Meiosis

Explain how daughter cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other, whereas the daughter cells produced by mitosis are not

1) crossing over and independent assortment 2) metaphase I 3) metaphase II

If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24 chromosomes, a grasshopper sperm cell contains how many chromosomes?

12 chromosomes

How many times do cells divide during meiosis? [1/2/4/0]

2

Mitosis results in ____ daughter cells, whereas Meiosis results in ____ daughter cells

2 ; 4

If a frog gamete has 10 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in its somatic cells?

20 chromosomes

If the diploid number in a liver cell of an organism is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism?

26

If the sperm cell of an organism contains 14 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell of this organism?

28

Liver Cell

2n

Stomach Cell

2n

How many cells (in total) result from the meiotic process?

4

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of [1, 2, 4 or 8] genetically [different/identical] cells

4 ; different

How many cells form at the end of meiosis and how many chromosomes do they each contain?

4 cells with n chromosomes

How does the offspring created through asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in regards to their genetic makeup when compared to the parent?

Asexual reproduction creates clones exactly like the parent. Sexual reproduction creates variety and difference from parent and offspring

How are DNA and chromosomes related?

Chromosomes are structures made from DNA

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes of similar size and DNA content having the same genes

Give 3 examples how meiosis differs from mitosis

Creates haploid cells, 2 divisions, daughter cells are genetically different

What are two processes that occur during meiosis to increase genetic variability?

Crossing over and Independent assortment

What is the difference between a haploid and diploid?

Diploid is 2n and has 2 sets of chromosomes. Haploid is n and has 1 set of chromosomes

What type of cell undergoes meiosis? [Gamete cells or Somatic cells]

Gamete cells

Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes come together during the process of synapse during prophase I. This structure is called a tetrad. During the contact, non sister chromatids swap sections in a process known as crossing over

Metaphase I

In metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up at the equator. The paired chromosomes line up in random order. Neither the next homologous pair or the previous homologous pair has any effect on how the current, next, or past have or will line up. This is due to independent assortment

How does crossing over effect genetic variability? [Increases it or Decreases it]

Increases it

[Mitosis/Meiosis] is a kind of cell division that produces haploid cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Meiosis

How are the cells created at the end of meiosis I different from the cells created in mitosis?

Meiosis I (haploid): genetically different from parent and each other Mitosis (diploid): exact copies of parent cell

Crossing over occurs during what specific stage of meiosis?

Prophase 1

Random Fertilization

Random fertilization creates diversity through a "random" sex cell unite with a second "random" sex cell

What happens in metaphase of meiosis I that explains the law of independent assortment?

The homologous chromosomes line up randomly

What is the general reason meiosis must take place?

To create cells (sex cells/gametes) that have half the normal number of chromosomes. These cells are used in sexual reproduction

Crossing Over

When non sister chromatids (of a homologous pair of chromosomes) swap DNA (genetic) sections. This increase genetic variety/variation

Gametes have [a single/multiple] allele(s) for each trait

a single

Which of the following best describes the term "crossing over"? a. an exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes b. a molecular interaction between two sister chromatids c. a molecular interaction between two non-sister chromatids d. a separation of two sister chromatids

a. an exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes

During meiosis, crossing over occurs in a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. interphase II

a. prophase I

The pairing up of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes during meiosis happens during a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. interphase II

a. prophase I

Allele

alternate form of a gene

The production of offspring from a single parent without the joining gametes is called [sexual/asexual] reproduction

asexual

Four of the the five answers listed below are cells with two chromosome sets. Select the exception a. zygote b. somatic cells c. gamete d. diploid e. skin cell

c. gamete

Four of the five answers listed below are characteristics of meiosis. Select the exception a. involves two divisions b. reduces the number of chromosomes c. results in producing genetically identical cells d. produces haploid cells e. involves synapse

c. results in producing genetically identical cells

DNA that is spread out (non-condensed) in a non-dividing cell is called [chromosomes/chromatin]

chromatin

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes is called a. synapse b. independent assortment c. asexual reproduction d. crossing over

d. crossing over

In meiosis a parent cell divides to produce____ a. four genetically identical cells b. two genetically identical cells c. two genetically different cells d. four genetically different cells

d. four genetically different cells

Four of the five answers listed below are related to the process of synapse. Select the exception a. genetic recombination b. increase in variability c. exchange of genes d. identical daughter cells e. chiasmata

d. identical daughter cells

Cells starting mitosis and meiosis begin with a [haploid/diploid] set of chromosomes

diploid

four of the five answers listed below are terms describing haploid cells. Select the exception a. ovum b. n c. sperm d. polar body e. a cell in the middle of metaphase

e. a cell in the middle of metaphase

Four of the five answers listed below are examples of chromosomes pairing or matching up to one another in some sense. Select the exception a. synapse b. crossing over c. sister chromatids d. pairing of homologues e. interkinesis

e. interkinesis

A sperm cell is a [gamete/zygote], and is [haploid/diploid]

gamete; haploid

What type of cells does meiosis make? [somatic cells/gametes/sex cells/body cells/2n cells]

gametes, sex cells

An organism's gametes have [half, twice, the same, quadruple] the # of chromosomes found in the organism's body cells.

half

Diploid

having 2 sets of chromosomes; 2n

Haploid

having only one set of chromosomes; n

The two copies of each chromosome that are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits are called [maternal/paternal/heterozygous/homologous] chromosomes

homologous

metaphase I

homologous pairs split

independent assortment of chromosomes

independent assortment creates unique sets of chromosomes found in gametes

During meiosis, the chromosome number [is doubled/is reduced/remains the same/becomes diploid]

is reduced

Cells undergo meiosis to [grow bigger/repair injuries/replace worn out cells/make gametes]

make gametes

Gametes are created through the process of ____

meiosis

Which process involves two sets of nuclear divisions?

meiosis

Which process is also called reproductive division?

meiosis

Which process is involved in the production of gametes?

meiosis

Which process produces daughter cells that are not identical?

meiosis

Which process promotes genetic variation in organisms?

meiosis

Which process results in four haploid gametes?

meiosis

Which process consists of one nuclear division?

mitosis

Which process is involved in growth and repair?

mitosis

Which process produces daughter cells that are genetically identical?

mitosis

Egg Cell

n

Sperm Cell

n

The # of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol ____. The # of chromosomes in a body cell is represented by the symbol ____

n ; 2n

Gamete

sex cell; sperm; egg; ovum; cell having n number of chromosomes

metaphase II

sister chromatids split

The group of four chromatids (two homologous chromosomes) that forms during prophase I is called a [biad/triad/tetrad/quadrad]

tetrad

law of independent assortment

the alleles (found on the various chromosomes) will align themselves randomly BEFORE segregation takes place.

law of segregation

within each set of alleles (of a gene), each allele will separate and go to either spindle pole. The resulting daughter cells from the division will either get the RED CORVETTE or the YELLOW CORVETTE. NOT BOTH!!