Methods of Research Final
______are particularly necessary for research investigating controversial issues
advisory committee
The reliabilty and validity of measures in any study must be tested ____________ to assess the quality of the information obtained.
after the study
The most appropriate approach to use when it is not clear what meaning people attach to a concept or what sense they might make of a particular question would be ___________________.
an exploratory approach
The Belmont report established thre ethical principles including
beneficence
There three features of the shape of a distribution include
both b and c (data cleaning, variability)
the goal of research is not just to discover something but also to
communicate the discovery to a larger audience
A type of analysis that requires the analyst to identify whose perspective will be used to identify what will be considered a cost and what will be considered a benefit.
cost-benefit analysis
A type of analysis where the specific costs of a program are compared to the program's outcomes.
cost-effectiveness analysis
The foundation for qualitative research methods began in the __________________________.
early 1900's
A research method design where a qualitative method is implimented first followed by a quantitative method is know as a multiphase design.
false
Evaluation research is a method of data collection.
false
Face validity is the gold standard of measurement validity.
false
If we think five people are standing on a corner when there really are five people standing on a corner, we have made an inaccurate observation.
false
In-person interviews are often not the best survey designs.
false
Qualitative methods are often a key componenet of process evaluation because they can be used to elucidate and understand internal dynamics, but onbly those that are anticipated.
false
Recreational drug use is defined as repeated use of a substance to the extent that it inteferes with adequate socail functioning.
false
Secondary data analysis is a method for systematically analyzing and making inferences from text.
false
Surveys are efficient methods because many variables can be measured, however there will be a substantial increase in costs and time to collect data.
false
Surveys typically use standardized, qualitative measures of attitudes, behaviors, or social processes.
false
Systematic observation allows us to collect data about individuals or groups without their direct knowledge or participation.
false
Transparency is abranch of philosophy that studies how knowledge is gained or acquired.
false
When using human subjects in a study, confidentiality must be maintained under all circumstances.
false
Whenever possible, all information that could identify individuals should be included in the records to be analyzed so there is a record of proof if needed in the future.
false
an increasing body of research suggests that plagiarism has been reduced on college campuses due to technology
false
there are many advantages and few disadvantages to using secondary data
false
Every research question in criminology should be
grounded in empirical literature
As a general rule, when respondents are being asked about mundane activities, reference periods should be no longer than _________________.
in the past month
Criminological theory provides an explanation as to why ______________
(all of the above) crime occurs under certain conditions crime occurs crime occurs in some places
The four major types of secondary data include:
??? not (none of the above)
Demographic variables such as age, sex, race, or ethnicity are examples of ______________________________.
independant variables
One of the first comparative research projects in criminology was the development of the
CCDF
In most social science research, the units of analysis are __________________.
individuals
The type of validity that is achieved when a conclusion thst one phenomenon leads to or results in another phenomenon is ________________.
internal validity
Careful note taking adds little for the researcher.
False
Exploratory research seeks to identify causes and effects of social phenomena.
False
the ______ is the score in the middle of a rank-ordered distribution
median
The ______ is the most frequent value in a distribution.
mode
the ______ makes the preparation of an academic journal the most unique
peer review process
Confidence is gained that a sample is representative of the population when the sample is ________.
pg 110
A sampling technique of asking respondents to recommend other respondents is known as _________________________________.
pg 247
The first formal analytical step is _______________________________.
pg 263
Reviewing literature is really a ______-stage process.
pg 27
Criminological theories ___________________
pg 31
Descriptive theories are generally ______________________
pg 329
The best method for determining cause and effect, or for determining whether a program had its intended consequences, is ___________________________________.
pg 346
The _________________ approach to synthesizing findings from several studies can result in more generalizable findings than those obtained with just one study.
pg 361
____________________________ is a related method used to analyze and integrate findings from qualitative studies.
pg 361
Phenomenons are perceived as epidemic when numerous explanations emerge but most of them are based on media and popular culture, not research.
pg 9
A subset of elements from a larger population is known as _________________
sample
A sampling method where one member of the population is asked to identify other memebers of the population is known as
snowball sampling
An integrated literature review should accomplish three goals. One of those goals is __________.
summarize prior research
The entire set of elements is known as ________________.
the population
Socail research is an effort to connect _________________________.
theory to empirical data
A program theory specifies how the program is expected to operate and identifies whcih program elements are operational.
true
A research method for systematically analyzing and making inferences from text is content analysis.
true
A researcher's committment to confidentiality should be included in the informed consent agreement.
true
Federal regulations require every institution that seeks federal funding for biomedical or behavioral research on human subjects have an institutional review baird.
true
Maintaining trust is the cornerstone of successful research engagement.
true
Stakeholders may be clients, staff, managers, funders, or the public.
true
Survey research is an efficient method for systematically collecting data from a broad spectrum of individuals and social settings.
true
The boundries separating different methods of data collection often overlap.
true
The goal of validity is the pursuit of objective knowledge about human behavior
true
Triangulation uses two or more different measures of the same variable.
true
True experimental designs are strongest for testing nomothetic causal hypotheses.
true
What is most distinctive about a student research paper or thesis is the audience for the final product.
true
a histogram is like a bar chart
true
statistics play a key role in achieving valid research results, in terms of measurement, casual validity, and generalizability
true
Cross-tabulation can be used to study the relationship between
two variables
the first in data analysis is usually to display the variation in each variable of interest in what are called
univariate frequency distributions
An error in reasoning that occurs when we conclude that we have observed or know to be true for a subset of cases hold true for the entire set is called overgeneralization.
True
Exploratory research is generally concerned with uncovering detailed information about a given phenomenon.
True
Inaccurate observations is when we are inclined to criticize individuals or institutions according to our preferences.
True
Responsible use of secondary data requires a good understanding of the primary source data.
True
