Mental Health Exam 3 - Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

A client diagnosed with schizophrenia approaches the nurse and says, "The voices are bothering me. They're yelling and telling me I'm bad. Can't you hear them?" The most helpful reply for the nurse to make would be: 1)"Have you been taking your medication regularly?" 2) "I can't hear the voices, but I can see that you're upset." 3)"Forget the voices and ask some other clients to play cards with you." 4)"Do you hear the voices often?"

"I can't hear the voices, but I can see that you're upset.

A client diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia refuses food, stating the voices are saying the food is contaminated and deadly. Which response should the nurse provide to this client statement? "You are safe here in the hospital; nothing bad will happen to you." "The voices are wrong about the hospital food. It is not contaminated." "I understand that the voices are very real to you, but I do not hear them." "Other people are eating the food, and nothing is happening to them."

"I understand that the voices are very real to you, but I do not hear them." This reply acknowledges the client's reality but offers the nurse's perception that he or she is not experiencing the same thing. This is the only option that provides such support.

A client diagnosed with schizophrenia states to the nurse, "My, oh my. My mother is brother. Anytime now it can happen to my mother." Your best response would be: "You are having problems with your speech. You need to try harder to be clear." "You are confused. I will take you to your room to rest a while." "I will get you a prn medication for agitation." "I'm sorry, I didn't understand that. Do you want to talk more about your mother as we did yesterday?"

"I'm sorry, I didn't understand that. Do you want to talk more about your mother as we did yesterday?" The guidelines that are useful in communicating with a patient with disorganized or bizarre speech are to place the difficulty in understanding on yourself, not the patient, and look for themes that may be helpful in interpreting what the patient wants to say. Telling the patient he needs to try harder to be clearer is unrealistic since the patient would be unable do this. The other options are not useful in communicating with this patient and attempting to find common themes

When a client diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia tells the nurse, "I have to get away. The volmers are coming to execute me," an appropriate response for the nurse would be: "You are safe here. This is a locked unit, and no one can get in." "I do not believe I understand the word volmers. Tell me more about them." "Why do you think someone or something is going to harm you?" "It must be frightening to think something is going to harm you."

"It must be frightening to think something is going to harm you." This response focuses on the client's feelings and neither directly supports the delusion nor denies the client's experience. Option A gives global reassurance. Option B encourages elaboration about the delusion. Option C asks for information that the client will likely be unable to answer.

avolition

(a subjective reduction in interests, desires, and goals and a behavioral reduction of self-initiated and purposeful acts)

alogia (schizophrenia/negative symptoms)

(decrease in verbal output or verbal expressiveness),

blunted affect schizophrenia/negative symptoms)

(diminished facial and emotional expression)

anhedonia

(inability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli).

asociality (schizophrenia/negative symptoms)

(lack of involvement in social relationships of various kinds)

Avolition (negative symptoms of schizophrenia)

- defined as "a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities." -the inability to make a decision -emotional ambivalence (apathy) -deterioration in appearance

Second generation antipsychotics

-(Clozaril) clozapine -treat both positive and negative symptoms -Minimal to no EPS or tardive dyskinesia -Disadvantage - -tendency to cause significant weight gain; risk of metabolic syndrome -Cause agranulocytosis (Blood dysphagia)

Clinical picture for schizophrenia

-75% of cases are in 15-25 yr old people. -Develop gradually -child and later onset are rare -altered cognition, perception, and reality testing

Potentially dangerous responses to antipsychotics

-ACh Toxicity -Neuroleptic malignant Syndrome (NMS) -agranulocytosis -Prolongation of the QT interval (Rapid, chaotic heartbeats, can cause fainting and seizures) -Liver impairment

Extrapyramidal side effects include what?

-Acute dystonia -Akathisia -Pseudoparkinsonism -Tardive dyskinesia

Zyprexa (olanzapine)

-Antipsychotic - second generation -HIGH metabolic effects (Weight change) -moderate sedation, Orthostatic hypertension, ACh effects

Risperdal ( risperidone)

-Antipsychotic - second generation -HIGH prolactin (make breast milk) -moderate EPS, and metabolic effects

Positive symptoms in schizophrenia - form of thought are?

-Associative looseness (haphazard and confused thinking) -Neologism ( Making up your own word or expression or meaning for an already established word) -concrete thinking -Clang association (Based on the sounds of the words. The red car is mine, do you have the time) ▪Word Salad ▪Circumstantiality (unnecessary, tedious, and detailed conversations without ever reaching a point) ▪Tangentiality (wandering off topic, never make a point) ▪Mutism (Mute, not saying anything) ▪Perseveration (Focusing on one thought and continuing to return to that thought over and over) and Illusion! - misperception of reality

Posturing (schizophrenia/negative symptoms)

-Assuming unusual analogical expressions or positions

Anxiety has been implicated in provoking what type of hallucinations?

-Auditory

Antipsychotic side effects include what symptoms?

-EPS effects (Tardive Dyskinesia) -sedation -Orthostatic hypotension -ACh effects -Metabolic Effects - weight gain, increased risk of diabetes, dislipidemia -Significant prolongation of QT -Prolactin Elevation (Male breasts) -Metabolized By CYP3A4

Disadvantages with first generation antipsychotics (haldol)

-EPS side effects -Anticholinergic ACh side effects -tardive dyskinesia -Weight gain, sexual dysfunction, endocrine disturbances

Positive symptoms of the sense of self in schizophrenia are?

-Echolalia (repeating of another's words) -Echopraxia (mimicking another's movement) -depersonalization, loss of identity, being outside of your body (see their fingers as smaller or not theirs) -Identification / imitation (

Positive symptoms of perception in schizophrenia are what?

-Hallucinations: these can be: Auditory Visual tactile (touch) gustatory (taste) olfactory (smell)

Describe Schizophrenia

-Have at least one psychotic symptom: -hallucinations -delusions -disorganized speech or thought -disrupt normal activities and social interactions and self-care -Dysfunction in thinking, perception, language,memory, executive function -Positive symptoms: reflect a distortion or normal mental function -Negative symptoms: reflect a loss of normal function

Nursing care and consideration for anticholinergic toxicity are?

-Hold all medications -Consult prescriber immediately -emergency cooling measures -urinary catheter as needed (urinary retention) -benzodiazepine if needed -physostigmine (antidote to reverse toxicity)

If a patient presents with voices in their head what should the nurse do and why?

-Let the patients know that although the voices seem real, that you cannot hear them.

Schizoaffective disorder

-Major depressive, manic or Mixed episodes -Behaviors characteristics of schizophrenia -Prominent mood disorder symptoms present the majority of the time -NOT caused by substance abuse use or a general medical condition

Keeping a diary of the voices and exploring the impact of stressors on their frequency may help patients what?

-May help the patient identify the times that the hallucinations are most prevalent and frightening

Anticholinergic ACh side effects

-Reduced or absent peristalsis (bowel obstruction) -repetitive motor movement -hallucinations -urinary retention -hyperpyrexia (hot skin w/o sweating) -delirium, tachycardia, unstable VS, agitation, disorientation. HIGH Fever >103 -Can be life threatening

Evaluation after treatment

-Reevaluate progress regularly adjust treatment when needed -even if the outward symptoms improve outwardly - - inside the patient is still recovering -Set small goals; recovery can take months -Active, Ongoing communication and caring is essential

Second generation antipsychotics block what neurotransmitters?

-Serotonin -dopamine

Methods of distraction to reduce voices in the patients head are?

-Singing -listening to music -reading -hobby-gardening

Comorbidity and schizophrenia

-Substance abuse disorders -nicotine dependence *anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation or suicidal attempts *Polydipsia occurs in 20% of individuals with schizophrenia *physical health or illness

Impaired communication has a desired outcome of what?

-The patient will communicate in a manner that can be understood by others

First Generation antipsychotics (Haldol) side effects

-Very High risk for EPS -moderate metabolic effects -Can have prolonged QT interval -Moderate for Prolactin elevation (gynecomastia / developing milk)

What is a clinical picture?

-a clinical picture is how a person presents to the facility. This can be a doctors appt. a hospital stay, urgent care. or er presentation

Third generation antipsychotics

-a subset of second generation antipsychotics -abilify -rexulti -vraylar -Dopamine system stabilizers -improves both positive and negative symptoms -improves cognitive function -Little risk of EPS or tardive dyskinesia --very low side effects in all areas -metabolized in liver Neuroleptic malignant syndrome! Rare but life threatening!

Acute Dystonic Reactions Nursing care and considerations

-administer antiparkinsonian agent as above (IM for faster response) -consider benadryl IM/IV -reassure patient although frightening, dystonias are not dangerous except rarely (respiratory complications) -Stay with patient to provide comfort and support

Pseudoparkinsonism nursing care and consideration are?

-administer antiparkinsonian agents such as (Artane) or benztropine (Cogentin) -if intolerable, contact provider about a dose reduction, or medication change -Provide towel or cloth to wipe excess saliva -TEACH ho to reduce fall risks

Psychomotor behavior in negative symptoms of schizophrenia

-anergia, lack of energy; passivity, lack of persistence at work or school -waxy flexibility -posturing -Pacing and rocking

Which of the following would be considered a "negative" symptom of Anhedonia. Tardive dyskinesia. Akathisia. Auditory hallucinations.

-anhedonia

Associated factors with negative symptoms of schizophrenia are?

-anhedonia -regression

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

-anhedonia -regression -anergia, lack of energy; passivity, lack of persistence at work or school -waxy flexibility -posturing -Pacing and rocking -Inappropriate affect - (Laughing at someone bleeding) -Bland or flat affect -Apathy -Avolition -Emotional ambivalence - ambivalence is conceptualized as the experience of strong emotions that pull people in different directions simultaneously. -impaired social interaction -impaired problem solving -social isolation

Any time psychosis starts to worsen in patients with schizophrenia, what should be reassessed for?

-anticholinergic toxicity

First generation antipsychotics

-are dopamine antagonists (D2 receptor antagonists) -Target POSITIVE symptoms of schizophrenia -Advantage (less expensive than second generation)

Schizophreniform Disorder

-at least one month less than six months -presents identical to schizophrenia -This condition may precede a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Impaired communication D/T what in schizophrenia

-biochemical alterations in the brain -Psychological barriers ( psychosis, lack of stimuli) -Side effects of medication -Altered perception

For schizophrenia : two of the following for a significant part of a month must be present

-delusions -hallucinations (command) -Disorganized speech -Gross disorganization or catatonia -negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression or avolition) -Functional impairment - disturbances in work, relationships, self-care, academics -Persits for at least 6 months; with at least one month of symptoms

positive symptoms of schizophrenia related to content of thought are?

-delusions of *persecution *grandeur *reference - Believing something is caused because of you: example: it is snowing outside because I got admitted to the hospital today *control or influence *somatic delusions *Nihilistic delusions: major catastrophe will occur -religiosity -Paranoia -Magical thinking

Substance Abuse Psychotic Disorder and Psychotic Disorder d/t another Medical Condition

-delusions/hallucinations induced BY substances -Hallucinations/delusions r/t general medical condition (Delirium, Neuro, Hepatic, Renal) -These conditions must be ruled out before primary diagnosis of schizophrenia or any psychotic disorder can be made

Psychobiological Interventions

-first, second, and third generation antipsychotics

Examples of First generation Antipsychotics

-haloperidol (Haldol) -chlorpromazine

how to treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome

-hold all antipsychotics - transfer to CCU immediately, if home, call 911 -Life threatening!

Treatment for EPS symptoms

-lower drug dose causing these effects or change drug to one less prone to cause the effects

Schizophrenia is characterized by

-psychosis -Affects 1% of adults

Brief Psychotic disorder

-sudden onset -Lasts at least 1 day, but less than 1 year -One symptom must be present: Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized thoughts/behavior Catatonic

Volition is the ability to?

-the ability to make a decision

Why would decreasing environmental stimuli help with a patient suffering from hallucinations?

-this reduces the potential for anxiety that may trigger hallucinations

Reality Testing

-to understand what is real and not real

DSM-V Criteria for Schizophrenia

-twoor more of the following Symptoms for a significant portion of time in 1 month-delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, gross disorganization or catatonia -negative symptoms -functional impairment -Continuous disturbances happen for at least 6 months

The mother of a newly diagnosed client with schizophrenia tells the nurse, "My neighbor told me that my son's condition is caused by early childhood experiences. I simply don't understand what I did wrong to make this happen to my son." The most appropriate response by the nurse would be: 1) Research tells us that your son's condition is a result of biological factors, not early parenting." 2)It must be frustrating for you to have him so sick so much of the time." 3)You can count on the fact that his illness is the result of genetic factors. 4)Although it is hard to believe, psychological stress really is at the root of most mental disorders."

1)Research tells us that your son's condition is a result of biological factors, not early parenting.

Geodon (Ziprasidone)

2nd Generation antipsychotic -Moderate sedation - orthostatic hypotension -prolonged QT interval -Metabolized in the liver

A client has been diagnosed with delirium caused by a metabolic disorder. He begs the nurse to get someone to take away the huge snake in the hallway before it comes into his room. The nurse looks to where he is pointing and sees the hose of the vacuum cleaner being used by the housekeeper. The nurse can assess this symptom as: Agnosia. A tactile hallucination. Hypervigilance. A visual illusion.

A visual illusion.

Currently what is understood to be the causation of schizophrenia? A. A combination of inherited and non genetic factors B. Deficient amounts of the neurotransmitter dopamine C. Excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter serotonin D. Stress related and ineffective stress management skills

A. Correct A combination of inherited and non genetic factors Causation is a complicated matter. Schizophrenia most likely occurs as a result of a combination of inherited genetic factors and extreme nongenetic factors (e.g., viral infection, birth injuries, nutritional factors) that can affect the genes governing the brain or directly injure the brain.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Adverse reaction to antipsychotics acute, life threatening, flexor/extensor posturing Dysphasia (cannot talk) tachycardia diaphoresis reduced/absent speech or movement decreased responsiveness stupor coma severe muscle rigidity

Which of the following would be assessed as a negative symptom of schizophrenia? Anhedonia Hostility Agitation Hallucinations

Anhedonia Negative symptoms refer to deficits that characterize schizophrenia. They include the crippling symptoms of affective blunting (lack of facial expression), anergia (lack of energy), anhedonia (inability to experience happiness), avolition (lack of motivation), poverty of content of speech, poverty of speech, and thought blocking

Clozaril (Clozapine)

Antipsychotic - second generation -HIGH sedation -ACh (Bowel Obstruction) -Metabolic effects -Agranulocytosis -myocarditis -metabolized in liver (Monitor Liver enzymes)

Seroquel (quetiapine)

Antipsychotic - second generation -high or moderate metabolic effects -Moderate sedation, orthostatic hypotension -prolonged QT interval - liver metabolization

A client, who has been prescribed clozapine 6 weeks ago, reports flu like symptoms including a fever and a very sore throat, the nurse should initiate which nursing intervention? Suggest that the client take something for the fever and get extra rest. Advise the physician that the client should be admitted to the hospital. Arrange for the client to have blood drawn for a white blood cell count. Consider recommending a change of antipsychotic medication.

Arrange for the client to have blood drawn for a white blood cell count. Antipsychotic medications may cause agranulocytosis, the first manifestation of which may be a sore throat and flu like symptoms.

Which nursing behavior will enhance the establishment of a trusting relationship with a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder? Answers: Establishing personal contact with family members. Being reliable, honest, and consistent during all interactions. Sharing limited personal information. Sitting close to the patient to establish rapport

Being reliable, honest, and consistent during all interactions.

Schizophrenia is best characterized as presenting which personality trait? a. split T b. multiple c. ambivalent d. Deterioration

CORRECT: D. Deteriorating The course of schizophrenia is marked by recurrent acute exacerbations. With each relapse of psychosis, an increase in residual dysfunction and deterioration occurs.

An important facet of nursing care for a client with delirium who has fluctuating levels of consciousness, disturbed orientation, and perceptual alterations is: Answers: Application of wrist and ankle restraints. Avoidance of physical contact. Careful observation and supervision. A high level of sensory stimulation.

Careful observation and supervision.

A nursing care plan includes the nursing order, assess for auditory hallucinations. What behavior suggests the client may be hallucinating? Elevated mood, hyperactivity, distractibility. Performing rituals, avoiding open places. Aloofness, haughtiness, suspicion. Darting eyes, tilted head, mumbling to self.

Darting eyes, tilted head, mumbling to self.

A client diagnosed with disorganized schizophrenia would have greatest difficulty with the nursing intervention? Interacting with a neutral attitude Using concrete language Giving multistep directions Providing nutritional supplements

Giving multistep directions The thought processes of the client with disorganized schizophrenia are severely disordered, and severe perceptual problems are present, making it extremely difficult for the client to understand what others are saying. All communication should be simple and concrete and may need to be repeated several times. Ineffective organizational skills would not be a primary factor considering the other options

Nico, a 22-year-old patient, is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which of the following symptoms would alert a provider to a possible diagnosis of schizophrenia in a 22-year-old male client? Excessive sleeping with disturbing dreams Hearing voices telling him to hurt his roommate Withdrawal from college because of failing grades Chaotic and dysfunctional relationships with his family and peers

Hearing voices telling him to hurt his roommate People diagnosed with schizophrenia all have at least one psychotic symptom such as hallucinations, delusional thinking, or disorganized speech. The other options do not describe schizophrenia but could be caused by a number of problems

negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Affect

Inappropriate affect - (Laughing at someone bleeding) Bland or flat affect Apathy

Anergia (negative)

Lack of energy; passivity, lack of persistence at work or school

A client receiving risperidone (Risperdal) reports severe muscle stiffness mid-morning. During lunch he has difficulty swallowing food and is noted to drool. When vital signs are taken at 4 PM he is noted to be diaphoretic, with a temperature elevation of 38.4 C, pulse of 110 beats/minute, and blood pressure of 150/90 mm Hg. The nurse should suspect: 1)Cholestatic jaundice and begin a high protein, high cholesterol diet. 2)Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and notify the physician STAT. 3)Agranulocytosis and institute reverse isolation. 4)Tardive dyskinesia and withhold the next dose of medication.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and notify the physician STAT.

A client with a diagnosis of schizophrenia has received typical antipsychotics for a year. His hallucinations are less intrusive, but the client remains apathetic, has poverty of thought, cannot work, and is socially isolated. To address these symptoms, the nurse might expect the psychiatrist to prescribe: Answers: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine). Olanzapine (Zyprexa). Haloperidol (Haldol). Diphenhydramine (Benadryl).

Olanzapine (Zyprexa). Because: Chlorpromazine and Haldol are first generation antipsychotics and Benadryl is a antihistamine

The nurse is planning long-term goals for a 17-year-old male client recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which statement should serve as the basis for the goal-setting process? 1)If treated quickly following diagnosis, schizophrenia can be cured. 2)Schizophrenia can be managed by receiving treatment only at the time of acute exacerbations. 3)Patients with schizophrenia often do not fully respond to treatment and have residual symptoms and varying degrees of disability. 4)If patients with schizophrenia stay on their drug regimen, they usually lead fully productive lives with no further symptoms.

Patients with schizophrenia often do not fully respond to treatment and have residual symptoms and varying degrees of disability. Unfortunately, in most cases, schizophrenia does not respond fully to available treatments; it leaves residual symptoms and causes varying degrees of dysfunction or disability. The other options are all untrue of schizophrenia.

The most common course of schizophrenia is an initial episode followed by what course of events? Recurrent acute exacerbations and deterioration Recurrent acute exacerbations Continuous deterioration Complete recovery

Recurrent acute exacerbations and deterioration -Schizophrenia is usually a disorder marked by an initial episode followed by recurrent acute exacerbations. With each relapse of psychosis, an increase in residual dysfunction and deterioration occurs.

A teenaged client is being discharged from the psychiatric unit with a prescription for risperidone. The nurse providing medication teaching to the client's mother should provide which response when asked about the risk her son faces for extrapyramidal side effects (EPSs)? 1)All antipsychotic medications have an equal chance of producing EPSs. 2)Newer antipsychotic medications have a higher risk for EPSs. 3)Risperidone is a newer antipsychotic medication and has a lower risk of EPSs than older antipsychotics. 4)Advise the mother to ask the provider to change the medication to clozapine instead of risperidone.

Risperidone is a newer antipsychotic medication and has a lower risk of EPSs than older antipsychotics. Risperidone is a newer, atypical antipsychotic. All newer antipsychotic medications have a lower incidence of EPSs than older, traditional antipsychotics. The other responses are untrue. There is no reason to advise a medication change at this time.

Brain structure abnormalities do occur in what?

Schizophrenia: examples are larger/and more dopamine receptors are present.

A client has reached the stable plateau phase of schizophrenia. What is the appropriate clinical planning focus for this client? Safety and crisis intervention Acute symptom stabilization Stress and vulnerability assessment Social, vocational, and self-care skills

Social, vocational, and self-care skills During the stable plateau phase of schizophrenia, planning is geared toward client and family education and skills training that will help maintain the optimal functioning of schizophrenic individuals in the community. All the other options should have been handled previously.

Acute dystonia

Sudden, sustained contraction of one or several muscle groups, usually of the head or neck

Tara and Aaron are twins who are both diagnosed with schizophrenia. Aaron was diagnosed at 23 years old and Tara at 31 years old. Based on your knowledge of early and late onset of schizophrenia, which of the following is true? Tara and Aaron have the same expectation of a poor long-term prognosis. Tara will experience more positive signs of schizophrenia such as hallucinations. Aaron will be more likely to hold a job and live a productive life. Tara has a better chance for positive outcomes because of later onset.

Tara has a better chance for positive outcomes because of a later onset.

Which side effect of antipsychotic medication is generally nonreversible? Anticholinergic effects Pseudoparkinsonism Dystonic reaction Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia - it is not always reversible with discontinuation of the medication and has no proven cure. The other side effects often appear early in therapy and can be minimized with treatment.

Which nursing intervention is designed to help a schizophrenic client minimize the occurrence of a relapse? Schedule the client to attend group therapy that includes those who have relapsed. Teach the client and family about behaviors associated with relapse. Remind the client of the need to return for periodic blood draws to minimize the risk for Relapse. Help the client and family adapt to the stigma of chronic mental illness and periodic relapses.

Teach the client and family about behaviors associated with relapse. By knowing what behaviors signal impending relapse, interventions can be quickly invoked when the behaviors occur. The earlier the intervention, the greater the likelihood that a recurrence can be averted. None of the other options are effective interventions when considering relapse prevention

A patient has been assigned an admission diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder. Which assessment information would alert the nurse to question this diagnosis? The patient has experienced impaired reality testing for a 24 hour period. The patient has experienced auditory hallucinations for the past 3 hours. The patient has experienced bizarre behavior for one day. The patient has experienced confusion for three weeks.

The patient has experienced auditory hallucinations for the past 3 hours.

What is essential in the nursing process with patients suffering from scizophrenia?

Therapeutic communication

impaired social interaction impaired problem solving social isolation

These are negative interpersonal functioning symptoms in schizophrenia

The client with a diagnosis of schizophrenia has been started on medication therapy with clozapine (Clozaril). The nurse assesses the results of which laboratory study to monitor for adverse effects from his medication? Platelet count. White blood cell count. Liver function studies. Blood glucose.

White blood cell count.

A client diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia tells the nurse, "I have to get away. The volmers are coming to execute me." The term "volmers" can be assessed as a neologism. clang association. blocking. a delusion.

a neologism. A neologism is a newly coined word that has meaning only for the client. None of the other options fit this description

Pseudoparkinsonism

a temporary group of symptoms - tremor, reduced accessory movements,gait impairment, reduced facial expressions , and slowing of motor behavior

waxy flexibility (schizophrenia/negative symptoms)

feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others

80% of the risk of schizophrenia are?

genetic

Akethisia

motor restlessness that causes pacing, repetitive movements, or an inability to stay still or remain in one place

The purpose of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) assessment on a persistently mentally ill client who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia is early detection of acute dystonia. tardive dyskinesia. cholestatic jaundice. pseudoparkinsonism.

tardive dyskinesia. An AIMS assessment should be performed periodically on clients who are being treated with antipsychotic medication known to cause tardive dyskinesia. This tool is not used to assess or monitor any of the other options.

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

the theory that schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine and, conversely, that anti-schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels -First generation antipsychotic Haldol is used in treatment of this condition.

•Delusional Disorder

•Delusions for at least one month •Have general theme: grandiose, persecutory, somatic, and referential •Hallucinations not prominent •Behavior not bizarre •Continues to function in day to day life