MGMT 2530 exam 1 wayne state
group roles
are expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole
Hard skills
are the technical expertise and knowledge to do a particular task or job function
formal groups
assigned by the organization to accomplish specific goals
self-determination theory
assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior and well-being - competence, autonomy, and relatedness
psychological contract
your belief about what you are entitled to receive as a member of that organization
Project teams
-Assembled to address specific problem, task, or project -Usually exist for duration to compete purpose -Members usually divide time between primary job and various project teams
has a proactive personality
A person who ___________ is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and effects environmental change.
negative inequality
A person will experience ________ when his or her outcome to input ratio is less than that of a relevant comparison person.
fundamental attribution bias
A tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors
team players are
Committed Collaborative Competent
not expressing interest in the work of others.
Examples of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) include all of the following except -constructive statements about the company. -suggestions for improvement. -training and onboarding programs. -not expressing interest in the work of others -respecting housekeeping rules.
expected
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of ________ outcomes.
constructive
Forms of trust include all of the following except - contractual - communication - constructive - competence
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing
external causes
If a person views a situation as having high consensus, high distinctiveness, and low consistency, he or she is likely to make an attribution of
positive
If your goal is to do well in school and graduate on time and with honors, you are likely to experience __________ emotions such as joy, gratitude, pride, satisfaction, contentment, and relief.
overrelies on information from the last portion of the review period.
In the recency perceptual error, a person
Performing
In which stage of the group development process are group members asking, "How can I best perform my role?"
ill-conceived goals
Lorenzo, a new lawyer at Hughes, Hernandez, and Long, is under pressure to maximize his billable hours. If he doesn't bill enough hours, he will receive negative performance reviews and is likely to lose his job. Lorenzo starts rounding up the minutes on each of his phone calls and meetings to the next 10-minute level. This is an example of
psychological safety
Manuel works for ABC Corporation. He feels quite comfortable expressing his opinions about a wide variety of issues facing the company without fear of reprisal. This reflects ABC's
performance
Marcos set himself a goal of being able to hold plank for 5 minutes by the end of 4 weeks. This is a(n) ________ goal. learning procedural performance equity project
psychological contract.
Marie works as a project manager for a major consumer products firm. She works with beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations about what she is entitled to receive in return for what she provides to the organization. Marie's beliefs represent a(n)
met expectations
Meet expectations of employees about what they will receive from job
a high self-efficacy
Noel says, "I can type 70 words per minute with no errors." He is expressing
an external locus of control
People with __________ often see the causes of events in their lives as due to luck or other environmental factors.
context of interaction
Rosario and Pamela work together. They are also friends outside of work. Rosario and Pamela are constantly texting each other. Their supervisor comments that, while this might be fine outside of work, it's inappropriate to constantly text each other in the office. This is an example of
total rewards
Samantha is ambitious and has taken a position with XYZ Corporation as a management trainee. She is looking forward to going through challenging projects as she rotates through several departments of the company over the next two years. However, she also just became engaged, and wants to spend time with her fiancé. Which of the following would best describe what Samantha is seeking? -intrinsic rewards -extrinsic rewards -alternative rewards -total rewards -justice
fighter pilot
Spatial intelligence is likely to be most valuable to a -politician. -minister. -college professor. -fighter pilot.. -musician.
selective attention/ comprehension
Stage 1 of social perception is
composition
Team ________ describes the collection of jobs, personalities, knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience levels of team members.
virtual teams
Teams that work together over time and distance via electronic media to combine effort and achieve common goals
interactional
The _________ perspective states that behavior is a function of interdependent person and situation factors.
1. extroversion: outgoing, talkative, sociable 2. agreeableness: trusting, good-natured, cooperative 3. conscientiousness: dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented 4. Emotional stability: relaxed, secure, unworried 5. openness to experience: intellectual, imaginative, curious
The big 5 personality dimensions
make recommendations.
The final step of the three-step approach of the organizing framework is
intrapersonal
The potential to understand and regulate yourself is ________ intelligence.
motivated blindness
We overlook the unethical behavior of another when it's in our interest to remain ignorant.
work teams
Well-defined purpose, typically permanent, and usually require full commitment from members
1. Affective. "i feel..." how it affects you(weakest) 2.cognitive "I believe..." engrained beliefs about something(stronger) 3. behavioral "I intend..." willing to act on how you feel (strongest)
What are the 3 levels of personal attitudes from weakest to strongest?
Assimilation
What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it assumes that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group? -assimilation -building relationships -toleration -isolation -suppression
step 1: define the problem step 2: identify OB concepts to solve the problem step 3: make recommendations and take action
What is the 3-step approach to problem solving?
dissolving
What kind of a response is a manager completing when he or she eliminates the situation in which the problem occurs?
task
What kind of goal is best for jobs that are dynamic but in which nearer-term activities and milestones can be defined?
CWB
When Martin has a perceived conflict with a coworker, he will send them emails that are taunting or insulting. This is an example of
Define the problem
Which of the following is Step 1 in the three steps of the applied approach to problem solving? -identify potential causes using OB concepts and theories -make recommendations and (if appropriate) take action -find a systematic process for closing a gap in knowledge -define the problem -determine whether the issue is a lack of hard versus soft skills
implementing complex decisions
Which of the following is an organizational function of a group? -fulfilling the need for affiliation -reducing anxieties -building self-esteem -implementing complex decisions -providing an opportunity to test perceptions of social reality
equity theory
Which of the following is not a content theory of motivation? -acquired needs theory -Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory -self-determination theory -equity theory -Theory X and Theory Y
personal relationship with the feedback giver
Which of the following is not a factor that affects perceptions of feedback? -credible source -fairness of the system -personal relationship with the feedback giver -reasonableness of the goals or standards -accuracy
job rotation
calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another
contrast effects
comparing them in contrast to people before them
emotions
complex, relatively brief responses to particular information or experiences that change psychological and/or physiological states
Motivation
describes the psychological process " that underlie the direction intensity and persistence of behavior or thought"
(i-deals) approach
employees and management work together to design job
bottom-up approach
employees or work teams design job
job enrichment
entails modifying a job such that an employee has the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement
Process Theories
explain the process by which internal factors and situational factors influence employee motivation
organizational behavior
is an academic discipline focused on understanding and managing people at work
Halo effect
rate a person positively over all dimensions because you like them
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
states that three needs - achievement, affiliation, and power - are major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace
value attainment
structure the job and its rewards to match employee values
performance goals
targets a specific end result
organizational commitment
the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals
Instrumentality
the relationship between reaching your performance goals and the expectation of outcomes related
learning goals
these goals enhance skills and knowledge
1. distributive justice 2. procedural justice 3. interactional justice
three types of justice
central tendency
to avoid extreme judgements and rate as neutral
lenience
to consistently rate people or things with an extremely positive position
Groups
two or more freely interacting individuals who share norms and goals and have a common identity
need fulfillment
understand and meet employees' needs
Person Factors
unique characteristics that give individuals their unique identities
Self-managed teams
-groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains
three forms of trust
1. contractual 2. communication 3. competence
information
Effective feedback is
informal groups
Overriding purpose for meeting is friendship or common interest
SMART goals
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results oriented, Time bound
love
The need for belonging is part of the need for
committed, collaborative, competent
Which of the following are the 3 Cs of team players?
5 stage model of group development
model for group forming by Tuckman -stage 1 forming -stage 2 storming -stage 3 norming -stage 4 performing -stage 5 adjourning
equity
monitor employees' perceptions of fairness and interact with them so they feel fairly treated
performance management
set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations
elaborator
An _______ is the person who promotes greater understanding through examples or exploration of implications for a group.
interpersonal intelligence
Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all of the following except -emotional stability. -generalized self-efficacy. -locus of control. -interpersonal intelligence. -self-esteem.
universalism.
Danny is convinced that the new recycling program implemented at his company is worth the extra effort of sorting his waste. He believes in this so strongly that he reminds everyone in the department that they should all get on board and gives an extensive presentation at the monthly meeting. Danny values
teamwork
Interpersonal skills involve all of the following except -active listening. -positive attitudes. -effective communications. -respectful interactions. -teamwork.
negative reinforcement
Last week, a major construction project began on Brandon's normal route to work. After two days of getting angry and being late to work, Brandon found a new way to go which was slightly longer, but faster. Which of the following processes did Brandon engage in? -positive reinforcement -extinction -punishment -negative reinforcement -intermittent reinforcement
behavior; intentions
Personal attitudes affect ________ via ________.
values may conflict with each other.
Schwartz's model suggests that: (choose one) -values are unstable. -values are important but have no direct effect on motivation. -values may conflict with each other. -we are always aware of our values and how they influence us. -values are formed when we are in our early adulthood.
intrinsic
Self-determination theory focuses on the needs that drive ________ motivation.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Seven defined types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
respondent
Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections as ________ behavior.
Equity
The ________ model suggests that managers should monitor employees' perceptions of fairness.
income
The organizational dimensions of diversity include all of the following except -management status. -union affiliation. -work location. -seniority. -income.
individual
The person-situation distinction allows you to consider unique individual factors as well as situation factors that might be the source of the problem. If an employee leaves because his or her job has become boring and less meaningful, this reflects a(n) ________ factor.
intrapersonal intelligence
Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence? -self-awareness -social awareness -relationship management -intrapersonal intelligence -self-management
advancement
Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor in Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model? -supervision -company policies -salary -working conditions -advancement
locus of control
Which of the following is not one of the basic dimensions of the Big Five personality dimensions? -locus of control -extraversion -openness to experience -conscientiousness -agreeableness
Types of rewards and consequences
financial, material, and social
coaching
goes beyond mentoring and training and is a customized process between 2 or more people with the intent of enhancing learning and motivating change
job enlargement
involves putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty
task roles
keep group on track
maintenance roles
keeping the group together
Maslow's Need Hierarchy
level 1 physiological level 2 safety level 3 love level 4 esteem level 5 self-actualization
internal locus of control
-I can make things happen -I can determine my future -I accept personal responsibility for my failures
affirmative action
-focuses on changing organizational culture and structure -enable people to perform to potential -relies on education, enforcement, and exposure
managing diversity
-interventions to correct imbalances, injustice, mistakes, or outright discrimination -both voluntary and mandatory programs -not based on quotas
Types of motivation
-intrinsic (motivation from within yourself to do better) -extrinsic (outside motivation to do better example: promotion, raise, bonus)
external locus of control
-things happen to me -I blame others for failures -I cant control the future
situation
Devon enjoys the job that he's been at since graduating from college three years ago. He has a friend who just took a similar position at another firm and the company has an opening that would fit Devon's experience. The company is offering a 20 percent wage increase, as well a leadership role after a three-month training program. When considering this offer, Devon is thinking about ________ factors.
a "one style fits all" approach.
Different motivators are needed for employees working at small firms. These include all of the following except -a "one style fits all" approach. -flexible work hours. -reward(s) for good performance. -involve employees in decision making. -recognition for good performance.
providing punishment
Which of the following is not a primary output and function of most performance management systems? -providing punishment -performance ratings -feedback -career planning -documentation for legal purposes
intelligence
Which of the following is the most fixed of a person's individual differences? -attitudes -intelligence -self-efficacy -self-esteem -emotions
initiator, orienter, energizer
Which three roles are especially important to groups? -energizer, harmonizer, gatekeeper -initiator, orienter, energizer -coordinator, procedural technician, gatekeeper -compromiser, commentator, evaluator -opinion seeker/giver, standard setter, initiator
stereotype
With only five years left until his planned retirement, Edward was quite upset when he was removed from a project team comprised mostly of Millennials. It is quite possible that the Millennials were reacting to a __________ of older workers.
behavioral
You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking on your smoke-free campus if you have no intention of confronting the smoker. Your intention reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people smoking on campus.
demographics
_______ are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.
Gen Zers
________ are the generation that currently makes up the largest number of individuals in America.
Extinction
________ is a means of weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
autonomy
________ is the extent to which a job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion.
Organizational commitment
________ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.
intrinsic motivation
________ occurs when an individual is "turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well."
Indirect Blindness
________ occurs when we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior when it's carried out through third parties.
Onboarding
________ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs.
Persistence
________ refers to how long we focus on an activity.
disposition and/or genetic components
hire employees with an appropriate disposition
four steps: 1.) categorization 2.) inferences 3.) expectations 4.) maintenance
how are stereotypes formed and maintained
valence
how much do I care about the related outcome
Content theories
identify internal factors such as needs and satisfaction that energize employee motivation
extinction
if you ignore a behavior it will go away
top-down approach
management designs job
cross-functional teams
occurs when specialists from different areas are put on the same team
self-serving bias
one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure
anger
people are _________ about what happened or didn't happen in the past - _____________ is a "backward looking" or retrospective emotion
Expectancy Theory
people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes
law of effect
positive rewards lead to repeated behavior, negative consequences reduce behavior
recency effect
rating an employee only based on the last part of the review period
soft skills
relate to human interactions and include both interpersonal skills and personal attributes examples: 1. problem solving 2. critical thinking 3. creativity 4. people management
expectancy
relationship between effort and performance
Emotional intellgence
the ability to monitor one's own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking
practical intelligence
the ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments
task interdependence
the degree to which team members interact with and rely on other team members for the information, materials, and resources needed to accomplish work for the team
Theory Y (McGregor)
-modern and positive set of assumptions about employees -employees are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative
Fear
-people are _____________ of things that might happen in the future - _______ is a "forward looking" or prospective emotion
Theory X (McGregor)
-pessimistic view of employees -employees dislike work and must be monitored -can only be motivated with rewards and punishments
proactive personality
-someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change -someone who identifies opportunities and acts on them
causal attributions
-suspected or inferred causes of behavior -important because attributions affects our perceptions of cause and out choice of action
The 3 C's of effective teams
1. Charters and strategies 2. Composition 3. Capacity
4 step process for goal implementation
1. set goals 2. promote goals and attainment 3. provide support and feedback 4. create action plans
group role
A ________ is a set of expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole.
"Juan, you have been quiet lately. What do you think?"
A group member who says ________ is performing a maintenance role. -"What is the real issue here? We don't seem to be going anywhere." -"Juan, you have been quiet lately. What do you think?" -"We can do this. We've met difficult goals before." -"Last week we decided to table this agenda item. Are we ready to address it again?" -"A goal of 150 per week sounds reasonable."
Project
________ teams are assembled to tackle a particular problem, task, or project.
Core self-evaluations (CSEs)
a broad personality trait comprimised of four narrow and positive individual traits 1.generalized self-efficacy 2.self esteem 3. locus of control 4. emotional stability
perception
a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings
Equity Theory
a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships
trust
a reciprocal belief that another person will consider how his or her intentions and behaviors will affect you
team
a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
stereotype
an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group
situation factors
are elements outside us that influence what we do, way we do it, and the ultimate results of our action -individual behavior often results from the interaction of these independent factors -we need to understand the interplay among both factors
Cognitive Dissonance
represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions
outcome interdependence
the degree to which team members share equally in the feedback and rewards that result from the team achieving its goals
percieved organizational support
the extent to which employees believe that the organization : -values their contributions -genuinely cares about their well being
employee engagement
the extent to which employees give their all to their work roles and includes feelings of: -urgency -being focused -intensity -enthusiasms
the slippery slope
we are less able to see others' unethical behavior when it develops gradually
overevaluating outcomes
we give a pass to unethical behavior if the outcome is good
1. organizational commitment 2. employee engagement 3. perceived organizational support 4. job satisfaction
what are the key workplace attitudes