MGMT 231 CH 2-Traditional and Contemporary Issues and Challenges

People who used scientific management...

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - They developed numerous techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency. Henry Gantt - Introduced the Gantt chart for scheduling work. Harrington Emerson - An advocate for specialized management roles.

What is a closed system?

does not interact with its environment

What are limitations of Behavioral Management today?

- Behavior is difficult to predict. - Managers are reluctant to adopt concepts. - Research ineffectively communicated to managers.

(*)What is contingency perspective?

- Believes each organization is unique. -recognizes that what a manager might do in one situation is based on the unique factors or contingencies of the situation -Rapid changing industry=quickly made decisions -Slower changing industry=more time to implementation

What are Classical Management Limitations Today?

- Best used in simple, stable organizations. - Universal procedures may not be appropriate in some settings. - Employees not viewed as resources.

What are limitations of Quantitative Management Today?

- Cannot fully explain or predict behavior. - Mathematical sophistication may come at the expense of other important skills. - Models may require unrealistic assumptions.

(*)What about the Hawthorne studies?

- Found increased productivity in both control and experimental group. • "rate busters" (overproducers) and "chiselers" (underproducers). -Human behavior was much more important in the workplace than previously believed. ~Individual and social processes play a major role in shaping employee attitudes and behavior at work

What are contributions of Behavioral Management today?

- Gave insights into interpersonal processes. • Such as motivation and group dynamics. - Focused managerial attention on these processes. - Viewed employees as resources.

What are Classical Management Contributions Today?

- Laid the foundation for management theory. - Identified key processes, functions, and skills. - Made management a valid subject of study.

What are contributions of Quantitative Management Today?

- Sophisticated techniques assist decision-making. • Particularly useful in planning and controlling. - Increased awareness of complex processes.

What is a theory?

-A conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action.

(*)What is Theory X?

-A pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management ~assumed people dont like to work ~so they need to be forced to work through threats and punishment

(*)What is Theory Y?

-A positive view of workers; it represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make. ~assume people like to work ~rewarding them with more power and responsibility within the organization ~managers enable employees to work to their highest potential

What is Quantitative Management Perspective?

-Applies quantitative techniques to management. -Focuses on decision-making, economic effectiveness, mathematical models, and the use of computers.

What does organizational behavior focus on?

-Draws on psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine. Important organizational behavior topic: -Job satisfaction and job stress -Motivation and leadership -Group Dynamics and organizational politics -Interpersonal conflict -The design of organizations

What about Frederick Taylor?

-Father of Scientific Management -Replaced rule-of-thumb methods with scientifically based work methods to eliminate "soldiering" -Believed in selecting, training, teaching, and developing workers. -Used time studies, standards planning, exception rule, slide-rules, instruction cards, and piece-work pay systems to control and motivate employees -He saw that workers soldiering, or deliberately working below their potential. He devised this four step method to overcome the problem.

Administrative Management

-Focuses on managing the total organization rather than individuals-working as a whole -planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling

(*)What is Scientific Management?

-Focuses on ways to improve the production of individual workers -Concerned with improving the performance of individual workers (ex:efficiency) -Grew out of the industrial revolution's labor shortage at the beginning of the twentieth century. -A(materials) + B (labor) =C product

Behavioral Management Perspective lead to...

-Hawthorne Studies -The human relations movement -The emergence of organizational behavior

(*)Human Relation Movement involve the...

-Hawthorne studies -Theory X and Y -Maslow's Hierarchy

Quantitative Management Perspective divides into two branches...

-Management Science -Operations management

What about History?

-Understanding the historical context provides a sense of heritage and helps managers avoid mistakes of others. ~History makes up who we are today.

What is organizational behavior?

-contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management.

What are the two branches of the Classical Management Perspective

-scientific management -administrative management.

(*)What is universal perspective?

-tries to identify the "one best way" to do something. - Includes the classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches. -Attempt to identify the "one best way" to manage organizations

Operations Management

Concerned with helping the organization more efficiently produce its products or services

(*)Scientific Management:Step 4

Continue to plan the work, but use workers to get the work done

(*)Scientific Management:Step 1

Develop a science for each element of the job to replace old rule-of-thumb methods

What is behavioral management perspectives?

Emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the work place.

People who used administrative management...

Henri Fayol - First to identify the four management functions. ~Ex:planning, organizing, leading and controlling Lyndall Urwick - Integrated scientific and administrative management. Max Weber - Studied efficient organizational structure. Chester Barnard - Wrote about acceptance of authority.

Early Management Pioneers

Robert Owen - One of the first managers to recognize the importance of human resources. - He raised working age for children, reduced hours, and supplied meals. Charles Babbage - Mathematically focused on efficiency of production. - Believed in division of labor. Many of the early pioneers were british. Industrial advanced in england more quickly than other places

(*)Scientific Management:Step 2

Scientifically select employees and then train them to do the job as described in step 1

(*)Scientific Management:Step 3

Supervise employees to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs

Why are theories important for buisinesses?

Theories are used to build organizations and guide them towards their goals.

Management Science

focuses specifically on the development of mathematical models

(*)What is Entropy?

is a normal process leading to system declines due to failing to adjust to change in its environment.

What is a subsystem?

is a system within another

What is a system?

is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole.

(*)What is an open system?

is one that interacts with its environment.

(*)What is Synergy?

is two or more subsystems working together to produce more than the total of what they might produce working alone.