Megg's History of Graphic Design Chapter 11

Compare and contrast the works of Theophile Andre Steinlen and Toulouse-Lautrec.

- both use fluid reportorial lines and flat colors - used the same subject material. - Steinlen's radical political views, socialist affiliations, and anticlerical tank lead him toward social realism depicting poverty, exploitation of the working class. - Lautrec's work remained exuberant while Steinlen displayed a more tender and serene subject.

When was the earliest ukiyo-e prints?

- 1682. The earliest ukiyo-e prints presented scenes from daily life in a simple narrative manner. - Provided artists and designers with new approaches to space, color, drawing conventions, and subject matter.

What was Aubrey Beardsley known for?

- Aubrey Beardsley, first cover for The Studio, 1893.. - Beardley's career was launched when editor C. Lewis Hine featured his work on this cover and reproduced eleven of his illustrations in the inaugural issue

Compare and contrast the works of Aubrey Beardsley and Charles Ricketts?

- Beardley approached his work as illustrations to be inserted between pages of typography - Distortions of the human figure and powerful black shapes. "Black Spot" was the name given to compositions based on a dominate black form. - Ricketts approached the book as a total entity, focusing upon a harmony of the part: binding, end sheets, title page, typography, ornaments and bindings more open and geometric and his designs have a vivid luminosity. - Indicated figures and clothing with minimal lines and flat shapes with no tonal modulation.

What was Jules Cheret's contribution to France and Art Nouveau?

- Convince that pictorial lithographic posters would replace the typographic letterpress posters. - Learned color lithography in London returned to Paris and started his own press - Evolved away from the Victorian complexity by simplifying his designs and increasing the scale of his major figures. - Named to the Legion of Honor in 1890 for creating a new branch of art that advanced printing and served the needs of commerce and industry.

who was Louis Rhead and what was his style?

- Emigrated to America from England worked as an Illustrator. - Returned to England and adopted Graset's style Willowy maidens, contour line, and flat color. - His style mixed decorative embellishments from Victorian designs, forms inspired from the Arts and Crafts movement, and curving, abstract linear patterns were combined in his designs.

Who was Aubrey Beardsley?

- Enfant terrible of art nouveau with his striking pen line, vibrant black-and- white work. - Shockingly exotic imagery - A cult figure - Prolific for only five years.

Who was Eugene Grasset and what was his signature?

- First illustrator/designer to rival Cheret in public popularity - total integration of illustrations, format, and typography. Spatial segmentation was used as an expressive component in page layouts - His "coloring-book style" of thick black contour drawing. Flat areas of color.

Who was Ethel Reed?

- First woman to achieve national prominence as a graphic designer and illustrator. - Born in Massachusetts - book illustrator and poster designer - Disappeared at the age of 22 in London

Who as Commodore Matthew Perry?

- His naval expeditions to Japans Traditional isolationist policies and opened trade with the west.

What was the character and extent of Art Nouveau influence?

- International decorative style - Encompassed all of the design arts- architecture furniture and product design, fashion & graphics posters, advertisements, dishes, houses etc. - Spanned two decade 1890-1910 - Art Nouveau is a transition style that evolved and dominated design by replacing past forms and styles. - It became the initial phase of the modern movement.

Describe the impact of Ando Hiroshige's work?

- Last great master of the Japanese woodcut. - Inspired the European Impressionist with spatial compositions and his ability to capture the transient moments. - Capturing subtle nuances of light, atmosphere and seasons. - Captured the poetic splendor of nature but related it to the lives of ordinary people.

What was Kitagawa Utamaro's contribution to the woodblock printing genre?

- Portrail of beautiful woman - Loving observation of nature and human expression - Prints of insects, birds, flowers & women possessing great beauty and tenderness. - Conveyed his subjects' feelings, based on careful observation of their physical expressions, gestures, and emotional states.

Who collaborated in the production of Japanese woodblock prints?

- Publishers: financed the production & coordinated the work - Artist: supplied a separate drawing for each color - Block cutter: pasted the images to blocks of wood and cut away the white areas, destroying the original. - Printer: Using water based ink, great skill and speed, the printer completed the process

Baron Victor Horta

- Tendrilous curvilinear networks unlike anything yet seen in England or Europe. - Victor Pirre Horta was a Belgian architect an designer, and one of the founders of the Art Nouveau movement. - His Hotel Tassel in Brussels built in 1892-1893, is often considered the first Art Nouveau house, and , along with three of his other early houses, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

What are the influences of Art Nouveau?

- Tendrilous, curvilinear networks that unified Emile Tassel's townhouse designed by Belgian architect Baron Victor Horta - French symbolist movement in literature, with its rejection of realism in favor of the metaphysical and sensors. - Celtic ornament, the rococo style, the Arts and Crafts. - Japanese decorative design ( especially ukiyo-e woodblock prints)

Summarize the fate of art nouveau using Herbert Read's perspective on the life of an art movement.

- The life of any art movement is like a flower. A budding in the hands of a small number of innovators is followed by full bloom; then the process of decay begins as the influence becomes diffused and distorted in the hands of imitators who understand merely the stylistic manifestations of the movement rather than the driving passions that forged it.

Who was Katsushika Hokusai?

- The most renowned and prolific ukiyo-e artist. - Produced an estimated 35,000 works - Works spanned the gamut of ukiyo-e subjects; Landscapes, nature studies, silk paintings, and private commissions. - Reducing subjects to graphic interpretations that conveyed their essence, and suggestive impressions rather than detailed depictions.

Who was Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec?

- The son of the count of Toulouse - After a crippling accident turned to drawing and painting. - Became a master draftsman in the academic tradition. - Developed a journalistic illustrative style that captured the nightlife of Paris. - Drawing directly on the lithographic stone, often from memory.

Describe the importance of ukiyo-e outside Japan.

- They captivated European artists who drew inspiration from the calligraphic line drawing. - Abstraction and simplification of natural appearances, flat color and silhouettes, unconventional use of bold black shapes and decorative patterns - Landscapes and interior environments were frequently presented as suggestive impressions rather than detailed depictions.

What is Art Nouveau?

- Transitional style that bridged the aesthetic confusion of the Victorian era and modernism - Because of its decorativeness, some observers see art nouveau as an expression of late-nineteenth century decadence - Others, however, nothing art nouveau's quest for spiritual and aesthetic values, see it as a reaction against the Victorian era.

What was Jules Cheret noted for?

- Typical Composition of a central figure or figures in animated gesture, surrounded by swirls of color, secondary figures or props and bold lettering. - Cheret in popularity and is noted for his total integration of illustration, format and typography - The figures create a lively play of angles, linking the top and bottom lettering.

What characterized Ukiyo-e?

- Ukiyo-e means "pictures of the floating world. And defines an art movement of Japan's Tokugawa period (1603-1876) - Blended realistic narratives of maki with influences from decorative arts. - Early works were screen paintings depicting the entertainment districts of Edo ( Tokyo)

Who was alphonse Mucha?

- Young Czech artist, dependable illustrator with strong drawing skills - His dominate theme was a central female figure surrounded by stylized forms derived from plants and flowers. - Mucha's woman project archetypal sense of unreality. Exotic sensors and yet maiden like, they express no specific age, nationality or historical period. his stylized hair patterns became a hallmark of the era.

Who was Maxfield Parrish?

- Young artist rejected by Howard Pyle and told to develop an independent style - He expressed a romantic and idealized view of the world - Created book magazine and advertising illustration before turning to landscapes for reproduction.