Medical Terminology: Chapter 13

-Large, blue, or purplish patches on the skin -Larger and more extensive than petechiae

Ecchymoses

-Hemoglobin Test -Total of amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

H, Hg, Hgb, HGB

ABO

four main blood types

Percentages of Blood

-45% of blood is erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes -55% of blood is plasma, a solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones, vitamins, and lipids

Histamine

-A chemical released in allergic responses

AIDS

-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

ALL

-Acute Lymphoid Leukemia -Immature lymphocytes predominate -This form is seen most often in children and adolescents -Onset is sudden

AML

-Acute Myeloid (myelocytic) Leukemia -Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominante -Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of teh bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts

Antiglobulin Test

-Also known as Coombs Test -Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

Warfarin

-Also known as Coumadin -Drug that is given to patients with thromboembolic diseases to prevent the formation of clots

Congenital Spherocytic Anemia

-Also known as Hereditary Spherocytosis -Instead of their normal biconcave shape, erythrocytes become spheroidal

Platelets

-Also known as thrombocytes -Formed in the bone marrow from giant cells with multi lobed nuclei called megakarycoytes -The main function of platelets is to help blood clot

Heparin

-An anti-clotting substance

Eosinophilia

-An increase in Eosinophilic Granulocytes seen in Allergic conditions such as asthma or parasitic infections

Basophilia

-An increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia

Unequal

-Anis/o

Abnormality of red blood cells; they are increasing and an unequal size

-Anisocytosis

Ab

-Antibody

Ab

-Antibody Ab -Specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens -An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it

Anticoagulant Substances

-Anticoagulant substances in the blood inhibit blood clotting, so clots do not form Ex. Heparin

Heparin

-Anticoagulant that prevents clotting in blood -Found in blood and issue cells

Blood Disease

-Any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood generally is referred to as a blood dyscrasia

Removal

-Apheresis

Removal, a Carrying Away

-Apheresis

Failure of Blood Cell Production in the Bone Marrow

-Aplastic Anemia

ABMT

-Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation -Treatment for Multiple Myeloma in which patient serves as his or her own door for stem cells

ASCT

-Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

Antigens

-Bacteria and Viruses

Base

-Bas/o -Alkaline, the opposite of acid

Baso

-Basophils

Immature or Embryonic Cell

-Blast

Coagulation

-Blood Clotting -A complicated process involving many different substances and chemical reactions -The final result is a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen -Fibrinogen (gives rise to fibrin) *Fibrinogen converts to fibrin

Hemoglobin

-Blood protein contain g iron -Carries oxygen in red blood cells

BMT

-Bone Marrow Transplantation

Whole Blood

-Cells and plasma -Used to replace blood lost after injury, surgery, or in severe shock

Color

-Chrom/o Ex. Hypochromic

CLL

-Chronic Lymphoid (Lymphocytic) Leukemia -Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen -This most common form of leukemia usually occurs in the elderly and follows a slowly progressive course

CML

-Chronic Myeloid (Myelocytic) Leukemia -Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood -This is a slowly progressive illness with which patients may live for many years without encountering life-threatening problems -New therapists target abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy and produce long-term control

Plasma

-Clear, straw-colored liquid that makes up a percentage of blood -The formed elements are suspended in plasma

Clotting

-Coagul/o Ex. Coagulopathy

Disease Condition of Clotting

-Coagulopathy

CSF

-Colony-Stimulating Factor -Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)

CSF's

-Colony-Stimulating Factors

CBC

-Complete Blood Count -Determination of number of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values (MCH, MCV, MCHC)

Neutrophils

-Contain granules that are neutral -They do not stain intensely and show only a pale color -They are phagocytes that accumulate at sites of infection, where they ingest and destroy bacteria

Basophils

-Contain granules that stain dark blue with a basic (alkaline) dye -These granules contain heparin (an anti-clotting substance) and histamine (a chemical released in allergic responses) -Respond to allergens and release heparin and histamine

Eosinophils

-Contain granules that stain with eosin, a red acidic dye -These granules increase in allergic responses and engulf substances that trigger the allergies -Respond to parasitic infections and is a phagocyte in allergic reactions

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

-Contains a nucleus with several lobes -Basophil, Eosinophil, and Neutrophil -Granulocytic leukocytes -Most numerous leukocyte

Mononuclear Leukocytes

-Contains one nucleus -Lymphocyte and Monocyte -Mononuclear Leukocytes do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm, but they may have a few granules

To Separate

-Crit Ex. Hematocrit

mm3

-Cubic millimeter

Cell

-Cyt/o Ex. Cytology

Abnormal Condition of Cells (Increase in Cells)

-Cytosis

Increase in the Number of Cells

-Cytosis

Anemia

-Deficiency in Erythrocytes or Hemoglobin

Diff

-Differential Count (White Blood Cells)

Specialized

-Differentiated

Remission

-Disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease

DIC

-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation -Excessive clotting in blood vessels -Occurs when patients are given blood that is incompatible with their blood type

Disease

-Dyscrasia

Swelling

-Edema

Blood Condition

-Emia

Thrombin

-Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

Red, dawn, rosy,

-Eosin/o Ex. Eosinophil

Granulocytes

-Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Basophil

An Increase in Eosinophils

-Eosinophilia

Eos

-Eosinophils

EBV

-Epstein-Barr Virus

EBV

-Epstein-Barr Virus -Cause of mononucleosis

Red

-Erythr/o

General Increase in Red Blood Cells

-Erythremia or Polycythemia Vera -Blood consistency is Viscous because of greatly increased numbers of erythrocytes -The neon marrow is hyper plastic and leukocytosis and thrombocytosis commonly accompany the increase in red blood cells

Immature Blood Cell to Mature Blood Cell

-Erythroblast to Erythrocytes

ESR

-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

ESR

-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate -Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma -The distance that erythrocytes sink in a given period o time is the sedimentation rate -Rate increases with infection, joint inflammation, and tumor, which increase the fibrinogen content of the blood

Which Cells Do Not Contain Nuclei

-Erythrocytes

Formation of Red Blood Cells

-Erythropoiesis

EPO

-Erythropoietin -Hormone secreted by the kidneys -Stimulates red blood cell formation

Hemochromatosis

-Excess iron deposits throughout hte body -Common signs may include skin pigmentation, joint pain, and fatigue

Hemophilila

-Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting

Iron

-Fe

Fibrin

-Forms from fibrinogen -Proteins that forms the basis of a blood clot -Fibrin threads forma the clot by trapping red blood cells -Then the clot retracts into a tight ball, leaving behind a clear fluid called serum -Normally, clots do not form in blood vessels unless the vessel is damaged for the flow of blood is impeded

IgA

-Found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and respiratory mucus

Giving rise to, producing

-Gen

Gives rise to

-Gen Ex. Fibrinogen (gives rise to fibrin) *Fibrinogen converts to fibrinogen

Hematocrit

-Gives percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

Protein

-Globin Ex. Hemoglobin

GVHD

-Graft-Versus-Host-Disease -Immune reaction of donor's cells to recipient's tissue

g/dL

-Gram per deciliter

Granules

-Granul/o Ex. Granulocyte

G-CSF

-Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors -Promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow

GM-CSF

-Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors -Given to restore granulocyte production in cancer patients

Deficiency of Granulocytes

-Granulocytopenia

Abnormal Increase in Granulocytes in the Blood

-Granulocytosis

HCL

-Hairy Cell Leukemia -Abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and infection

Blood

-Hem/o or Hemat/o Ex. Hemolysis

Hct

-Hematocrit -Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

Formation of Blood

-Hematopoiesis

Blood-Forming

-Hematopoietic

Cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

-Hematopoietic Stem Cell

H and H

-Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

Hemoglobin

-Hemoglobin/o

Disease Condition of Hemoglobin

-Hemoglobinopathy

Breakdown of Red Blood Cells

-Hemolysis -This occurs when patients are given blood that is incompatible with their blood type

Reduction in Red Cells Due to Excessive Destruction

-Hemolytic Anemia

Stop or Control Blood

-Hemostasis

Enlargement of the Liver

-Hepatomegaly

Sickle Cell Anemia

-Hereditary Disorder of Abnormal Hemoglobin Producing Sickle-Shaped Erythrocytes and Hemolysis

Erythropoietin

-Hormone secreted by the kidneys -Stimulates the production of red blood cells -Can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques

HLA

-Human Leukocyte Antigen

Cells Have Reduced Color

-Hypochromia (cells have less hemoglobin)

Decreased Concentration of Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells

-Hypochromic

ITP

-Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Myeloblast

-Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

Reticulocyte

-Immature erythrocyte -A network of strand (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes

Erythroblast

-Immature red blood cell

Bands

-Immature white blood cells (granulocytes)

IgG

-Immunoglobulin antibodies -Found in high concentration in plasma

Gamma Globulins

-Immunoglobulins -Antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens -Inmmunoglobulins are separated from other plasma proteins by electrophoresis -Examples of immunoglobulin antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA

Electrophoresis

-Immunoglobulins are separated from other proteins during elecrophoresis -In this process, an electrical current passes through a solution of plasma -The different proteins in plasma separate as they migrate at different speeds to the source of the electricity

Leukemia

-Increase in cancerous leukocytes

Mononucleosis

-Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes -Transmitted by the Epstein-Barr Virus -Lymphadenitis and pharyngitis is present -Atypical lymphocytes are present in the blood, liver, and spleen leading to splenomegaly and hepatomegaly -Transmitted by direct oral contact (salivary exchange during kissing) and affects primarily young adults

Thalassemia

-Inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to Hypochromia -A defect in a gene that affects the production of globing, the protein that is the major component of hemoglobin

Heme

-Iron-containing pigment

Same, equal

-Is/o Ex. Anisocytosis

Erythrocytes

-It loses its nucleus and assumes the shape of a biconcave disk -This shape allows for a large surface area so that absorption and release of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) can take place -Erythrocytes live and fulfill their role of transporting gases for about 120 days in the bloodstream

Nucleus

-Kary/o or Nucle/o Ex. Megakaryocyte

Pernicious Anemia

-Lack of Mature Erythrocytes -Caused by Inability to Absorb Vitamin B12 into the Bloodstream

Megakaryocyte

-Large platelet precursor found in the bone marrow

Leukocytes

-Less numerous than erythrocytes -There are five types of mature leukocytes

White

-Leuk/o Ex. Leukocyte

Immature Lymphocytes

-Lymphoblasts

Lymphs

-Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

-Lymphocytes are made in bone marrow and lymph nodes and circulate both in the bloodstream and in the parallel circulating system, the lymphatic system -They can directly attack foreign matter and, in addition, make antibodies that neutralize and can lead to the destruction of foreign antigens

Pertaining to Destruction

-Lytic

Large

-Macro

Abnormally Large Red Blood Cells

-Macrocytosis

Multiple Myeloma

-Malignant Neoplasm of Bone Marrow -Plasma Cells produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue

Erythrocyte

-Mature red blood cell

MCH

-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin -Average amount of hemoglobin per cell

MCHC

-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration -Average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red cell -When MCHC is low, the cell is hypochromic

MCV

-Mean Corpuscular Volume -Average volume or size of a single red blood cell -When MCV is high, the cells are macrocytic and when low, the cells are microcytic

Small

-Micro

Red Blood Cells are Smaller than Normal

-Microcytosis

uL

-Microliter

Bone Marrow Biopsy

-Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle -Helpful in the diagnosis of blood disorders such as anemia, pancytopenia, and leukemia

Red Blood Cell Morphology

-Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

One, Single

-Mon/o Ex. Monocyte

Immature monocytes

-Monoblast

Mono

-Monocyte

Macrophage

-Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces -As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris -In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells

Shape, Form

-Morph/o

The Study of Shape, Form

-Morphology

Purpura

-Multiple Pinpoint Hemorrhages and Accumulation of Blood Under the Skin

Bone Marrow

-Myel/o Ex. Myeloblast

Immature or Embryonic Cell From the Bone Marrow

-Myeloblast

MDS

-Myelodysplastic Syndrome -Preleukemic condition (anemia, cytopenias, and possible transformation to AML)

Neutral (Neither Base or Nor Acid)

-Neutr/o

Deficiency of Neutrophils

-Neutropenia

An Increase in Neutrophils

-Neutrophilia

NOAC's

-Newer Oral Anticoagulants -Work by inhibiting blood factors such as thrombin

Platelet Count

-Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Relapse

-Occurs when disease symptoms and signs reappear, necessitating further treatment

Hemophilia

-Occurs when the clotting factor (Factor VIII) or (Factor IX) is missing

Derived or Originating From

-Oid Ex. Myeloid

Globulins

-One of four plasma proteins -Another component of blood -There are alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

Albumin

-One of four plasma proteins -Maintains the proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood -Because albumin cannot pass easily through capillary walls, it remains in the blood and carries smaller molecules bound to its surface -It attracts water from the tissues back into the bloodstream and thus opposes the water's tendency to leave the blood and leak out into tissue spaces

Bilirubin

-Orange-yellow pigment in bile -Formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

Where do All Blood Cells Originate

-Originate in the marrow cavity of bones -Leukocytes and erythrocytes both arise from the same hematopoietic stem cells -Under the influence of proteins in the blood and bone marrow, stem cells change their size and shape to become specialized (differentiated) -In this process, cells change in size form large (immature cells) to small (mature forms) -The cell nucleus disappears and for erythrocytes, the nucleus vanishes

Macrophages

-Originate in the spleen, liver and bone marrow -Destroy the worn-out erythrocytes -Macrophages break down erythrocytes and hemoglobin into heme and globin (protein) portions -The heme releases iron and decomposes into a yellow-orange pigment called bilirubin -The iron in hemoglobin is used again to form new red cells or is stored in the spleen, liver, or bone marrow -Bilirubin is excreted into bile by the liver, and from bile it enters the small intestine via the common bile duct -Finally it is excited in the stool, where its color changes to brown

Abnormal Condition

-Osis

The Combination of Oxygen and Hemoglobin

-Oxyhemoglobin -Produces the bright red color of blood

Relieving Symptoms

-Palliative

Deficiency of Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, and Leukocytes

-Pancytopenia

PTT

-Partial Thromboplastin Time -Measures other clothing factors in blood in addition to PT

Deficiency

-Penia

Blood Type A

-People with Blood Type A can only receive blood from Type A and Type O people

Blood Type AB

-People with Blood Type AB can receive blood from Type A, Type B, Type O, and Type AB people

Blood Type B

-People with Blood Type B can only receive blood from Type B and Type O people

Blood Type O

-People with Blood Type O can only receive blood from Type O people

White Blood Cell Differential (Count)

-Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

-Peripheral Stem Cells from a Compatible donor are administered to a recipient

Phagocyte

-Phag/o

Eat, Swallow

-Phag/o or Phage Ex. Phagocyte

Cell that eats or swallows

-Phagocyte

Monocytes

-Phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris

Attraction to

-Phil/o Ex. Basophil

Attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)

-Philia Ex. Eosinophilia

Carrying, Transmission

-Phoresis

Transmission

-Phoresis

Formation

-Plasm

Serum

-Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells -Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot -It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors

Fibrinogen

-Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

A centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of blood

-Plasmapheresis

Process of separating plasma from cells and then removing plasma from the patient

-Plasmapheresis -In plasmapheresis, the entire blood sample is spun into a centrifuge machine and the plasma, being lighter in weight than cells, moves to the top of the sample

Blood Cell Fragments

-Platelets

Platelets and Clotting

-Platelets are important in the beginning the process following injury to tissues or to vessels -The platelets become sticky and collect, or aggregate, at the site of injury -In combination with tissue and protein clotting factors, plus calcium, vitamin K, and prothrombin and thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to form a clot

Formation

-Poiesis

Varied, Irregular

-Poikil/o Ex.Poikilocytosis

Irregularity in the Shape of Red Blood Cells

-Poikilocytosis

Irregularity in the Shape of Red Blood Cells

-Poikilocytosis -Occurs in certain types of anemia

PMNs

-Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes-Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

-Polys, PMNS, and PMNLS

Packed Cells

-Preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and red cells without overdiluting the blood with excess fluid

Globin

-Protein

PT, pro time

-Prothrombin Time

PT

-Prothrombin Time -Test of the ability of blood to clot

Prothrombin

-Prothrombin is converted to thrombin -Thrombin is an enzyme that coverts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

RBC

-Red Blood Cell Count -Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Hemoglobin

-Red cells contain hemoglobin -Composed of heme (iron-containing pigment) and globin (protein) -Hemoglobin enables the erythrocyte to carry oxygen

Immune Reaction

-Response of the immune system to foreign invasion

Edema

-Results from when too much fluid "leaks out" into tissues -This happens in a mild form when the person eats too much salt and in extreme form if the person is burned in a fire -In the case of a fire, albumin escapes from capillaries as a result of the burn injury -Then water cannot be held in blood; it escapes through the skin and blood volume drops

Rh Factor

-Rh+ factor refers to a person who is born with the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells -An Rh- person does not have the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

-Sed Rate

Segmented, mature white blood cells (neutrophils)

-Segs

Apheresis

-Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood -Can remove toxic substances or autoantibodies from the blood

SMAC

-Sequential Multiple Analyzer Computer -An automated chemistry system that determines substances in serum

Iron

-Sider/o

Deficiency of Iron

-Sideropenia

Colony-Stimulating Factors

-Specific proteins promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow -Can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques

Globe, Round

-Spher/o

Erythrocyte has a Round Shape, Making the Cell Fragile and Easily Able to Be Destroyed

-Spherocytosis

The erythrocyte has a round shape, making it fragile and easily able to be destroyed

-Spherocytosis

Enlargement of the Spleen

-Splenomegaly

Stop, Control

-Stasis

Antigen

-Substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

Autologous Transfusion

-The collection and later reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components

Formed Elements

-The formed elements are cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma -Three classes of formed elements: the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).

Plasma

-The liquid part of blood -Consists of water, dissolved proteins, sugars, wastes, salts, hormones, and other substances

Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

-The patient's own stem cells are collected, stored and rein fused after potent chemotherapy

Bone Marrow Transplantation

-The patient's own stem cells are collected, stored, and reinfused after chemotherapy, except that bone marrow cells are used rather than peripheral cells

Myelopoiesis

-The process in which innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells and monocytes, develop from a myeloid progenitor cell.

Clot

-Thromb/o

Deficiency of Platelets

-Thrombocytopenia

Therapy Used to Dissolve Clots

-Thrombolytic Therapy

Abnormal Condition of Thrombocytes

-Thrombosis

Clot

-Thrombus

Bleeding Time

-Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture would

Coagulation Time

-Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

Petechiae

-Tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages -Result from bleeding from capillaries or small arterioles

Stem Cell

-Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms

Thick

-Viscous

WBC

-White Blood Cell Count -Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Blood Transfusion

-Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

Packed Red Cells

-Whole blood with most of the plasma removed -Given to patients with anemia who have lost red blood cells

WNL

-Within Normal Limits

Are all Granulocytes Polymorphonculear?

-Yes, but we use the term polymorphonuclear granulocytes to refer to neutrophils, which are the most numerous of granulocytes

Four Major Plasma Proteins

1. Albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen 4. Prothrombin

Plasmapheresis

=Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge -Collected cells are re-transfused back into the donor -Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma