Med Term Final

Which is the most superficial layer of skin?

epidermis

3. Which prefix means outside of?

extra-

An infarct is a fatty deposit of lipids in an artery.

false

Aspiration is commonly called suffocation.

false

Diastole is the contraction phase of the heart.

false

Hemoptysis is commonly called a nosebleed.

false

The epiglottis forms what is known as the Adam's apple.

false

The finger-like projections off the ovary are called fimbriae.

false

When the uterus is bent slightly forward it is called retroflexion.

false

Which term means pertaining to blood?

hematic

Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

keratin-innermost layer, containing fatty tissue

Which of the following structures is not housed in the dermis?

nails

An infection in the skin fold around the nail is called?

paronychia

Which glands are associated with hair follicles?

sebaceous glands

A gastroenterologist would treat diseases of which of the following organs?

stomach

Which is not a function of epithelial tissue?

support body structures

Organs come together to form:

systems

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by:

tendons

Air and food share sections of the pharynx.

true

Cheyne-Stokes respiration alternates between long periods of apnea followed by deep, rapid breathing.

true

Hemolytic reaction occurs when a blood transfusion reacts with the patient's own blood.

true

Pulmonary function tests are conducted by respiratory therapists.

true

Stress fractures are caused by repetitive low-impact forces.

true

Describe what a cerebrovascular accident is and the 4 different causes for one.

A cerebrovascular accident is usually due to the loss of blood supply to the brain causing an infarct. This is commonly known as a stroke. Cerebrovascular accidents can happen for many reasons. Those reasons are thrombus also known as a blood clot, compression in the brain, an embolus, or even hemorrhage which is localized bleeding.

Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. History and Physical

History and Physical --- written by the admitting physcician hospice --- provides supportiv etreamtnet Post - after Ancillary report - report of treamtments and therapy

The hematic system is commonly called:

blood

A prefix that means slow is ________.

brady

Which combining form is spelled incorrectly?

carcen/o

The neck is the ________ region of the body.

cervical

An allergy is a hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment.

True

Heart valves control the direction of blood flow.

True

Inflammation is characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to the touch.

True

What is the definition of an accessory organ of the digestive system? List them and describe the function of each.

Accessory organs of the digestive system function by producing necessary substances that help with the chemical breakdown of food. These organs are the salivary glands, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. The salivary glands produce saliva that contains amylase that helps to begin the digestion of carbohydrates. It also allows us to swallow food without choking. The combination of food and saliva is called a bolus. There are three pairs of salivary glass called the parotid glands, the sublingual glands, and the submandibular glands. The liver helps to process nutrient sand detoxify harmful substances. It produces bile that helps with emulsification and the breaking up of large fat globules into smaller droplets. The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The gallbladder stores bile that is produced by the liver. It has a cystic duct that connects the top of the gallbladder neck to the common hepatic duct which is a duct that carries bile from the liver into the common bile duct that then carries bile to the duodenum. The pancreas creates digestive juices like buffers, that neutralize acidic chime, and enzymes that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Describe the 3 stages of labor and delivery.

Dilation stage is the first stage of labor and delivery. This is when the uterine muscle is contracting and pushing the fetus against the cervix. Effacement also happens which is the thinning of the cervix. The women will eventually have their cervix dilated to 10 cm. The second stage of labor and delivery is called expulsion. It begins when the cervix is fully dilated and it ends when the baby is birthed. You will know when the expulsion stage is close to the finish when the mother is crowning which is when the baby's head appears. The third stage is the placental stage. In this stage, the uterus continues to contract because the mother must deliver the placenta. Once the placenta is delivered, the three stages of labor and delivery are done.

A meningocele means that the spinal cord and meninges are protruding through a gap in the vertebral column.

F

A radioimmunoassay test is used to measure the levels of radioactive substances in the bloodstream.

F

Dentin in the teeth is the hardest substance in the body.

F

Diabetes insipidus results when there is not enough insulin secreted to control blood sugar levels.

F

Dwarfism is a congenital lack of thyroid hormones and may result in arrested physical and mental development.

F

Shingles consists of painful blisters along the spinal cord.

F

TSH is the abbreviation for one of the thyroid gland hormones.

F

The abbreviation KUB stands for kidneys, urethra, bladder.

F

The breasts provide nourishing milk for the embryo.

F

The pyloric sphincter is also called the cardiac sphincter.

F

Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes mellitus.

F

A Colles' fracture is a fracture of the ankle.

False

Cancellous bone is also called compact bone.

False

Diuretic medication is used to treat urinary incontinence.

False

Immunoglobulins are antibodies secreted by platelets.

False

Osteoarthritis is considered an autoimmune disease affecting the joints.

False

The superior vena cava carries blood away from the heart.

False

Describe the difference between natural and acquired immunity.

Natural immunity is the immunity that we are born without having been exposed to any bacteria, fungus, viruses, and other pathogens. Acquired immunity is the immunity that we develop when our body is exposed to any antigenic substance. Acquired immunity is not something we are born with, it acquires over time.

A surgeon reports the details of a surgery in a(n):

Operative report

Differentiate between the three types of muscles.

Skeletal muscle: is attached to bones, produces voluntary movement of the skeleton, can also be called striated muscle because it looks striped under the microscope. It is wrapped in laters of a connective tissue called fascia, it tapers at the end to form a tendon, and it inserts into periosteum to attach the muscle to the bone. Skeletal muscles are stimulated by motor neurons. The point of contact with a muscle fiber is called the myoneural junction. Examples: gluteus Maximus Smooth Muscle: smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle and is usually found in internal organs such as blood vessels, the stomach, and respiratory airways. Smooth muscle is able to produce involuntary movement of these organs meaning we don't have to think about the movement. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle does not have stripes therefore it is called smooth muscle. Examples: blood vessels, the stomach, and respiratory airways Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is also known as myocardium and it makes up the walls of the heart. It is an involuntary muscle, again meaning we don't have to think about this movement, so it creates an involuntary contraction of the heart so that it can pump blood to the body.

Describe the different types of skin grafts.

Skin graft: transfer of skin from a normal area to cover another site. There are different types of skin grafts: Xenograft: skin graft form an animal of another species. It can also be called heterograft. Examples: pigskin Allograft: a skin graft from one person to another. It can also be called homograft. Autograft: skin graft from a person's own body

A catheterization inserts a flexible tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder.

T

A neurogenic bladder may be caused by a spinal cord injury.

T

A subdural hematoma is bleeding within the meninges after they are torn by trauma.

T

Accessory organs of the digestive system are connected to the gut tube by a duct.

T

An astrocytoma is a tumor of the brain or spinal cord.

T

Antispasmodic medication is used to treat bladder spasms.

T

Cementum helps to anchor teeth in their sockets.

T

Cerebral angiography is a diagnostic image of the blood vessels of the brain.

T

Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland stimulate ovulation.

T

Menopause marks the end of the childbearing years.

T

Describe the three layers of the heart wall.

The Endocardium is the most inner layer of the heart. It is a smooth and line layer that lines the heart chambers and reduces friction as blood passes through the heart's chambers. The Myocardium is the layer in the middle of the heart. This layer contracts and develops the pressure that the heart needs to pump blood through the blood vessels. The Epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. It forms the visceral layer of the pericardial sac. The fluid between the layers of pericardial sac reduces and friction when the heart beats.

Describe the anatomical position and why it is important.

The anatomical position is standing erect, gazing straight ahead, arms down at the sides with palms facing forward and fingers extended, legs together with toes pointing forward. This position is used when describing positions and relationships of structures in the body so that everyone is using the same points of reference. For example, if two doctors are talking about a patient's body they are both imagining the body in the anatomical position so that they are on the same page.

Explain why the pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the master gland.

The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes. The pituitary does many things therefore it is considered the "master gland. The pituitary gland secretes hormones and regulates other endocrine glands as well. The anterior pituitary releases somatotropin which is a growth hormone that stimulates cells to grow. It also releases prolactin which stimulates milk production in breasts. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is also released and it stimulates melanocytes to produce melanins. Thyroid-stimulating hormone which regulates the function of the thyroid gland also comes from the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary also releases the adrenocorticotropin hormone which regulates the function of the adrenal cortex. The anterior pituitary releases gonadotropins which are a follicle-stimulating hormone and a luteinizing hormone. FSH is also released which is what develops the ova and sperm and stimulates the ovary to secrete estrogen. Lastly, the anterior pituitary secretes LH which stimulates the secretion of sex hormones and plays a role in releasing ova. The posterior pituitary does not have as many jobs but it preforms important things. It releases an antidiuretic hormone known as vasopressin and it helps promote water reabsorption by the kidney tubules. It also releases Oxytocin which helps to stimulate uterine contractions during labor and delivery and also helps to stimulate the release of milk from the breasts after birth.

Describe the three stages of urine production. Be sure to include how each stage relates to the structure of the nephron and why the composition of urine reveals information regarding the health of the body.

The three stages of urine production are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration happens between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The filtrate is produced by water, glucose, amino acids, and wastes, and then the filtrate enters the renal tubes. Reabsorption happens as filtrate goes through the renal tubules. Water and desirable molecules are reabsorbed and they are returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries. Waste and undesirable molecules will remain in the renal tubules. Secretion happens as filtrate moves through the renal tubules as well. The additional waste products removed from the blood in the peritubular capillaries and are added to filtrate In renal tubes. The composition of urine can tell us if the body is healthy or not. Normal urine is usually straw-colored to clear and it is 95% water. It contains excess water, excess electrolytes, toxins, and nitrogenpis wastes. A urinalysis can be done to test the urine. Normal 24 hour urine output is between 1,000 to 2,000 mL. The acidity, specific gravity can vary from 1:001 to 1:030. The pH levels should be between 5.0-8.0 and there should be no protein, glucose, ketones, or blood in the urine. In a abnormal urinalysis, the color may be different depending on the intake and output. There might be a different odor like a foul or fruity odor. The urine might be cloudy as well which could indicate infection. The specific gravity and pH may be higher or lower than normal due to the problem the person might have. Protein, glucose, ketones, and blood can all be found in urine that is abnormal and it reveals that there is something wrong in the body.

Describe the three distinct parts of the respiration process.

Ventilation is the flow of air between the outside environment and the lungs. When there is a flow of air to the lungs that brings fresh oxygen into air sacs it is called inhalation. When air flows out of the lungs, removing carbon dioxide from the inside of the body it is called exhalation. External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. During external respiration, oxygen leaves the air sacs and it enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream and enters air sacs. Internal respiration is when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at the cellular level. During internal respiration, oxygen leaves the bloodstream and is then carried to the tissue and it is used for metabolism. Carbon dioxide on the other hang is a waste product of metabolism so it leaves the tissue and enters the bloodstream.

List and describe the four-word parts used to build medical terms.

Word Root: the foundation of the word, the general meaning of the word, often gives body system or part, may be an action. Ex. Cardi Combining Forms: A word root with a combining vowel added to the end. Ex. Arthr/o Prefixes: are at the beginning of the term, can mean location, number of parts, or frequency. Not all terms have prefixes. Ex. an- Suffixes: are at the end of the term, can mean condition, disease, or procedure. All medical terms must have a suffix. Ex. -ism