Medical Terminology: Chapter 13
-Large, blue, or purplish patches on the skin -Larger and more extensive than petechiae
Ecchymoses
-Hemoglobin Test -Total of amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
H, Hg, Hgb, HGB
ABO
four main blood types
Percentages of Blood
-45% of blood is erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes -55% of blood is plasma, a solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones, vitamins, and lipids
Histamine
-A chemical released in allergic responses
AIDS
-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
ALL
-Acute Lymphoid Leukemia -Immature lymphocytes predominate -This form is seen most often in children and adolescents -Onset is sudden
AML
-Acute Myeloid (myelocytic) Leukemia -Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominante -Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of teh bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts
Antiglobulin Test
-Also known as Coombs Test -Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
Warfarin
-Also known as Coumadin -Drug that is given to patients with thromboembolic diseases to prevent the formation of clots
Congenital Spherocytic Anemia
-Also known as Hereditary Spherocytosis -Instead of their normal biconcave shape, erythrocytes become spheroidal
Platelets
-Also known as thrombocytes -Formed in the bone marrow from giant cells with multi lobed nuclei called megakarycoytes -The main function of platelets is to help blood clot
Heparin
-An anti-clotting substance
Eosinophilia
-An increase in Eosinophilic Granulocytes seen in Allergic conditions such as asthma or parasitic infections
Basophilia
-An increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia
Unequal
-Anis/o
Abnormality of red blood cells; they are increasing and an unequal size
-Anisocytosis
Ab
-Antibody
Ab
-Antibody Ab -Specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens -An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it
Anticoagulant Substances
-Anticoagulant substances in the blood inhibit blood clotting, so clots do not form Ex. Heparin
Heparin
-Anticoagulant that prevents clotting in blood -Found in blood and issue cells
Blood Disease
-Any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood generally is referred to as a blood dyscrasia
Removal
-Apheresis
Removal, a Carrying Away
-Apheresis
Failure of Blood Cell Production in the Bone Marrow
-Aplastic Anemia
ABMT
-Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation -Treatment for Multiple Myeloma in which patient serves as his or her own door for stem cells
ASCT
-Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
Antigens
-Bacteria and Viruses
Base
-Bas/o -Alkaline, the opposite of acid
Baso
-Basophils
Immature or Embryonic Cell
-Blast
Coagulation
-Blood Clotting -A complicated process involving many different substances and chemical reactions -The final result is a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen -Fibrinogen (gives rise to fibrin) *Fibrinogen converts to fibrin
Hemoglobin
-Blood protein contain g iron -Carries oxygen in red blood cells
BMT
-Bone Marrow Transplantation
Whole Blood
-Cells and plasma -Used to replace blood lost after injury, surgery, or in severe shock
Color
-Chrom/o Ex. Hypochromic
CLL
-Chronic Lymphoid (Lymphocytic) Leukemia -Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen -This most common form of leukemia usually occurs in the elderly and follows a slowly progressive course
CML
-Chronic Myeloid (Myelocytic) Leukemia -Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood -This is a slowly progressive illness with which patients may live for many years without encountering life-threatening problems -New therapists target abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy and produce long-term control
Plasma
-Clear, straw-colored liquid that makes up a percentage of blood -The formed elements are suspended in plasma
Clotting
-Coagul/o Ex. Coagulopathy
Disease Condition of Clotting
-Coagulopathy
CSF
-Colony-Stimulating Factor -Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)
CSF's
-Colony-Stimulating Factors
CBC
-Complete Blood Count -Determination of number of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
Neutrophils
-Contain granules that are neutral -They do not stain intensely and show only a pale color -They are phagocytes that accumulate at sites of infection, where they ingest and destroy bacteria
Basophils
-Contain granules that stain dark blue with a basic (alkaline) dye -These granules contain heparin (an anti-clotting substance) and histamine (a chemical released in allergic responses) -Respond to allergens and release heparin and histamine
Eosinophils
-Contain granules that stain with eosin, a red acidic dye -These granules increase in allergic responses and engulf substances that trigger the allergies -Respond to parasitic infections and is a phagocyte in allergic reactions
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
-Contains a nucleus with several lobes -Basophil, Eosinophil, and Neutrophil -Granulocytic leukocytes -Most numerous leukocyte
Mononuclear Leukocytes
-Contains one nucleus -Lymphocyte and Monocyte -Mononuclear Leukocytes do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm, but they may have a few granules
To Separate
-Crit Ex. Hematocrit
mm3
-Cubic millimeter
Cell
-Cyt/o Ex. Cytology
Abnormal Condition of Cells (Increase in Cells)
-Cytosis
Increase in the Number of Cells
-Cytosis
Anemia
-Deficiency in Erythrocytes or Hemoglobin
Diff
-Differential Count (White Blood Cells)
Specialized
-Differentiated
Remission
-Disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease
DIC
-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation -Excessive clotting in blood vessels -Occurs when patients are given blood that is incompatible with their blood type
Disease
-Dyscrasia
Swelling
-Edema
Blood Condition
-Emia
Thrombin
-Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
Red, dawn, rosy,
-Eosin/o Ex. Eosinophil
Granulocytes
-Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Basophil
An Increase in Eosinophils
-Eosinophilia
Eos
-Eosinophils
EBV
-Epstein-Barr Virus
EBV
-Epstein-Barr Virus -Cause of mononucleosis
Red
-Erythr/o
General Increase in Red Blood Cells
-Erythremia or Polycythemia Vera -Blood consistency is Viscous because of greatly increased numbers of erythrocytes -The neon marrow is hyper plastic and leukocytosis and thrombocytosis commonly accompany the increase in red blood cells
Immature Blood Cell to Mature Blood Cell
-Erythroblast to Erythrocytes
ESR
-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
ESR
-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate -Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma -The distance that erythrocytes sink in a given period o time is the sedimentation rate -Rate increases with infection, joint inflammation, and tumor, which increase the fibrinogen content of the blood
Which Cells Do Not Contain Nuclei
-Erythrocytes
Formation of Red Blood Cells
-Erythropoiesis
EPO
-Erythropoietin -Hormone secreted by the kidneys -Stimulates red blood cell formation
Hemochromatosis
-Excess iron deposits throughout hte body -Common signs may include skin pigmentation, joint pain, and fatigue
Hemophilila
-Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting
Iron
-Fe
Fibrin
-Forms from fibrinogen -Proteins that forms the basis of a blood clot -Fibrin threads forma the clot by trapping red blood cells -Then the clot retracts into a tight ball, leaving behind a clear fluid called serum -Normally, clots do not form in blood vessels unless the vessel is damaged for the flow of blood is impeded
IgA
-Found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and respiratory mucus
Giving rise to, producing
-Gen
Gives rise to
-Gen Ex. Fibrinogen (gives rise to fibrin) *Fibrinogen converts to fibrinogen
Hematocrit
-Gives percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
Protein
-Globin Ex. Hemoglobin
GVHD
-Graft-Versus-Host-Disease -Immune reaction of donor's cells to recipient's tissue
g/dL
-Gram per deciliter
Granules
-Granul/o Ex. Granulocyte
G-CSF
-Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors -Promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow
GM-CSF
-Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors -Given to restore granulocyte production in cancer patients
Deficiency of Granulocytes
-Granulocytopenia
Abnormal Increase in Granulocytes in the Blood
-Granulocytosis
HCL
-Hairy Cell Leukemia -Abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and infection
Blood
-Hem/o or Hemat/o Ex. Hemolysis
Hct
-Hematocrit -Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
Formation of Blood
-Hematopoiesis
Blood-Forming
-Hematopoietic
Cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
-Hematopoietic Stem Cell
H and H
-Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
-Hemoglobin/o
Disease Condition of Hemoglobin
-Hemoglobinopathy
Breakdown of Red Blood Cells
-Hemolysis -This occurs when patients are given blood that is incompatible with their blood type
Reduction in Red Cells Due to Excessive Destruction
-Hemolytic Anemia
Stop or Control Blood
-Hemostasis
Enlargement of the Liver
-Hepatomegaly
Sickle Cell Anemia
-Hereditary Disorder of Abnormal Hemoglobin Producing Sickle-Shaped Erythrocytes and Hemolysis
Erythropoietin
-Hormone secreted by the kidneys -Stimulates the production of red blood cells -Can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques
HLA
-Human Leukocyte Antigen
Cells Have Reduced Color
-Hypochromia (cells have less hemoglobin)
Decreased Concentration of Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells
-Hypochromic
ITP
-Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Myeloblast
-Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
Reticulocyte
-Immature erythrocyte -A network of strand (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes
Erythroblast
-Immature red blood cell
Bands
-Immature white blood cells (granulocytes)
IgG
-Immunoglobulin antibodies -Found in high concentration in plasma
Gamma Globulins
-Immunoglobulins -Antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens -Inmmunoglobulins are separated from other plasma proteins by electrophoresis -Examples of immunoglobulin antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA
Electrophoresis
-Immunoglobulins are separated from other proteins during elecrophoresis -In this process, an electrical current passes through a solution of plasma -The different proteins in plasma separate as they migrate at different speeds to the source of the electricity
Leukemia
-Increase in cancerous leukocytes
Mononucleosis
-Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes -Transmitted by the Epstein-Barr Virus -Lymphadenitis and pharyngitis is present -Atypical lymphocytes are present in the blood, liver, and spleen leading to splenomegaly and hepatomegaly -Transmitted by direct oral contact (salivary exchange during kissing) and affects primarily young adults
Thalassemia
-Inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to Hypochromia -A defect in a gene that affects the production of globing, the protein that is the major component of hemoglobin
Heme
-Iron-containing pigment
Same, equal
-Is/o Ex. Anisocytosis
Erythrocytes
-It loses its nucleus and assumes the shape of a biconcave disk -This shape allows for a large surface area so that absorption and release of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) can take place -Erythrocytes live and fulfill their role of transporting gases for about 120 days in the bloodstream
Nucleus
-Kary/o or Nucle/o Ex. Megakaryocyte
Pernicious Anemia
-Lack of Mature Erythrocytes -Caused by Inability to Absorb Vitamin B12 into the Bloodstream
Megakaryocyte
-Large platelet precursor found in the bone marrow
Leukocytes
-Less numerous than erythrocytes -There are five types of mature leukocytes
White
-Leuk/o Ex. Leukocyte
Immature Lymphocytes
-Lymphoblasts
Lymphs
-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
-Lymphocytes are made in bone marrow and lymph nodes and circulate both in the bloodstream and in the parallel circulating system, the lymphatic system -They can directly attack foreign matter and, in addition, make antibodies that neutralize and can lead to the destruction of foreign antigens
Pertaining to Destruction
-Lytic
Large
-Macro
Abnormally Large Red Blood Cells
-Macrocytosis
Multiple Myeloma
-Malignant Neoplasm of Bone Marrow -Plasma Cells produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue
Erythrocyte
-Mature red blood cell
MCH
-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin -Average amount of hemoglobin per cell
MCHC
-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration -Average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red cell -When MCHC is low, the cell is hypochromic
MCV
-Mean Corpuscular Volume -Average volume or size of a single red blood cell -When MCV is high, the cells are macrocytic and when low, the cells are microcytic
Small
-Micro
Red Blood Cells are Smaller than Normal
-Microcytosis
uL
-Microliter
Bone Marrow Biopsy
-Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle -Helpful in the diagnosis of blood disorders such as anemia, pancytopenia, and leukemia
Red Blood Cell Morphology
-Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
One, Single
-Mon/o Ex. Monocyte
Immature monocytes
-Monoblast
Mono
-Monocyte
Macrophage
-Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces -As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris -In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells
Shape, Form
-Morph/o
The Study of Shape, Form
-Morphology
Purpura
-Multiple Pinpoint Hemorrhages and Accumulation of Blood Under the Skin
Bone Marrow
-Myel/o Ex. Myeloblast
Immature or Embryonic Cell From the Bone Marrow
-Myeloblast
MDS
-Myelodysplastic Syndrome -Preleukemic condition (anemia, cytopenias, and possible transformation to AML)
Neutral (Neither Base or Nor Acid)
-Neutr/o
Deficiency of Neutrophils
-Neutropenia
An Increase in Neutrophils
-Neutrophilia
NOAC's
-Newer Oral Anticoagulants -Work by inhibiting blood factors such as thrombin
Platelet Count
-Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
Relapse
-Occurs when disease symptoms and signs reappear, necessitating further treatment
Hemophilia
-Occurs when the clotting factor (Factor VIII) or (Factor IX) is missing
Derived or Originating From
-Oid Ex. Myeloid
Globulins
-One of four plasma proteins -Another component of blood -There are alpha, beta, and gamma globulins
Albumin
-One of four plasma proteins -Maintains the proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood -Because albumin cannot pass easily through capillary walls, it remains in the blood and carries smaller molecules bound to its surface -It attracts water from the tissues back into the bloodstream and thus opposes the water's tendency to leave the blood and leak out into tissue spaces
Bilirubin
-Orange-yellow pigment in bile -Formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
Where do All Blood Cells Originate
-Originate in the marrow cavity of bones -Leukocytes and erythrocytes both arise from the same hematopoietic stem cells -Under the influence of proteins in the blood and bone marrow, stem cells change their size and shape to become specialized (differentiated) -In this process, cells change in size form large (immature cells) to small (mature forms) -The cell nucleus disappears and for erythrocytes, the nucleus vanishes
Macrophages
-Originate in the spleen, liver and bone marrow -Destroy the worn-out erythrocytes -Macrophages break down erythrocytes and hemoglobin into heme and globin (protein) portions -The heme releases iron and decomposes into a yellow-orange pigment called bilirubin -The iron in hemoglobin is used again to form new red cells or is stored in the spleen, liver, or bone marrow -Bilirubin is excreted into bile by the liver, and from bile it enters the small intestine via the common bile duct -Finally it is excited in the stool, where its color changes to brown
Abnormal Condition
-Osis
The Combination of Oxygen and Hemoglobin
-Oxyhemoglobin -Produces the bright red color of blood
Relieving Symptoms
-Palliative
Deficiency of Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, and Leukocytes
-Pancytopenia
PTT
-Partial Thromboplastin Time -Measures other clothing factors in blood in addition to PT
Deficiency
-Penia
Blood Type A
-People with Blood Type A can only receive blood from Type A and Type O people
Blood Type AB
-People with Blood Type AB can receive blood from Type A, Type B, Type O, and Type AB people
Blood Type B
-People with Blood Type B can only receive blood from Type B and Type O people
Blood Type O
-People with Blood Type O can only receive blood from Type O people
White Blood Cell Differential (Count)
-Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
-Peripheral Stem Cells from a Compatible donor are administered to a recipient
Phagocyte
-Phag/o
Eat, Swallow
-Phag/o or Phage Ex. Phagocyte
Cell that eats or swallows
-Phagocyte
Monocytes
-Phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris
Attraction to
-Phil/o Ex. Basophil
Attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
-Philia Ex. Eosinophilia
Carrying, Transmission
-Phoresis
Transmission
-Phoresis
Formation
-Plasm
Serum
-Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells -Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot -It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors
Fibrinogen
-Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
A centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of blood
-Plasmapheresis
Process of separating plasma from cells and then removing plasma from the patient
-Plasmapheresis -In plasmapheresis, the entire blood sample is spun into a centrifuge machine and the plasma, being lighter in weight than cells, moves to the top of the sample
Blood Cell Fragments
-Platelets
Platelets and Clotting
-Platelets are important in the beginning the process following injury to tissues or to vessels -The platelets become sticky and collect, or aggregate, at the site of injury -In combination with tissue and protein clotting factors, plus calcium, vitamin K, and prothrombin and thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to form a clot
Formation
-Poiesis
Varied, Irregular
-Poikil/o Ex.Poikilocytosis
Irregularity in the Shape of Red Blood Cells
-Poikilocytosis
Irregularity in the Shape of Red Blood Cells
-Poikilocytosis -Occurs in certain types of anemia
PMNs
-Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes-Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
-Polys, PMNS, and PMNLS
Packed Cells
-Preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and red cells without overdiluting the blood with excess fluid
Globin
-Protein
PT, pro time
-Prothrombin Time
PT
-Prothrombin Time -Test of the ability of blood to clot
Prothrombin
-Prothrombin is converted to thrombin -Thrombin is an enzyme that coverts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
RBC
-Red Blood Cell Count -Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
Hemoglobin
-Red cells contain hemoglobin -Composed of heme (iron-containing pigment) and globin (protein) -Hemoglobin enables the erythrocyte to carry oxygen
Immune Reaction
-Response of the immune system to foreign invasion
Edema
-Results from when too much fluid "leaks out" into tissues -This happens in a mild form when the person eats too much salt and in extreme form if the person is burned in a fire -In the case of a fire, albumin escapes from capillaries as a result of the burn injury -Then water cannot be held in blood; it escapes through the skin and blood volume drops
Rh Factor
-Rh+ factor refers to a person who is born with the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells -An Rh- person does not have the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
-Sed Rate
Segmented, mature white blood cells (neutrophils)
-Segs
Apheresis
-Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood -Can remove toxic substances or autoantibodies from the blood
SMAC
-Sequential Multiple Analyzer Computer -An automated chemistry system that determines substances in serum
Iron
-Sider/o
Deficiency of Iron
-Sideropenia
Colony-Stimulating Factors
-Specific proteins promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow -Can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques
Globe, Round
-Spher/o
Erythrocyte has a Round Shape, Making the Cell Fragile and Easily Able to Be Destroyed
-Spherocytosis
The erythrocyte has a round shape, making it fragile and easily able to be destroyed
-Spherocytosis
Enlargement of the Spleen
-Splenomegaly
Stop, Control
-Stasis
Antigen
-Substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
Autologous Transfusion
-The collection and later reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components
Formed Elements
-The formed elements are cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma -Three classes of formed elements: the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).
Plasma
-The liquid part of blood -Consists of water, dissolved proteins, sugars, wastes, salts, hormones, and other substances
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
-The patient's own stem cells are collected, stored and rein fused after potent chemotherapy
Bone Marrow Transplantation
-The patient's own stem cells are collected, stored, and reinfused after chemotherapy, except that bone marrow cells are used rather than peripheral cells
Myelopoiesis
-The process in which innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells and monocytes, develop from a myeloid progenitor cell.
Clot
-Thromb/o
Deficiency of Platelets
-Thrombocytopenia
Therapy Used to Dissolve Clots
-Thrombolytic Therapy
Abnormal Condition of Thrombocytes
-Thrombosis
Clot
-Thrombus
Bleeding Time
-Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture would
Coagulation Time
-Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
Petechiae
-Tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages -Result from bleeding from capillaries or small arterioles
Stem Cell
-Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms
Thick
-Viscous
WBC
-White Blood Cell Count -Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
Blood Transfusion
-Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
Packed Red Cells
-Whole blood with most of the plasma removed -Given to patients with anemia who have lost red blood cells
WNL
-Within Normal Limits
Are all Granulocytes Polymorphonculear?
-Yes, but we use the term polymorphonuclear granulocytes to refer to neutrophils, which are the most numerous of granulocytes
Four Major Plasma Proteins
1. Albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen 4. Prothrombin
Plasmapheresis
=Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge -Collected cells are re-transfused back into the donor -Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma