Memory and Intelligence- Psychology
intelligence quotient
IQ= MA/CA x 100
how long is short term memory held for?
7 seconds
intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
aplitude tests
attempts to predict test taker's future performance
echoic store
auditory info held for 3-4 seconds
sensory memory
brief initial encoding of sensory info in memory system
recall
calling back memory into conscious awareness
creative
can create, invent, design
practical
common sense that helps you complete various tasks you face. (apply, use, do)
rehearsal
conscious repetition of info
overlearning
continuing to rehearse info after memorized
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
memory processes info in these 3 steps
encoding, storage, retrieval
recency effect
end of list
state dependent memory
enhanced ability to retrieve info when you're in same physical/emotional state when encoding info
primary effect
enhances ability to recall items in beginning of list
mnemonic devices
formal term for memory tricks
encoding
getting info into memory system
retrieval
getting info out of memory storage
iconic store
holds one image till replaced
how long is visual info stored?
less than half a second
analytic
most often stressed in schools. (analyze, compare, evaluate)
chunking
organizing info into meaningful units
Hermann Ebbinghaus
said "the more rehearsal, the better"
working memory
short term memory that contains info you're aware of before it's either stored more permanently or forgotten
distributed learning
spread out sessions, more effective than massed learning
serial position effect
tendency to recall first and last items on list more easily
Robert Sternberg
thinks there are 3 kinds of intelligence: analytic, creative, practical
Howard Gardner
thinks there are 8 kinds of intelligence
automatic processing
unconscious process of encoding certain info without effort
general intelligence
underlying factor that fuels all types of intelligence
flash-bulb memory
vivid long term memory that's emotionally significant. Key moments in our life stay forever.
semantic encoding
we remember more effectively than when we encode sounds or images
explicit memory
what we recall of facts and experiences (hippocampus)
context effect
environment where you encode and retrieve info: if these areas are similar.
validity
extent to which a test measures or predicts what it's supposed to do
reliability
extent to which a test yields consistent results
recognition
identifying item you've previously learned
hierarchy
outline of points and subpoints
peg word system
associate words you want to learn with a list of peg words you've already memorized
achievement tests
attempt to measure what you've accomplished
loci
you associate term you want to remember with a particular place
emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
implicit memory
recall of skills and procedures like walking (cerebellum)
long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system
storage
retaining in memory over time
long term potentiation
when same sequence of neurons are used to produce a memory, synapses become more efficient