Memory and Intelligence- Psychology

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intelligence quotient

IQ= MA/CA x 100

how long is short term memory held for?

7 seconds

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

aplitude tests

attempts to predict test taker's future performance

echoic store

auditory info held for 3-4 seconds

sensory memory

brief initial encoding of sensory info in memory system

recall

calling back memory into conscious awareness

creative

can create, invent, design

practical

common sense that helps you complete various tasks you face. (apply, use, do)

rehearsal

conscious repetition of info

overlearning

continuing to rehearse info after memorized

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

memory processes info in these 3 steps

encoding, storage, retrieval

recency effect

end of list

state dependent memory

enhanced ability to retrieve info when you're in same physical/emotional state when encoding info

primary effect

enhances ability to recall items in beginning of list

mnemonic devices

formal term for memory tricks

encoding

getting info into memory system

retrieval

getting info out of memory storage

iconic store

holds one image till replaced

how long is visual info stored?

less than half a second

analytic

most often stressed in schools. (analyze, compare, evaluate)

chunking

organizing info into meaningful units

Hermann Ebbinghaus

said "the more rehearsal, the better"

working memory

short term memory that contains info you're aware of before it's either stored more permanently or forgotten

distributed learning

spread out sessions, more effective than massed learning

serial position effect

tendency to recall first and last items on list more easily

Robert Sternberg

thinks there are 3 kinds of intelligence: analytic, creative, practical

Howard Gardner

thinks there are 8 kinds of intelligence

automatic processing

unconscious process of encoding certain info without effort

general intelligence

underlying factor that fuels all types of intelligence

flash-bulb memory

vivid long term memory that's emotionally significant. Key moments in our life stay forever.

semantic encoding

we remember more effectively than when we encode sounds or images

explicit memory

what we recall of facts and experiences (hippocampus)

context effect

environment where you encode and retrieve info: if these areas are similar.

validity

extent to which a test measures or predicts what it's supposed to do

reliability

extent to which a test yields consistent results

recognition

identifying item you've previously learned

hierarchy

outline of points and subpoints

peg word system

associate words you want to learn with a list of peg words you've already memorized

achievement tests

attempt to measure what you've accomplished

loci

you associate term you want to remember with a particular place

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

implicit memory

recall of skills and procedures like walking (cerebellum)

long term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system

storage

retaining in memory over time

long term potentiation

when same sequence of neurons are used to produce a memory, synapses become more efficient


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