Meiosis
Explain how daughter cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other, whereas the daughter cells produced by mitosis are not
1) crossing over and independent assortment 2) metaphase I 3) metaphase II
If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24 chromosomes, a grasshopper sperm cell contains how many chromosomes?
12 chromosomes
How many times do cells divide during meiosis? [1/2/4/0]
2
Mitosis results in ____ daughter cells, whereas Meiosis results in ____ daughter cells
2 ; 4
If a frog gamete has 10 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in its somatic cells?
20 chromosomes
If the diploid number in a liver cell of an organism is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism?
26
If the sperm cell of an organism contains 14 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell of this organism?
28
Liver Cell
2n
Stomach Cell
2n
How many cells (in total) result from the meiotic process?
4
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of [1, 2, 4 or 8] genetically [different/identical] cells
4 ; different
How many cells form at the end of meiosis and how many chromosomes do they each contain?
4 cells with n chromosomes
How does the offspring created through asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in regards to their genetic makeup when compared to the parent?
Asexual reproduction creates clones exactly like the parent. Sexual reproduction creates variety and difference from parent and offspring
How are DNA and chromosomes related?
Chromosomes are structures made from DNA
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes of similar size and DNA content having the same genes
Give 3 examples how meiosis differs from mitosis
Creates haploid cells, 2 divisions, daughter cells are genetically different
What are two processes that occur during meiosis to increase genetic variability?
Crossing over and Independent assortment
What is the difference between a haploid and diploid?
Diploid is 2n and has 2 sets of chromosomes. Haploid is n and has 1 set of chromosomes
What type of cell undergoes meiosis? [Gamete cells or Somatic cells]
Gamete cells
Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes come together during the process of synapse during prophase I. This structure is called a tetrad. During the contact, non sister chromatids swap sections in a process known as crossing over
Metaphase I
In metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up at the equator. The paired chromosomes line up in random order. Neither the next homologous pair or the previous homologous pair has any effect on how the current, next, or past have or will line up. This is due to independent assortment
How does crossing over effect genetic variability? [Increases it or Decreases it]
Increases it
[Mitosis/Meiosis] is a kind of cell division that produces haploid cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Meiosis
How are the cells created at the end of meiosis I different from the cells created in mitosis?
Meiosis I (haploid): genetically different from parent and each other Mitosis (diploid): exact copies of parent cell
Crossing over occurs during what specific stage of meiosis?
Prophase 1
Random Fertilization
Random fertilization creates diversity through a "random" sex cell unite with a second "random" sex cell
What happens in metaphase of meiosis I that explains the law of independent assortment?
The homologous chromosomes line up randomly
What is the general reason meiosis must take place?
To create cells (sex cells/gametes) that have half the normal number of chromosomes. These cells are used in sexual reproduction
Crossing Over
When non sister chromatids (of a homologous pair of chromosomes) swap DNA (genetic) sections. This increase genetic variety/variation
Gametes have [a single/multiple] allele(s) for each trait
a single
Which of the following best describes the term "crossing over"? a. an exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes b. a molecular interaction between two sister chromatids c. a molecular interaction between two non-sister chromatids d. a separation of two sister chromatids
a. an exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes
During meiosis, crossing over occurs in a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. interphase II
a. prophase I
The pairing up of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes during meiosis happens during a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. interphase II
a. prophase I
Allele
alternate form of a gene
The production of offspring from a single parent without the joining gametes is called [sexual/asexual] reproduction
asexual
Four of the the five answers listed below are cells with two chromosome sets. Select the exception a. zygote b. somatic cells c. gamete d. diploid e. skin cell
c. gamete
Four of the five answers listed below are characteristics of meiosis. Select the exception a. involves two divisions b. reduces the number of chromosomes c. results in producing genetically identical cells d. produces haploid cells e. involves synapse
c. results in producing genetically identical cells
DNA that is spread out (non-condensed) in a non-dividing cell is called [chromosomes/chromatin]
chromatin
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes is called a. synapse b. independent assortment c. asexual reproduction d. crossing over
d. crossing over
In meiosis a parent cell divides to produce____ a. four genetically identical cells b. two genetically identical cells c. two genetically different cells d. four genetically different cells
d. four genetically different cells
Four of the five answers listed below are related to the process of synapse. Select the exception a. genetic recombination b. increase in variability c. exchange of genes d. identical daughter cells e. chiasmata
d. identical daughter cells
Cells starting mitosis and meiosis begin with a [haploid/diploid] set of chromosomes
diploid
four of the five answers listed below are terms describing haploid cells. Select the exception a. ovum b. n c. sperm d. polar body e. a cell in the middle of metaphase
e. a cell in the middle of metaphase
Four of the five answers listed below are examples of chromosomes pairing or matching up to one another in some sense. Select the exception a. synapse b. crossing over c. sister chromatids d. pairing of homologues e. interkinesis
e. interkinesis
A sperm cell is a [gamete/zygote], and is [haploid/diploid]
gamete; haploid
What type of cells does meiosis make? [somatic cells/gametes/sex cells/body cells/2n cells]
gametes, sex cells
An organism's gametes have [half, twice, the same, quadruple] the # of chromosomes found in the organism's body cells.
half
Diploid
having 2 sets of chromosomes; 2n
Haploid
having only one set of chromosomes; n
The two copies of each chromosome that are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits are called [maternal/paternal/heterozygous/homologous] chromosomes
homologous
metaphase I
homologous pairs split
independent assortment of chromosomes
independent assortment creates unique sets of chromosomes found in gametes
During meiosis, the chromosome number [is doubled/is reduced/remains the same/becomes diploid]
is reduced
Cells undergo meiosis to [grow bigger/repair injuries/replace worn out cells/make gametes]
make gametes
Gametes are created through the process of ____
meiosis
Which process involves two sets of nuclear divisions?
meiosis
Which process is also called reproductive division?
meiosis
Which process is involved in the production of gametes?
meiosis
Which process produces daughter cells that are not identical?
meiosis
Which process promotes genetic variation in organisms?
meiosis
Which process results in four haploid gametes?
meiosis
Which process consists of one nuclear division?
mitosis
Which process is involved in growth and repair?
mitosis
Which process produces daughter cells that are genetically identical?
mitosis
Egg Cell
n
Sperm Cell
n
The # of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol ____. The # of chromosomes in a body cell is represented by the symbol ____
n ; 2n
Gamete
sex cell; sperm; egg; ovum; cell having n number of chromosomes
metaphase II
sister chromatids split
The group of four chromatids (two homologous chromosomes) that forms during prophase I is called a [biad/triad/tetrad/quadrad]
tetrad
law of independent assortment
the alleles (found on the various chromosomes) will align themselves randomly BEFORE segregation takes place.
law of segregation
within each set of alleles (of a gene), each allele will separate and go to either spindle pole. The resulting daughter cells from the division will either get the RED CORVETTE or the YELLOW CORVETTE. NOT BOTH!!