALE: The client is taught to use the arms for balance, but not weight support, to avoid the effects of straining on the sternum. Typical discharge activity instructions for the first 6 weeks include instructing the client to lift nothing heavier than 5 pounds (2.2 kg), to not drive, and to avoid any activities that cause straining. These limitations allow for sternal healing, which takes approximately 6 weeks.

The nurse is instructing the post-cardiac surgery client about activity limitations for the first 6 weeks after hospital discharge. The nurse should include which item in the instructions?

palpating for diminished or absent peripheral pulses

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client with a diagnosis of Raynaud's disease. How should the nurse assess for this disease?

"Where is the pain located?" RATIONALE: If a client complains of chest pain, the initial assessment question is to ask the client about the pain intensity, location, duration, and quality.

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client with a diagnosis of angina pectoris who takes nitroglycerin for chest pain at home. During the assessment the client complains of chest pain. The nurse should immediately ask the client which question?

A sense of a curtain falling across the field of vision RATIONALE: A characteristic manifestation of retinal detachment described by the client is the feeling that a shadow or curtain is falling across the field of vision.

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client with a diagnosis of detached retina. Which sign or symptom is associated with this eye disorder?

shortness of breath with activity rationale; The client with anemia is likely to experience shortness of breath and complain of fatigue because of the decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues to meet metabolic demands.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with a diagnosis of anemia that developed as a result of blood loss after a traumatic injury. The nurse should expect to find which sign or symptom in the client as a result of the anemia?

A red, dull, thick, and immobile tympanic membrane

The nurse is performing an otoscopic examination on a client with mastoiditis. On examination of the tympanic membrane, which finding should the nurse expect to observe?

A myringotomy RATIONALE: A myringotomy is a surgical procedure that will allow fluid to drain from the middle ear and may be necessary to treat acute otitis media.

The nurse is planning care for a client with acute otitis media. To reduce pressure and allow fluid to drain, the nurse anticipates that which measure would most likely be recommended to the client?

Elevation of the right leg Administration of acetaminophen Application of moist heat to the right leg Monitoring for signs of pulmonary embolism RATIONALE: Standard management of the client with deep vein thrombosis includes possible bed rest for 5 to 7 days or as prescribed; limb elevation; relief of discomfort with warm, moist heat and analgesics as needed; anticoagulant therapy; and monitoring for signs of pulmonary embolism.

The nurse is planning care for a client with deep vein thrombosis of the right leg. Which interventions would the nurse plan, based on the health care provider's (HCP's) prescriptions? Select all that apply.

"I should use a straw to drink liquids for the next 2 to 3 weeks." RATIONALE: fter ear surgery clients need to be instructed to avoid drinking with a straw for 2 to 3 weeks, to avoid air travel, and to avoid excessive coughing because these activities will increase pressure within the ear. The client should avoid getting the head wet, washing the hair, or showering for at least 1 week, and avoid rapidly moving the head, bouncing, and bending over for at least 3 weeks. The client also should be instructed to avoid straining when having a bowel movement and should be instructed to take stool softeners as prescribed

The nurse is providing discharge instructions to the client being discharged after a fenestration procedure for the treatment of otosclerosis. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for further instruction?

A-Fib

The nurse notes that a client's cardiac rhythm shows absent P waves, no PR interval, and an irregular rhythm. How should the nurse interpret this rhythm?

Speak at normal tone and pitch, slowly and clearly. RATIONALE: Presbycusis is a type of hearing loss that occurs with aging. Presbycusis is a gradual sensorineural loss caused by nerve degeneration in the inner ear or auditory nerve. When communicating with a client with this condition, the nurse should speak at a normal tone and pitch, slowly and clearly.

The nurse notes that the health care provider has documented a diagnosis of presbycusis on a client's chart. Based on this information, what action should the nurse take?

signed informed consent RATIONALE: MUGA is a radionuclide study used to detect myocardial infarction and decreased myocardial blood flow and to determine left ventricular function. A radioisotope is injected intravenously; therefore, a signed informed consent is necessary, NO dye used

The post-myocardial infarction client is scheduled for a technetium-99m ventriculography (multigated acquisition [MUGA] scan). The nurse ensures that which item is in place before the procedure?

signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer

Urinary urgency or frequency experiencing pelvic or abdominal swelling

polycythemia vera

a disorder of the bone marrow. It results in excessive production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Clients with polycythemia vera are also more likely to form blood clots that can cause thrombi, strokes, myocardial infarctions, and abnormal bleeding. Clients with polycythemia vera are hypertensive

Stage I ulcer

a reddened area with an intact skin surface.

primary angle closure glaucoma assessment findings

blurred vision, halos around light, ocular erythema

signs of ovulation

breast tenderness small amount of vaginal spotting lower abdominal pain known as mittelschmerz presence of spinnbarkeit-thin and clear mucous discharge

10-21 mmHg

normal IOP range

desired goal is to have the total cholesterol level lower than 200 mg/dL (<5 mmol/L). A desired LDL-C level for all individuals is lower than 100 mg/dL (<2.59 mmol/L), and a desirable HDL-C level is higher than 40 mg/dL (>1.55 mmol/L).

normal cholesterol levels

signs and symptoms of fibrocystic disorder of breasts

pain in my underarm region after menopause symptoms lessen upon breast sel exam, lumps may be detected in upper, outer area of my breasts

signs and symptoms of sickle cell crisis, vaso-occlusive crisis

pallor, fever, joint swelling and abdominal pain rationale; Sickle cell crises are acute exacerbations of the disease. Vaso-occlusive crisis is caused by stasis of blood with clumping of cells in the microcirculation, ischemia, and infarction. Manifestations include pallor; fever; painful swelling of hands, feet, and joints; and abdominal pain.

elective cardioversion

patient should not be wearing oxygen during cardioversion because it supports combustion; withhold digoxin 48 hours, and defib switched to synchronizer mode to time delivery shock on top of R wave of QRS and set to 120-200 joules and will receive an IV conscious sedation

iron supplements

patients with iron deficiency anemia need to increase fluid intake and take this medication between meals because can be very irritating to the stomach and can cause constipation, so increase fluids and fiber to counteract the side effect

fibrocystic disorder of breasts

Taking oral contraceptives and experiencing menopause will decrease the signs and symptoms of...

may need to wear glasses when driving

person with 20/60 vision

pulmonary edema

pink frothy sputum, extreme breathlessness, dyspnea, air hunger, crackles throughout the lung fields

endometriosis

presence of tissue outside the uterus that resembles endometrium; major symptoms= pelvic plain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia

raynaud's disease

produces closure of the small arteries in the distal extremities in response to cold, vibration, or external stimuli. Palpation for diminished or absent peripheral pulses checks for interruption of circulation. Skin changes include hair loss, thinning or tightening of the skin, and delayed healing of cuts or injuries. The nails grow slowly, become brittle or deformed, and heal poorly around the nail beds when infected

Antacids

pt. with HTN avoid consuming high sodium items

removing whistling from a hearing aid

reinsert hearing aid, making certain no hair is caught between the ear mold and canal do not raise volume of the hearing aid

presbycusis

"It's a sensorineural hearing loss that occurs with the aging process."

teaching points about uterus

"The uterus is a pelvic organ when not pregnant." "The uterus weighs approximately 2.2 pounds (1000 g) at term pregnancy." "The uterus weighs approximately 2 ounces (60 g) in the nonpregnant state." "The uterus is composed of 3 layers: endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium."

assessment finding of primary open angle glaucoma

"tunnel vision" and painless vision changes

phases of ovarian cycle/ endometrial cycle

1. follicular phase 2. ovulatory phase 3. luteal phase

delay in intraventricular conduction, bundle branch block

A widened QRS complex

Arterial ulcer

Arterial ulcers have a pale deep base and are surrounded by tissue that is cool with trophic changes such as dry skin and loss of hair. Arterial ulcers are caused by tissue ischemia from inadequate arterial supply of oxygen and nutrients.

sinus tachycardia

HR >100, PR interval 0.14 seconds, QRS 0.08 seconds, regular PP and RR intervals

Calcium Channel Blockers

Medication for prinzmetal's (variant) angina

microcytic, normochromic anemia

Microcytic normochromic anemias involve the presence of small, pale-colored red blood cells. Causes are iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and lead poisoning.

first degree heart block

Prolonged and equal PR intervals

Normal PR interval

The PR interval represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to spread from the atria to the ventricles. The normal range for the PR interval is 0.12 to 0.20 second

hearing aid care

The client should be instructed that the hearing aid should not be worn if an ear infection is present. The client should wash the ear mold frequently with mild soap and water and use a pipe cleaner to clean the cannula of the hearing aid. The client should be instructed to turn off the hearing aid before removing it from the ear to prevent any squealing feedback. The hearing aid should be turned off when not in use, and the client should keep extra batteries on hand at all times.

A round or oval darkened area on the eardrum

The clinic nurse is performing an otoscopic examination on an adolescent who was hit in the ear with a basketball during a neighborhood game. A perforated eardrum is suspected. Which finding should the nurse expect to observe if the eardrum is perforated?

"I have planned periods of rest at 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. daily." RATIONALE: The client recovering from an episode of cardiogenic shock secondary to an MI will require a progressive rehabilitation related to physical activity. The heart requires several months to heal from an uncomplicated MI. The complication of cardiogenic shock increases the recovery period for healing. Paced activities with planned rest periods will decrease the chance of experiencing angina or delayed healing.

The home health nurse visits a client recovering after an episode of cardiogenic shock secondary to an anterior myocardial infarction (MI) and provides home care instructions to the client. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of these home care measures?

my pulse rate should be less than what my pacemaker is set at is WRONG, call HCP if pulse rate is lower than what the pacemaker is set at because it could be a sign of pacemaker or battery failure

The nurse determines that a client requires further teaching after permanent pacemaker insertion if which statement is made?

"Low calcium levels can lead to cardiac arrest." RATIONALE: A low calcium level could lead to severe ventricular dysrhythmias, prolonged QT interval, and ultimately cardiac arrest. Calcium is needed by the heart for contraction.

The nurse educator is lecturing new registered nurses (RNs) about serum calcium levels. Which statement by one of the new RNs indicates that teaching has been effective?

A fertilized ovum is transferred into the woman's uterus. Mild spotting or cramping may occur following egg removal. A medication protocol for follicle development will be prescribed.

The nurse employed in a fertility clinic is providing information to a couple considering in vitro fertilization. The nurse's explanation should most appropriately include which information? Select all that apply.

Ambulation four times daily BECAUSE should be on strict bedrest following acute attack patient is on diazpem, diphenhydramine and nicotinic acid

The nurse has admitted to the hospital a client with a diagnosis of an acute attack of Ménière's disease. The nurse reviews the health care provider's prescriptions for the client. Which prescription should the nurse question?

Monitor for signs of facial nerve injury. RATIONALE: After mastoidectomy, the nurse should assess for signs of facial nerve injury (cranial nerve VII), such as facial drooping. The nurse should monitor vital signs and inspect the dressing for drainage or bleeding. The nurse also should monitor for signs of pain, dizziness, or nausea. The client should be instructed to lie on the unaffected side to prevent disruption of the surgical site. The head of the bed should be elevated at least 30 degrees. The client probably will have sutures, an outer ear packing, and a bulky dressing, which is removed on approximately the sixth day postoperatively

The nurse is assigned to care for a client after a mastoidectomy. Which nursing intervention would be a priority in the care of this client?

pink color to the skin flap Following above-the-knee amputation, the nurse's primary focus is to monitor for signs indicating that there is sufficient tissue perfusion and no hemorrhage. The skin flap at the end of the residual (remaining) limb should be pink in a light-skinned person and not discolored (lighter or darker than other skin pigmentation) in a dark-skinned person. The area should be warm but not hot. If the area is hot this could indicate inflammation or infection. The incision should be clean and dry with no serous or other fluid leaking from it. There should be a pulse at the closest proximal pulse point. If no pulse is felt, the nurse would assess for a pulse using a Doppler. If no pulse is detected using the Doppler device, this could indicate lack of perfusion and the surgeon would need to be notified.

The nurse is caring for a client after an above-the-knee amputation. The nurse assesses the residual (remaining) limb and expects to note which finding?

Cranial nerve VII, facial nerve RATIONALE: An acoustic neuroma (or vestibular schwannoma) is a unilateral benign tumor that occurs where the vestibulocochlear or acoustic nerve (cranial nerve VIII) enters the internal auditory canal. It is important that an early diagnosis be made because the tumor can compress the trigeminal and facial nerves and arteries within the internal auditory canal. Treatment for acoustic neuroma is surgical removal via a craniotomy. Assessment of the trigeminal and facial nerves is important. Extreme care is taken to preserve remaining hearing and preserve the function of the facial nerve.

The nurse is caring for a client following craniotomy for removal of an acoustic neuroma. Assessment of which cranial nerve would identify a complication specifically associated with this surgery?

Activation status of the device, heart rate cutoff, and number of shocks it is programmed to deliver

The nurse is caring for a client who has just had implantation of an automatic internal cardioverter-defibrillator. The nurse should assess which item based on priority?

hypotension RATIONALE: The client with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate greater than 100 beats/minute is at risk for low cardiac output because of loss of atrial kick. The nurse assesses the client for palpitations, chest pain or discomfort, hypotension, pulse deficit, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, syncope, shortness of breath, and distended neck veins.

The nurse is caring for a client with cardiac disease who has been placed on a cardiac monitor. The nurse notes that the client has developed atrial fibrillation and has a rapid ventricular rate of 150 beats/minute. The nurse should next assess the client for which finding?

"I will take stool softeners as prescribed by my health care provider." RATIONALE: After ear surgery, the client needs to avoid straining when having a bowel movement. The client needs to be instructed to avoid drinking with a straw, air travel, and excessive coughing for 2 to 3 weeks. The client needs to avoid getting the head wet, washing the hair, and showering for 1 week and to avoid rapid movements of the head, bouncing, and bending over for 3 weeks.

Which statement made by the client who had ear surgery to treat otosclerosis would indicate that the client understands postoperative home care instructions?

applying pressure to eyes, raising arms above head, bearing down during a bowel movement and stimulating gag reflex when brushing teeth

actions causing vasovagal attack

plevic inflammatory disease

avoid tight fighting clothing and avoid frequent douching

Intractable angina

chronic and incapacitating and is refractory to medical therapy.

potassium level

client on furosemide and digoxin, lab value to check is...

myocardium

layer of heart damaged during an MI, layer that chest pain comes from due to hypoxia of this layer

on the fourth intercostal space right sternal border

location of the V1 lead for a 12 lead ecg

+1 edema

mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of the leg;

+2 edema

moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly;

improving pulmonary edema

crackles in the base of the lungs

Venous stasis ulcer/ vascular ulcer

dark red base and is surrounded by brown skin with local edema. This type of ulcer is caused by the accumulation of waste products of metabolism that are not cleared, as a result of venous congestion

+3 edema

deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen

myocardial necrosis

development of Q waves

Meniere's disease

disorder of inner ear causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss

st segment elevation or depression

ecg changes indicating myocardial ischemia

Sclerotherapy

injection of a sclerosing agent into a varicosity. The agent damages the vessel and causes aseptic thrombosis, which results in vein closure. With no blood flow through the vessel, distention will not occur.

Tonometer

instrument used to measure intraocular pressure

morning, so note time of day IOP is taken

when is IOP increased?