Memory QA
What is the correct order of how memories are formed? a) Encoding -> Consolidation -> Retrieval -> Re-consolidation b) Encoding -> Retrieval -> Consolidation -> Re-consolidation c) Retrieval -> Consolidation -> Encoding -> Re-consolidation d) Retrieval-> Encoding-> Consolidation -> Re-consolidation
A. Encoding -> Consolidation -> Retrieval -> Re-consolidation. The primary sensory areas are involved in the encoding part of memory formation. Consolidation requires the hippocampus, amydala, and rhinal cortex. Retrieval involves the prefrontal cortex and storage areas. Re-consolidation involves the same structures as consolidation (hippocampus, amydala, and rhinal cortex)
After a stroke, Olivia can no longer remember her childhood friends or the vacations she took with her family . Olivia is suffering from: a. retrograde amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. iconic memory d. explicit memory
A. retrograde amnesia With retrograde amnesia you lose the memories prior to the event of the brain injury. Therefore all the memories from the past are impacted. This type of amnesia is typically seen after a TBI, such as a stroke.
Q: A dog salivates when it hears a bell ring. Usually whenever the bell rings, it usually means he recieves food. This type of situation would be an example of which type of procedural memory? A. Habituation B. Sensitization C. Classical conditioning D. Instrumental conditioning
A: C. Classical conditioning; it is when an unconditional stimulus is paired with conditional stimulus
__ memory is a type of sensory memory for visual items and if you present another visual item, it goes away immediately. A. Echoic memory B. Iconic memory C. Sensory encoding D. none of the above
ANSWER: B WHY? Echoic memory and iconic memory are types of sensory memory. However, Echoic memory is for auditory information whereas Iconic is for visual systems. Sensory encoding is one of the three stages in the sensory memory formation model.
When learning skills in daily life such as riding a bike, playing the piano, or learning to dance we use procedural (implicit) reasoning. Which of the following intensifies response to all stimuli, including those that previously evoked little or no reaction? a. Non-associative learning b. Associative learning c. Sensitization d. Habituation
ANSWER: Both A & C WHY?: A and C are both correct because sensitization is a form of nonassociative learning. Associative learning is incorrect because this is described as behavior altered by formation of associations between events. Habituation is incorrect because this is described as learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning.
Whar type of memory is at working for performing a cooking task such as boiling water for a pasta dish? A. Sensory Memory B. Working Memory C. Nondeclarative Memory D. Echoic Memory
Answer is C. Nondeclarative or implicit memory is used for automatic procedural task.
When asked why she fears spiders, Caila is unable to explain her fears,where they came from, or how she got them. This is an example of: (A) Semantic memory, which helps us avoid painful memories (B) Episodic memory, which has knowledge of specifi c personalmemories (C) Procedural memory, which holds memories that we are not aware of (D) Echoic memory, which holds memories we cannot retrieve (E) Iconic memory, which allows us to forget fear-inducing thoughts
Answer: (C) Procedural memory involves things learned through classical conditioning. Weare not aware of these memories and cannot retrieve them. In this case Caila is unable toexplain her fear of spiders, which would fall under procedural memories.
A patient with head trauma walks into the ER. While being examined she is able to respond correctly to "My name is Becky, and I am 22 years old". However, her friend that came in with her mentions she is unable to recall other memories including her wedding last year and her birthday party this year. The patient is showing signs of which of the following? A. Episodic memory loss B. Amnesia C. Dementia D. Early onset Alzheimers.
Answer: A episodic memory is the correct answer because the client is able to recall things such as her name and age, but not specific episodic memories.
Following a stroke, 24-year-old Freddy can no longer recall his favorite childhood school teacher or the vacations he went on with his family. Although Freddy can remember recent events, such as recalling the barista's name in Starbucks this morning, he has difficulty remembering past events prior to his brain trauma induced by the stroke. Taking all of these factors into consideration, we can see that Freddy is suffering from? A) retrograde amnesia B) anterograde amnesia C) psychogenic amnesia D) dyslexia
Answer: A. Retrograde amnesia. This answer is correct becuase retrograde amnesia involves memory loss for things prior to brain trauma. For example, a person with retrograde amnesia will be able to recall recent events but cannot recall events that have happened in the past (i.e., vacations Freddy and his family went on when he was younger). B. Anterograde amnesia is incorrect because this type of amnesia involves the inability to form new memories after brain trauma. For example, a person with anterograde amnesia would be able to recall past events (i.e., vacations with family as a child) but will not be able to remember people they have just met. C. Psychogenic amnesia is incorrect because we did not cover this type of amnesia in our lecture (but this type of amnesia is induced by a psychological rather than neurological cause). D. Dyslexia is incorrect because it does not relate to memory loss.
Which type of memory enables one to recall facts & events? A. short term B. long term C. working D. procedural
Answer: A. short term Short term memory enables one to remember factual information, as well as events. Working memory is used for temporary storage, while long term memory is needed to remember information from months or years ago. Lastly, procedural memory is required for remembering motor skills & habits.
Which type of memory is best describe as temporary storage and only lasting seconds? A. Short-term memory B. Working memory C. Nondecalrative memory D. Long-term memory
Answer: B Working memory. The reason for this is because Short-term memory focuses more so on facts and events, Long-term memory focuses on things that can be recalled months or years later and Nondeclarative memory focuses on motor skills and habits.
What is an example of a declarative memory? A. Skeletal musculature B. Recalling a phone number C. Skills and habits D. Emotional responses
Answer: B is the correct answer. Declarative memory is classified by facts and events. In the case of this question, recalling a phone number is a fact. Choices A, C, & D are incorrect as they are all factors of non-declarative memory.
Which sensory memory is used for auditory information? a. iconic memory b. echoic memory c. short term memory d. working memory
Answer: B. Echoic memory; Echoic memory is sensory memory for auditory information. It lasts about 3-4 seconds. Iconic memory is sensory memory for visual items and usually lasts 2-3 seconds.
_____ memory involves sensory memory for auditory information and an example is ____ a. auditory; what we see b. auditory; spoken language c. iconic; spoken language d. iconic; what we see
Answer: B. This is because auditory memory involves what we hear and an example is spoken language. Whereas iconic memory involves visual items and is what we see.
What is the acquisition of new information? A. declarative memory B. learning C. long-term memory D. nondeclarative memory
Answer: B. learning. Learning is teh acquisition of new information. Declarative mememory is explicit memory and includes working, short-term, and long-term memory. Long-term memory is the ability to recall things months or years later. Nondeclarative memory is implicit memory including procedural memory.
What stage(s) of memory formation does Amnesia disrupt? A. Encoding B. Retrieval C. Consolidation and reconsolidation D. All of the above
Answer: C Explanation: Amnesia tends to disrupt memory formation at these stages. Amnesia can be caused by concussion, chronic alcoholism, encephalitis, brain tumor and stroke
Question: Which of the following types of memory is non-verbal, unconscious, and includes task performance improvement without conscious awareness? a. Explicit b. Conscious c. Implicit d. Episodic
Answer: C. Implicit memory is the type of memory that is defined above. Explicit memory is defined as verbal, conscious, and involves the feeling of recollecting/remembering information. Episodic memory is a type of explicit memory which is present for specific events that occur.
Eleanor has recently suffered brain damage. She is able to recall facts and information about herself, such as her name and age, but she is unable to to remember specific episodes of her life, such as the day her little sister was born. She hides her memory loss well, as she can describe her typical day if asked. What area of her brain do you think is damaged? A. Prefrontal Cortex B. Basal Ganglia C. Posterior Parietal Cortex D. Medial Temporal Cortex
Answer: D. Medial Temporal Cortex Explanation: Damage to the medial temporal cortex will lead to a client being able to recall facts and information about themselves, but not specific episodes of their lives. Clients with damage to this area often hide the memory loss well because they can describe a typical day well, but no specific events from a recent day. It is theorized that the problem is in mentally projecting themselves into the past, future, or imagining a situation that is not currently occurring.
Which of the following is not an example of episodic memory? A. What was your graduation party like? B. What did you eat on Thanksgiving? C. What kind of coffee did you get today? D. What is the capital of the United States?
Answer: D. The capital of the US is not a specific event that occurred. A graduation party, Thanksgiving dinner, and getting coffe are specific events, and therefore are examples of episodic memory.
Which is NOT true about Post-Traumatic Amnesia? a. Can occur for several hours to days following a head injury (it is more common when the person has lost consciousness). b. The client is awake and able to move and talk to others. They are often in a confused state at the time. c. The individual can't form memories during the period of PTA, even though they are conscious and communicating. d. It is likely due to short term reduced activation in the cerebellum that prevents the brain from forming new memories (the entire brain in still in shock from the injury).
Answer: It is likely due to short term reduced activation in the cerebellum that prevents the brain from forming new memories (the entire brain in still in shock from the injury). Reason: It is likely due to short term reduced activation in the HIPPOCAMPUS (NOT CEREBELLUM) that prevents the brain from forming new memories (the entire brain in still in shock from the injury).
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary emotions? A. Enjoyment B. Sadness C.Disgust D. Fear E.Suprise F. Embarrassment G.Anger
Answer: The correct answer is F. Embarrassment is not one of the primary emotions. The primary emotions are enjoyment, sadness, disgust, fear, suprise, and anger.
True or False: Iconic memory lasts approximately 2 to 3 seconds and is sensory memory for visual items.
Answer: True
Which one is not part of nondeclaritive memory? a) procedural memory b) emotional responses c) facts d) skeletal musculature
Answer: c) facts. Facts are a part of declaritive memory not nondeclaritive memory.
Retrograde amnesia is loss of memories ________to the event a. Several months prior b. 1 year prior c. Several hours d. Many years prior
Answer: c. Several hours. Retrograde is frequently seen in cases of traumatic brain injury and involves the several hours prior to the event. It occurs because the short-term memories of what happened during that time have not completely transferred to and solidified as long-term memories.
Mary's mother asks her what time she is leaving for school while she is busy getting ready. Absentmindedly, she responds with "what did you say?", but realizes she did hear what she had asked her, and responds "7:30." What type of memory is being used here? A. Iconic memory B. Echoic memory
B is the correct answer. Echoic memory is the sensory memory for auditory information, while iconic memory is the sensory memory for visual information.
Camille and Kate were in the kitchen cooking dinner together when Camille asks a questions about their homework that is due tomorrow. Kate says "What? Oh! This is what you have to do." What kind of sensory memory did Kate use? a. Ionic memory b. Echoic memory c. Visual working memory d. Auditory working memory
B. Echoic memory because it is sensory memory for auditory information that lasts about 3-4 seconds.
John, a 63 year old male, recalls his name, age and facts about himself; however, when asked about where he met his wife, the day he married her and/or their first kiss, he could not recall any important events of his life. It seems he has loss of episodic memory. Which part of his brain could be damaged? A. Prefrontal Cortex B. Medial Temporal cortex C. Posterior Parietal cortex D. Cerebellum
B. Medial Temporal cortex Individuals with damage to this area experience loss of episodic memory. They often hide the memory loss well because they can describe a typical day well, but no specific events from a recent day such as their wedding day, first significant other, child's graduation day etc. The medial temporal cortex contains several structures related to important cognitive and emotional functions. Its location is in the Hippocampal region therefore if it is damaged, it can lead to memory loss of events that acquired before the damage.
Brandon is sitting in his kitchen reminiscing while sitting with his family. Suddenly, he has a vivid memory of his weekend out two weeks ago when his friend fell down the stairs. This specific event he remembers is an example of _______ at work: a) working memory b) episodic memory c) implicit memory d) iconic memory
B. episodic memory This is the correct answer because episodic memory is memory of specific events that occur, similar to Brandon's memory of his friend who fell down the stairs two weeks ago. The answer is not working memory because this refers to temporary storage that lasts for a few seconds, which is not what Brandon is experiencing or the type of memory he is using. Implicit memory is not correct because this type of memory involves learning new motor actions, which is not something Brandon is engaging in. Lastly, the answer is not iconic memory, because iconic memory is related to visual input and Brandon is not experiencing visual items that trigger this memory.
Which cortical structure of brain is responsible for working memory/processing? A. Parahippocampal cortex B. Thalamus C. Prefontal cortex D.Hippocampus
Correct Answer: Prefrontal Cortex. As stated in the lecture, it's involved in the manipulation of information that is held in working memory, and involved in cognitive flexibility. Furthemore, it's involved in planning, executive function, inhibition and remembering that previous information and using it to make the next decision involves prefrontal cortex activation. Parahippocampal is a cortical structure, however, it's not the correct answer. The thalamus and Hippocampus are immediately wrong as they're subcortical structures.
Which one of these is considered sensory memory for auditory information and last 3-4 seconds? A. Iconic Memory B. Explicit Memory C. Echoic Memory D. Implicit Memory
Correct answer C. Echoic Memory Iconic memory is sensory memory for visual items (lasts 2-3 seconds), explicit memory involves the feeling of recollecting information, and implicit memory is task performance improvement without conscious awareness.
What type of sensory memory is responsible for auditory information? a. Iconic Memory b. Short-term Memory c. Long-term Memory d. Echoic Memory
D. Echoic Memory
Which is not a part of the cortical structures of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Medial temporal cortex c. Lateral Cortex d. Posterior parietal cortex
The answer is C. Lateral Cortex is not a part of the cortical structures but the other three are.
If someone asked you what did you do for the 4th of July this year, it would be an example of which type of memory? a. Memory re-consolidation b. Procedural memory c. Echoic memory d. Episodic memory
The answer is D, Episodic memory. Episodic memory occurs for a specific event. Examples include what did you do for your birthday this year, or what was your high school prom like? Since the question is asking what you did on the 4th of July, it is a specific event making it episodic memory.
What are the causes of Amnesia? A. concussion B. chronic alcoholism C. encephalitis D. brain tumor E. stroke F. All of the above
The answer is F ALL OF THE ABOVE. Amnesia is serious loss of memory and/or ability to learn which can be cause by concussion, chronic alcoholism, encephalitis, brain tumor, stroke.
When Jeffrey was asked what he did for his birthday this year and what his high school prom was like he could not answer. What part of his brain is damaged? a. Basal ganglia b. Medial temporal cortex c. Apraxia d. Both a and c
The answer is b. Medial temporal cortex. When this is damaged you can recall information about yourself and describe a typical day, but you can't recall specific events. It is hard to mentally project yourself into the past, future, or imagine a situation that is not currently happening.
Which is not a function of the limbic system? a. Expressing emotions b. Learning relationships between items and emotions c. Basic motivational drives d. Breathing
The answer is d, breathing is not a function of the limbic system. That is a function of the medulla.
What are the different types of sensory memory? a. Iconic Memory b. Echoic Memory c. Short-Term Memory d. Long-Term Memory e. a &B f. A,B,c g. all of the above
The answer to the question is E. A &B. Iconic and Echoic Memory are both examples of sensory memory. Iconic memory is the sensory memory for visual things and normally lasts about 2-3 seconds. Echoic Memory is the sensory memory for auditory information and lasts around 3-4 seconds.
Question: Explicit memory involved both ______ and ________ memory that involves the feeling of remembering information. A) unconscious, verbal B) concious, verbal C) conscious, non -verbal D) unconscious, non-verbal
The answer to this question is B) conscious, verbal. There are two types of long term memory: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory involves both conscious and verbal memory that involves the feeling of remembering informatuiion. Implicit memory is unconscious and non-verbal.
In long term memory what are the two components that are included in it? A) implicit and explicit memory B) Working memory and short term memory C) Procedural and working memory D) learning and memory
The correct answer is A. In long term memory the only two components of it. Making this the correct answer.
Declarative memory includes ____________; while nondeclarative memory includes _____________. A. facts and events ; skills/habits and emotion B. skills/habit and emotion ; facts and events C. classical conditioning and facts ; skeletal musculature and emotion D. skeletal musculature and procedural memory ; classical conditioning and facts
The correct answer is A. facts and events ; skills/habits and emotion. Declarative memory is explicit and includes working memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Nondeclarative memory is implicit and includes procedural memory (classical conditioning, skeletal musculature, and emotional responses).
Recently your friend has experienced a concussion from a severe injury. You observe that they are fine learning new things and creating new memories but they seem to be forgetting earlier life information about themselves such as where they grew up or what high school they went to. What choice would best describe what you think your friend is showing signs of? A. Retrogradamnesia B. Limited Amnesia C. Anterograde Amnesia D. This is not a type of amnesia
The correct answer is A. retrograde amnesia because this is the only type of amnesia that deals with a person who loses memories of things/events that occurred before the brain trauma. The other answers are not correct because the rest are other types of amnesia that can be just from trauma or cause the adverse effect of the inability to form new memories.
Which of the following cortical structures of the brain is involved in the manipulation of information that is held in working memory? A. Prefrontal cortex B. Posterior partial cortex C. Medial temporal cortex D. Thalamus
The correct answer is A: prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is a cortical structure of the brain that is also important in cognitive flexibility, planning, executive function, and inhibition.
When an OT lowers the head of the hospital bed for a patient who's blood pressure has spiked which type of long term memory are they using? A) explicit B) implicit
The correct answer is B) implicit memory. Implicit long term memory is unconscious and non- verbal. When the OT just does this action without really having to think about it they are using implicit memory.
"When did you graduate high school?" This question is an example of what type of memory? A. Implicit B. Episodic C. Short-term
The correct answer is B. Episodic because this occurs for specific events that occur.
You are reading a book and your friend asks you, "What time do you have class?" You reply, "What did you say? Oh, at 1:30". What type of memory is this an example of? A. Iconic Memory B. Legendary Memory C. Echoic Memory D. Cerebral Memory
The correct answer is C) Echoic Memory. Echoic memory is the type of sensory memory that is responsible for auditory information which lasts about 3-4 seconds. While iconic memory is a type of sensory memory, it is for visual items and lasts about 2-3 seconds.
A form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli, even ones that previously evoked little or no reaction is known as____ A. Amnesia B. Habituation C. Sensitization D. None of the above
The correct answer is C. Sensitization is a form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli.
What is a characteristic of explicit memory? A. It is unconscious B. It is non-verbal C. It involves the feeling of recollecting (or remembering) information D. None of the above
The correct answer is C. it involves the feeling of recollecting (or remembering information). Answers A and B are incorrect because they are characteristics of implicit memory. The other characteristics of explicit memory include being conscious and verbal.
What type of memory only last for a few seconds and has temporary storage? A) Long term memory B) Nondeclarative memory C) Short term memory D) Working memory
The correct answer is D) working memory. Both working memory and short-term memory only last for small amounts of time, but short term memory has a longer time duration and storage amount. Long term memory has the capacity to store information for months and years, and nondeclarative memory has to deal with procedural skills tasks, and memories.
A patient has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. The patient is noticing many symptoms since their diagnosis. One in particular is causing language deficits due to a loss of memory for words. Which of the following accurately names the 2 potential reasons for this symptom? a. Amnesia and Anomia b. Amnesia and Aphasia c. Apraxia and Aphasia d. Anomia and Aphasia
The correct answer is D, anomia, and aphasia. The other options are related to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease however these two specifically relate to the language deficit due to loss of memory for words.
Which of the following is not a type of memory? A. Declarative B. Memory C. Learning D. Qualified
The correct answer is D. Qualified is not a type of memory. The types of memory are as follows: -Declarative -Memory -Learning -Non-declarative
Which of the following is NOT a type of declarative memory? a) working memory b) procedural memory c) short-term memory d) long-term memory
The correct answer is b) procedural memory. Declarative memory includes working, short-term, and long-term memory as they are all explicit types of memory. These types of memory is for facts and events. Procedural memory, however, is a type of nondeclarative or implicit memory, as it is for skills and habits.
Bobby experienced a traumatic head injury while playing on his high school soccer team and did not aim to immediately seek medical attention. A few hours after the injury, Bobby's teammates were asking Bobby about middle school and Bobby was not able to recall many memories from that part of his life which was two years prior to the present time. Which type of amnesia is Bobby suffering from? a. Drug-induced amnesia b. Dissociated amnesia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Anterograde amnesia
The correct answer is c. Retrograde amnesia. Amnesia is memory loss that impacts your ability to produce, store, and retrieve memories. Retrograde amnesia can be caused by a traumatic injury to the head and the person is unable to retrieve memories from before the injury. On the other hand, anterograde amnesia is when the person is unable to make new memories after the injury.
What type of amnesia results in a loss of memory prior to the event? a. Post-traumatic amnesia b. Short-term amnesia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Long-term amnesia
The correct answer is c. retrograde amnesia. This type of amnesia is a loss of memories prior to the event. It is frequently seen in TBIs and involves the several hours prior to the event.
Which is true about explicit and implicit memory? a) explicit is conscious and verbal; implicit is unconscious and nonverbal b) explicit is conscious and non-verbal; implicit is unconscious and verbal c) explicit involves the feeling of recollecting information; implicit involves task performance improvement without conscious awareness d) explicit involves task performance improvement without conscious awareness; implicit involves the feeling of recollecting information e) both a and c f) both b and d
The correct answer is e) both a and c. Explicit memory is declarative memory that occurs for specific events that occur. It can include working, short-term, and long-term memories. Implicit memory is nondeclarative memory that strongly relies on the basal ganglia and cerebellum, and does not require the hippocampus. It is tested by seeing if an individual can learn a new motor task, like mirror writing or tracing. It can include procedural memory, or memory for new motor actions and habits.
Which option describes the impact of sleep in relation to memory? a. Sleep causes a decrease in memory capabilities b. Memory consolidation is prevented during times of sleep c. Dreams have no relationship to memory d. Memory consolidation occurs during periods of sleep
The correct option is choice D - memory consolidation occurs during periods of sleep which i when learned experiences are processed into long term memory. Choice A, B, and C are all incorrect since sleep serves the opposite functions to memory.
Allison is studying for her anatomy exam at the end of the week. She has memorized the origins and insertions of every muscle in the upper extremity. Her ability to remember these facts about the human body is classified as what type of memory? A. long term memory B. short term memory C. nondeclarative memory
answer: B Short term memory enables one to recall facts and events over a short period of time. Long term memory is required for remembering information over the course of months or years. Lastly, nondeclarative memory enables one to remember how to perform motor skills and habits.
Which is NOT a subcortical structure of the brain? a. Thalamus b. Posterior parietal cortex c. Hippocampus
b. posterior parietal cortex The subcortical structures of the brain include the hippocampus and the thalamus. Whereas, the cortical structures of the brain include the prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and medial temporal cortex (entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex).
What happens when a person has damage to the medial temporal cortex and experience loss of episodic memory? a. Do not know their name b. Cannot describe a typical day c. Loss of memory for words d. Do not remember specific events/episodes of life
d. Do not remember specific events/episodes of life Because they know their name, and can describe a typical day, people who experience episodic memory loss are can hide it well.
