Media Comm Final Exam
What best describes Claire Wardle's argument in her TED talk on fake news?
how can we maintain an internet with freedom of expression while also ensuring that the content being disseminated isn't also harmful to our democracies, communities, and mental/phstical well-beings
What best describes the findings of the Tattersall Wallin and Nolin research article on audio books?
- Audio books may close the gender gap common reading (men read slightly more audio books than women) - Young men have the highest daytime reading of all groups - Avg. 90-100 minutes spent listening to audio books per day - Less reading on weekends
What are the key components of media convergence?
- Communication - Computing - Content (It erodes long-established media industry and content "silos" and increasingly uncouples content from particular devices)
With the rise of the internet as a delivery mechanism, which business strategy makes the most sense for TV networks today?
- Convergence - If TV networks could take their share of the audience for a particular show and sell them music from the show, magazines about the stars and movie about the show, then they could make more money and make content available through other forms of media)
Why did Paris Hilton NOT have the right to say the F-word on Fox Television?
- Issue: Whether the FCC provided an adequate explanation, or instead acted arbitrarily in changing its policy to permit isolated uses of expletives on broadcast television to be considered "indecent" under federal law - Supreme court ruled the monologue is indecent; not protected on radio during FCC vs Pacifica - That speech is indecent, but not obscene. So not allowed when kids are watching, but allowed other times
What best describes the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998?
- Makes illegal any service or tech intended to circumvent DRM (digital rights management) - direct and indirect liability for infringement (ISPs and other platforms are not liable so long as they remove content when notified of infringement)
Which of the following best describes the tools for media literacy?
- Personal locus (goals and drives) - Knowledge structures - Skills (consider authorship, evaluate the audience, determine the institutional purpose, analyze the content, creative techniques)
Which of the following are considered part of the recording industry's ability to reach audiences?
- Radio airplay, sampling albums at stores, Facebook/social media, print publicity (interviews, album reviews), websites/apps, music videos, using songs in film or TV. - Music, radio, vinyl records, and streaming services
What best describes Cappella and Jamieson's notion of the spiral of cynicism?
- They focus on strategic frames rather than issue frames. The article was about what Trump is trying to do with endorsements rather than what candidates policies are. Media's focus on politics rather than policy leads to erosion of: citizen interest, trust in institutions and citizen participation. - Americans have become delusional from the news media. Since journalists typically depicted politicians as schemers, they are depicted that way by Americans.
What best describes the movie industry's adaption to the current media convergent landscape?
- Through mediums like Netflix, Hulu, HBO, and amazon - The movie industry has made extra money by circulating its movies through TV outlets (broadcast networks, local stations, cable TV) - Shifting to digital marketing and online and mobile downloads.
How did the New Times v. Sullivan (1964) case change defamation law?
- US constitution protected false and defamatory statements made about PUBLIC OFFICIALS as long as the statements were not published with actual malice (actual malice = reckless regard for truth or knowledge of falsity). Made it difficult for public official to win a libel suit and broadened the actual malice protection to include public figures as well as public officials - case profoundly altered libel law and set legal precedent that is still in effect today. It's very difficult to sue someone for libel if you aren't famous or a public official
What best describes Barbie Zelizer's concept of enmity in journalism?
- Us vs. Them mentality - "defining who we are by defining what we're not" - Enmity relies on journalistic (relationship between journalists and officials; understatement, euphemism, false equivalences) - mobilization of fear, anger, frustration, and resentment is central to how populist leaders divide public into us and them; media economics drive coverage and audiences - journalists are part of the problem
According to the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) when _______ outweighs _________, it will lead to ________ control and ___________ behavior
- When threat outweighs efficacy, it will lead to fear control and unfavorable behavior - When efficacy outweighs threat, it will lead to danger control and favorable behavior
What best describes the concept of a news desert?
- a community, either rural or urban, with limited access to the sort of credible and comprehensive news and information that feeds democracy at the grassroots level - no newspaper or one one, weekly newspaper
Long-term effects of watching Sesame Street as a child were observed in high school students when compared to students who did not watch the show as a child. Which of the following was NOT one of the effects observed by researchers?
- better prepared for school - better in recognizing letters of the alphabet and telling coherent stories - more apt to read books on their own and less likely to need remedial reading help - higher grades and academic self-esteem, higher drive to perform well in class
What best describes the differences in media use by ethnicity?
- blacks and Hispanics have a much higher total media exposure than whites - blacks watch more TV than anyone else - Hispanics spend slightly more time with music, computer, and video games
Which of the following best describes the findings from Robyn Nabi et al (2009) survey of adults and the effects of reality TV watching?
- enjoyment of reality TV is positively related to enjoying para-social relationships, enjoying voyeurism, often engaging in social comparisons - people do not enjoy reality TV when it involves negative outcomes, disgust, dramatic challenges
What best describes complications surrounding Safe Harbor, according to Gillespie?
- laws were not designed for social media platforms - intermediary liability laws are determined by nations, platforms are global - reconsideration of platform liability have been spurred by abhorrent content
All of the following are reasons why we need media literacy: (EXCEPT)
- media construct our individual realities - media are influenced by industrial pressures - media are influenced by political pressures - media are influenced by format - audiences are active recipients of media - media tells us about who we are (media are harmful, media literacy will destroy my fun with media, require memorizing lots of facts, is a special skill, requires too much effort)
Black characters currently on prime-time television are typically depicted how?
- more likely to be over-represented as perpetrators of crimes but accurately represented as victims - a middle class professional black male in his 30's, one of the least aggressive characters on TV, dresses more provocative than the white characters - more likely to be depicted in stories about crime than whites - info on prior arrests more likely to be reported on black perpetrator than white - black juvenile offenders are shown more frequently than white offenders
Under what conditions, according to Perloff (1988), are negative ads effective in influencing voters?
- negative political ads have proven effective in influencing voters when voters perceive them to be fair, and when they focus on issues that are important to voters
What would best describe an episodic news frame?
- news is reported in terms of a specific event or a typical case - an episodic news frame is using case study examples or reports of concrete events. With episodic framing, the perceptions of system level responsibility decreased. Stories involving politics tend to be more thematic. - a news story about cancer that tells the story of a woman who was recently diagnosed with breast cancer and how she is is using a newly developed treatment to fight it would best be described as an episodic news frame
What best describes historical minority portrayals in media?
- not represented in media (Stage 1), minority representation but only in stereotyped roles (Stage 2), depicted in complex roles beyond minority identity (Stage 3) - racial representations of minorities were/are below population statistics - Blacks appeared in few ads, then even less, then were over-represented once it was found white magazine readers did not respond negatively to black models - Native Americans and disabled people are still avoided - characters of color normally in blue-collar/service jobs, portrayed as killers, white-black interactions shown as less friendly - whites over represented as victims and under represented as perpetrators of crime - blacks and Latinos more likely to be over represented as perpetrators
What factors can help to enhance learning outcomes for children's television?
- parental co-viewing is important factor for effective learning - content and context matters
What two perceptions of threat influence the message effectiveness according to the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)?
- perceived threat severity - perceived threat susceptibility
True / False question about political affiliation and political ad effectiveness.
- political ads influence voting decisions - people learn from political ads - people may be influenced by both positive/negative ads - weak partisans and those with little interest in politics are more affected by political ads
What best describes advertising strategies in the digital media context?
- throwback strategy to create a social experience, "event-ize" programming, use SEO - pre-roll and in-stream ads in streaming - the 6 second ad, addressable ads (allow you to connect ad offerings direct to consumers and their devices) - branded content (creation of content that is funded/produced by an advertiser; seamless, believable, merging of brands within a custom content execution; leads to higher ad recall, brand affinity, and intent to purchase than standard ads
Which of the following best describes the automatic exposure state?
- when you are just screening and not fully attending to the message -message elements are physically perceived but processed automatically in an unconscious manner. -can look active to the outside observer, but are not aware of what they're doing. (screening and highly automatic)
Which of the following is the biggest challenge for broadcast and cable television?
1. Cord-cutting/shaving (digital convergence) 2. Stereotypes in media and lack of diversity on screen 3. Disturbance on the relationship between programming & advertisers 4. Illegal streaming 5. Apple companies producing and licensing their own content to increase popularity (Apple TV) - ownership is worlwlide
What two assumptions underlie Uses and Gratifications approaches?
1. People use the media to fulfill goals (learning, compassion, arousal, relaxation, escapism, diversion, social connection) 2. there are numerous ways we can be gratified by the media (content, genre, the medium itself, the social context)
What two aspects make up the concept of realism perception?
1. interpretive process; point at which a realism judgment is made - realism as factuality (degree to which a text is understood to accurately portray real-world events or people) 2. conceptualization; what is thought to make a text "realistic" - realism as real-world similarity (whether what is portrayed in a text is like what the audience would expect to find in the real world)
A TV show with an audience rating of 12 means that the show reaches about:
12% of households with a TV in the US (that is, 14.28 million people)
The CPM may be higher for a show because it will allow you to reach what kind of audience?
A more perfect (smaller but tailored) audience
What is the myth of media pluralism?
Abundance of choice = diversity of choice - Many choices does NOT actually mean diversity of choice, because you are probably still watching the same companies.
Most forms of media are currently in the ___________ stage.
Adaptation stage
The notion that the issues that receive the most news coverage are the same ones that the public perceives as most important is an example of _______________.
Agenda Setting Theory
What is the main reason an ad targeting young children might try to look like a cartoon television show?
Ages 2-4 can't tell when a commercial stops and begins.
Research involving the Elaboration Likelihood Model has found that the ________ route is more successful in creating long-term attitude change.
Central
Which of the following is NOT a challenge to television industry?
Challenges: - finding content - fragmentation - delayed viewing
Brandon is against drinking and driving, but when he sees a PSA that portrays the consequences of having just two drinks and then driving, he realizes that he did the exact same thing on Saturday without concern. This inconsistency between his attitude and his behavior motivates him to be much stricter about his drinking and driving habits. Which theory predicts this outcome?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Copyright law allows for the Fair Use of copyrighted materials under what circumstances?
Comment, criticism, and education
The media lifecycle can be best described as
Common stages and patterns of media... 1. Innovation (technological/marketing innovation leads to new audience) 2. Penetration (larger audience begins to use it, generates a new need to use it or better feeds an old need) 3. Peak (largest audience, most popular, most $) 4. Decline (loss of audience and money) 5. Adaptation (redefine, reposition, get back in the game)
Which of the following best illustrates the social justice ethical reasoning?
Consequences ?????????
According to the guest lecture by Rachel Sterling, Director of Global Business Product Marketing at Twitter, what best describes the process of creating a global marketing launch as evidence by her Nest example?
Creative production --> GTM Strategy - r&d, manufacturing, testing product - marketing team gets involved; strategy & ops (budget and resource, planning for next year launch campaign) - product marketing (define value, function benefits, target audience); creative team (product naming and product packaging) - sponsored content production begins, digital and print versions of all ads are created, released to publishers and platforms under embargo until launch
Which of the following is NOT a global media conglomerate?
Definition: a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the internet; strive for policies that facilitate their control of the markets around the world
Why do we need to target audiences in our persuasive messaging?
Different people derive different meanings from the same meaning
Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use are often seen in movies, but viewers are not always shown the negative consequences of these actions. According to Roberts and Christenson (2000), which of the following unhealthy practices is the media more likely to show as having negative side effects?
Drug use, use of illegal drugs (ill effects of drugs were often portrayed, and drug addicts were usually portrayed as evil)
Which of the following is an unlikely effect of sexual media content on audiences?
Effects of sexual media content on audiences: - increased knowledge of sexual facts - more knowledgeable about prostitution, married sex, homosexuality, and unmarried sex - increase in negative attitudes toward condom use - more likely to approve of premarital sex - exposure to sexual content --> increased sexual behaviors --> exposure to sexual content - 16 and Pregnant & Teen Mom led to increased searches/tweets about birth control/abortion and reduction in teen births - key tension between positive effects related to health knowledge and negative effects related to promoting unhealthy behaviors and denigration toward women
A well-informed, highly educated audience will be most persuaded by:
Elaboration Likelihood Model → central route → two-sided: If motivation is high and ability is high, you will engage in central processing of an ad and you have an audience of central processors. They look closely at ads.
Which of the following cases set the standards for defining indecency?
FCC vs Pacifica (1978)
Which of the following best describes Sonnovend's main argument?
Facts never win over myths
Which one of the following was NOT identified by McLeod, Kosicki, & McLeod as a major function served by media in a democracy?
Functions of mass media in a democracy: 1. surveillance of contemporary events that are likely to impinge, positively or negatively, upon the welfare of citizens 2. identification of key sociopolitical issues including their origins and possibilities for resolution 3. provision of platforms for advocacy by spokespersons for causes and interests 4. transmission of diverse content across the various dimensions and factions of political discourse, as well as bidirectionally between potential power holders and mass publics 5. scrutiny of government officials, their institutions, and other agencies of power by holding them accountable for their actions and policies 6. incentives and information to allow citizens to become active, informed participants rather than spectators in the political process 7. principled resistance to external forces attempting to subvert media autonomy 8. respectful consideration of the audience as potentially concerned, sense-making, and efficacious citizens
Which of the following is NOT a form of False Information?
Types of false information: 1. authentic material used in the wrong context 2. imposter news sites designed to look like brands we already know 3. fake news sites 4. fake information 5. manipulated content 6. parody content
All of the following are examples of fake news, except:
Types of false information: 1. authentic material used in the wrong context 2. imposter news sites designed to look like brands we already know 3. fake news sites 4. fake information 5. manipulated content 6. parody content - Definition: An untrue story that presents itself as news but which was not researched and edited with normal news procedures of sourcing, verifying (i.e., made up)
What best describes the effects of media where characters behave in counter-stereotypic ways?
When characters are shown in counter-stereotypical ways, there's a decrease in bias
In the Forgetting Sarah Marshall clip Russell Brand sings a song entitled, Inside of You, which uses in innuendo to convey sexual content. What term best describes this kind of sexual content?
Implicit sexual content
What best describes Americans' average daily media use since 2012?
Increase - mobile (88 to 213) Decrease - TV (278 to 235), desktop/laptop (144 to 128), radio, newspapers, magazines
The 1996 Telecommunications Act did what to help combat the harmful effects of media violence?
It made v-chip installation mandatory (parents can block certain shows) and created a TV rating system
Which of the following does NOT describe the tensions of watching makeover TV, according to Katherine Sender?
Key tensions - learning - identification - gender - shame - authenticity - realism - feeling
Which of the following is NOT one of the major changes in the political communication environment, according to Michael Delli Carpini?
Major changes: 1. blurring of entertainment and news 2. blurring of interpersonal and mass communication 3. blurring of information producers and consumers 4. blurring of facts, opinions, and beliefs
Which of the following is NOT part of the criteria of Miller Test?
Material is obscene IF: - the average person would find that it appeals to prurient interest (intended to excite lude, lascivious, shameful or morbid thoughts about sex). Based on community standard - Patently offensive: also based on community standard. "hard core" materials - Lacks serious value: jury must decide. Taken as whole. Would a reasonable person find any value in the material? Lacks serious literacy, artistic, political, or scientific value
What best describes the changing media ownership ecology over the past 30 years?
Media has become much more consolidated. 90% of U.S companies was owned by 50 companies, now it's 6. In 1983, 90% of US media was owned by 50 different companies and by 2012 they were owned by 6 different companies. Companies were bought up... these are called media giants that control most of our media.
Media representations are most frequently of ___________ by ________________ and for _______________?
Media representations are most frequently of the majority, by the majority, and for the majority (even when of the minority, they are by the majority, and for the majority)
What best describes the need for newspapers to institute a paywall?
Online advertising doesn't bring in enough money to support a traditional news organization. Paywall is a barrier that prevents people from accessing digital material without first paying money. The goal is to keep the number of visitors high, while also developing a good flow of online subscription money.
What best describes vertical integration?
Owning the production and distribution/exhibition of the same media content. An organization's control over a media product from production through distribution and exhibition
Which of the following is NOT part of behavioral reenactment or modeling?
Part of modeling: 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Motivation
Which of the follow best describes licensing?
Paying money to a movie studio to make a doll based on a character in one of their movies (Definition: one company gives another company permission to manufacture its product for a specified payment)
What best describes what Nielsen does?
Provides market research and analysis of media and viewer interaction. They determine the audience size and composition of programming to provide clients with valuable insights into consumer behavior and marketing information.
According to Lou Diamond's guest lecture: Which of the following best describes the SAFE of the connecting core?
S - super why (your purpose, passion, and who you are) A - authentic (truth) F - fearless mindset (courage, face everything and rise) E - empathy (connecting, listening, and asking good questions)
If Jenny watches This Is Us and reflects on the ways the relationship between the mother and daughter characters in the show are similar and different to her own relationship with her mother, which information processing task would she be engaging in?
Self-reflexive state
Which of the following is NOT a constituency to which media industries have a duty?
The constituencies of the media industry are: - duty to self - duty to audience - duty to employer - duty to profession - duty to society
There are several "high risk" contexts that can encourage aggressive attitudes and behaviors, especially in children. Which of the following does NOT encourage aggressive attitudes and behaviors?
The following portrayals were found to be prevalent on TV and have been linked to aggression in prior research: - perpetrator who is an attractive role model - violence that seems justified - violence that goes unpunished (no remorse, criticism) - minimal harm/consequences to the victims - violence that seems realistic to the viewer
Syllabus: Which of the following is NOT a learning objective of COMM 2200?
The learning objectives are... 1. Identify the policies and institutions that impact the content, structure and distribution of media products 2. Describe the economic and structural operations of the media industry 3. Explain various kinds of processes and effects of media on individuals, groups, and society 4. Apply a theory of media effects to a media message or organization
Which of the following is an ideal business model if the long tail theory is correct?
The long tail drives business from trying to produce mega hits to catering towards niche audiences. Facing a battle to grow, a company can shift their focus to multiple niche markets that have less demand. Involves finding out what the special needs are for each of the very small niche audiences and developing the type of content to attract that audience. (The media exposure model (automatic, attentional, transported, and self-reflexive)-relying on low sales of many products compares to mass sales of a few products-more access to niches-used to focus on interests that almost everyone had and constructed messages to attract huge audiences all at once) - least objectional programming
Bleakley and her colleagues examined adolescents' exposure to sexual content in the media and their sexual behavior. What did they conclude from their study?
The more sexual content exposure among adolescents, the more likely the adolescents are to experiment with sexual activity.
The process of thought verification, or the ability of a person to perform a self-check to make sure his or her thinking is correct, is one of the "distinctly human traits" that Bandura refers to as:
The self-reflective capacity
All of the following theories help to explain the effects of violent media EXCEPT:
Theories that help explain violent media: - priming theory - desensitization theory - cultivation theory - catharsis
Which of the following is NOT one of the top five US media companies by revenue?
Top Media companies: 1. AT&T 2. Alphabet 3. Comcast 4. Walt Disney 5. Facebook
Which of the following magazines is NOT in the top 5 in print and digital circulation?
Top magazine audiences: 1. AARP 2. People 3. Better Homes & Gardens 4. National Geographic 5. Good Housekeeping
Which of the four media exposure states eliminates the barrier between audiences and the message?
Transported state (automatic, attentional, transported, self-reflexive)
