MGMT 301 - Final Study Guide
What is the main consideration when using devil's advocacy to prevent groupthink in an organization? a. It makes people overly analytical. b. It is too expensive a technique to employ. c. It makes people move away from reality testing. d. It leads to an individual developing a negative reputation. e. It leads to escalation of commitment across multiple decisions.
D. It leads to an individual developing a negative reputation. It is important to rotate the job of the devil's advocate so no one person or group develops a strictly negative reputation.
Joan is providing guidance to employees about what should be done and how to do it, scheduling work, and empowering employees. According to path-goal theory, she is exhibiting the _____ leadership style. a. achievement-oriented b. work-facilitation c. value-based d. interaction-facilitation e. representation and networking behaviors
Work-facilitation leader behavior includes planning, scheduling, organizing, and coordinating work; providing mentoring, coaching, counseling, feedback to assist employees in developing their skills; eliminating roadblocks; providing resources; and empowering employees to take actions and make decisions. Refer: Table 14-2
In ____, disputing parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of a neutral arbitrator in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses. a. Arbitration b. Mediation c. Peer review d. Facilitation e. Conciliation
a. Arbitration Disputing parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of a neutral arbitrator in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses.
According to Festinger's theory, people are motivated to maintain consistency between their cognitive beliefs and their: a. behavior. b. attitude. c. personality. d. character. e. traits.
a. Behavior According to Festinger's theory, people are motivated to maintain consistency between their cognitive beliefs and their behavior. Perceived inconsistencies create cognitive dissonance (or psychological discomfort), which, in turn, motivates corrective action.
People with a(n) ______ decision-making style adopt a long-term perspective and rely on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information. a. conceptual b. cultural c. analytical d. behavioral e. directive
a. Conceptual People w/ a conceptual decision-making style adopt a long-term perspective and rely on intuition and discussions w/ others to acquire information.
According to Harvard Business School professor, Constance Bagley, a(n) _____ can help managers to make more ethical decisions. a. decision tree b. intuitive choice c. rational model d. normative model e. peer environment
a. Decision Tree Harvard Business School professor Constance Bagley suggests a decision tree can help managers to make more ethical decisions.
Dmitri is the most senior researcher at Viatus Corp. He likes to make his decisions quickly and always wants to see people working on projects that yield tangible results. He looks at short-term goals and likes having control over how things are run. He can be described as having which decision-making style? a. Directive b. Analytical c. Conceptual d. Behavioral e. Perceptual
a. Directive Individuals w/ a directive style of decision making are in pursuit of speed and results. However, they tend to be autocratic, exercise power and control, and focus on the immediate goals.
When rewards come from the environment, they are called _____ rewards. a. extrinsic b. psychic c. intrinsic d. taxable e. equity
a. Extrinsic Financial, material, and social rewards qualify as extrinsic rewards because they come from the environment. Psychic rewards, however, are intrinsic rewards because they are self-granted.
Which of the following actions is recommended for managers to minimize intergroup conflict? a. Formal resolution of difficult conflicts with the help of hired counselors. b. Passive withdrawal from the problem. c. Active suppression of the issue. d. Generation of ideas based on personal preference or political interests. e. Minimization of differences and emphasis on similarities to please the other party.
a. Formal resolution of difficult conflicts with the help of hired counselors Managers need to refer difficult conflicts to human resource specialists or hired counselors for formal resolution attempts and other interventions.
The _____ model of decision making attempts to explain how problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities interact and lead to a decision. a. garbage can b. rational c. normative d. contact e. optimizing
a. Garbage Can The garbage can model of decision making attempts to explain how problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities interact and lead to a decision.
All of the following are leader behaviors exhibited by transformational leaders EXCEPT: a. initiating structure. b. inspirational motivation. c. idealized influence. d. intellectual stimulation. e. individualized consideration.
a. Initiating Structure The Ohio State researchers concluded there were only two independent dimensions of leader behavior: consideration and initiating structure. Initiating structure is leader behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing to maximize output. Refer: Figure 14-3
A meta-analysis on keeping organizational politics in check revealed that perceptions of organizational politics were negatively associated with: a. job satisfaction. b. job stress. c. intentions to quit. d. job dissatisfaction. e. low wages.
a. Job Satisfaction A meta-analysis revealed that perceptions of organizational politics were negatively associated w/ job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and positively related to job stress and intentions to quit.
Work groups, departments, or organizations experiencing too little conflict tend to be plagued by: a. lack of creativity. b. lack of teamwork. c. political infighting. d. dissatisfaction. e. turnover.
a. Lack of creativity Work groups, departments, or organizations experiencing too little conflict tend to be plagued by apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, and missed deadlines. Excessive conflict, on the other hand, can erode organizational performance because of political infighting, dissatisfaction, lack of teamwork, and turnover.
Morgan, a manager with T&T, is never happy with "good enough" solutions. He is always looking at finding the best possible solution to the problems in his workplace. Which of the following decision-making traits is Morgan utilizing? a. Optimizing b. Brainstorming c. Rationalizing by set boundaries d. Satisficing e. Normalizing
a. Optimizing Morgan solves problems by optimizing, which involves finding the best possible solution.
At work, if Joey's outcome to input ratio is greater than that of Tony's (his relevant co-worker), Joey will experience: a. positive inequity b. equity c. no satisfaction d. high dissatisfaction e. negative inequity
a. Positive Inequity A person will experience positive inequity when his/her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant co-worker.
Generally, people tend to perceive and recall _____ feedback more accurately than they do _____ feedback. a. positive; negative b. upward; downward c. negative; positive d. negative; downward e. downward; upward
a. Positive/Negative People tend to perceive and recall positive feedback more accurately than they do negative feedback.
A belief that people should be paid back for their positive and negative acts is part of the _____ principle identified by Cialdini. a. reciprocity b. social power c. expert power d. empowerment e. coalition
a. Reciprocity The belief that both good and bad deeds should be repaid in kind is a part of the reciprocity principle identified by Cialdini.
In the employee-employer exchange, an employee's inputs would include: a. seniority b. job security c. status symbols d. recognition e. fringe benefits
a. Seniority An employee's inputs, for which he/she expects a just return, include education/training, skills, creativity, seniority, age, personality traits, effort expended, and personal appearance. On the outcome side of the exchange, the organization provides pay/bonuses, medical benefits, challenging assignments, job security, promotions, status symbols, recognition, and participation in important decisions.
A _____ context refers to one that is stable and where clear cause-and-effect relationships can be discerned so the best answer can be agreed on. a. simple b. complex c. complicated d. chaotic e. disordered
a. Simple A simple context is stable, and clear cause-and-effect relationships can be discerned, so the best answer can be agreed on.
Which of the following is considered to be the seeds of personality conflict? a. Workplace incivility b. Competition for limited resources c. Collective decision making d. In-group thinking e. Ethnocentrism
a. Workplace incivility Personality conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike and/or disagreement. Workplace incivility is considered to be the seeds of personality conflict.
In a _____ context, there is one right answer but decision makers do not understand cause-and-effect relationships as there are many unknowns. a. complex b. simple c. complicated d. chaotic e. normative
a. complex In a complex context, there is one right answer, but there are so many unknowns that decision makers do not understand cause-and-effect relationships.
A political coalition: a. consists of a group of individuals pursuing a single issue. b. always coincides with formal membership. c. has a very clear structure and is permanent. d. involves cooperative pursuit of general self-interests. e. is a weak force in the organization.
a. consists of a group of individuals pursuing a single issue. A coalition is an informal group bound together by the active pursuit of a single issue.
Embedded in expectancy theory is the principle of ____, which states that people strive to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. a. hedonism b. instrumentality c. equity d. benevolence e. valence
a. hedonism Embedded in expectancy theory is the principle of hedonism. Hedonistic people strive to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain.
When a message is sent independent of the written and spoken word, it is called: a. nonverbal communication. b. virtual messaging. c. electronic communication. d. semantics. e. jargon.
a. nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication is any message, sent or received independent of the written or spoken word.
In Vroom's expectancy theory, _____ refer(s) to different consequences that are contingent on performance, such as pay, promotions, or recognition. a. outcomes b. perception c. values d. attitude e. performance
a. outcomes In Vroom's expectancy model, outcomes refer to different consequences that are contingent on performance, such as pay, promotions, or recognition.
Alex, a German, is informing his subordinates who are of African origin that the ERP for travel has been significantly modified. Due to his German accent, none of the employees understand him as there is a _____ barrier. a. semantic b. process c. physical d. personal e. medium
a. semantic Semantics is the study of words. Words matter, as they are how you, the sender, communicate your intended message (thoughts) to others. Moreover, our selection of words influences whether our message is interpreted as intended by the receiver.
According to path-goal theory, encouraging employees to perform at their highest level by setting challenging goals, emphasizing excellence, and demonstrating confidence in employee abilities refers to the _____ leadership style. a. supportive b. achievement-oriented c. directive d. participative e. authoritarian
b. Achievement-Oriented According to path-goal theory, encouraging employees to perform at their highest level by setting challenging goals, emphasizing excellence, and demonstrating confidence in employee abilities is achievement-oriented leadership behavior. Refer: Table 14-2
_____ refers to avoiding costly lawsuits by resolving conflicts informally or through mediation or arbitration. a. Smoothing b. Alternative dispute resolution c. Value-added negotiation d. Dissention e. Preferential conflict settlement
b. Alternative dispute resolution The intent of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), according to a pair of Canadian labor lawyers, is that it "uses faster, more user-friendly methods of dispute resolution, instead of traditional, adversarial approaches (such as unilateral decision making or litigation)."
As a manager, if Sharon wants to steer clear of using "hard" influence tactics, which of the following should she avoid? a. Inspirational appeals b. Coalition tactics c. Personal appeals d. Ingratiation e. Rational persuasion
b. Coalition Tactics Exchange, coalition, pressure, and legitimating tactics are called "hard" tactics because they involve more overt pressure than "soft" tactics.
_____ is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. a. Groupthink b. Conflict c. Ostracism d. Cross-functionalism e. Groupshift
b. Conflict Conflict is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party.
Rent A Wordsmith is conducting an online competition wherein it allows its users and employees to work toward arriving at a new logo and tagline for the company. This is an example of: a. teleworking. b. crowdsourcing. c. semantics. d. bulletin board. e. community membership.
b. Crowdsourcing Through crowdsourcing, companies invite non-emplyees to contribute to particular goals and manage the process via the internet.
_____ theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes. a. Equity b. Expectancy c. Motivator-hygiene d. Goal setting e. Hierarchy of needs
b. Expectancy Expectancy theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.
According to research on effective leaders: a. masculine-oriented traits and behaviors are more prominent. b. extraversion is positively related to leadership emergence. c. intelligence is highly related to leadership effectiveness. d. intelligence is more important than personality when selecting leaders. e. changes in leadership prototype will increase biases against women leaders.
b. Extraversion is positively related to leadership emergence Extraversion was most consistently and positively related to both leadership emergence and effectiveness. Although past research demonstrated that people were perceived as leaders when they exhibited masculine-oriented traits and behaviors associated with masculinity, and dominance, more recent studies showed an emphasis on more feminine traits and styles that emphasize empowerment, fairness, and supportiveness. This change in prototypes bodes well for reducing bias and discrimination against women in leadership roles.
_____ refers to the process where the manager determines who should be allowed to telecommute and why. a. Social integration b. Gatekeeping c. Work-life boundary management d. Monitoring e. Work group culture
b. Gatekeeping Gatekeeping involves deciding who should be allowed to telecommute and why. Not every person or every job benefits.
In handling conflict, Joey believes that the concerned parties must tackle the issue and cooperatively identify the problem, generate and weigh alternative solutions, and select a solution. Joey can be described as advocating which conflict-handling style? a. Obliging b. Integrating c. Dominating d. Avoiding e. Compromising
b. Integrating Integrating is a conflict-handling style characterized by interested parties confronting the issue and cooperatively identifying the problem, generating and weighing alternatives, and selecting a solution.
As per the equity theory, if the comparison person receives greater outcomes for similar inputs, _____ will be perceived. a. equity b. negative inequity c. no dissatisfaction d. positive inequity e. high satisfaction
b. Negative Inequity If the comparison person enjoys greater outcomes for similar inputs, negative inequity will be perceived.
Sidney is giving a presentation at the company's monthly review. However, an executive's cell phone keeps ringing at frequent intervals, thus affecting Sidney's focus on the topic. The ringing is said to be creating a _____ barrier. a. physical b. noise c. medium d. style e. semantic
b. Noise Noise represents anything that interferes with the transmission and understanding of a message. There are many sources of noise: speech impairment, illegible handwriting, inaccurate statistics, poor hearing and eyesight, environmental noises, people talking, and physical distance between sender and receiver.
Employees at Max Manufacturing strive to operate at a zero-defect level because each one of them gets publicly recognized for their individual and team accomplishments. This is an example of: a. extinction. b. positive reinforcement. c. respondent behavior. d. punishment. e. negative reinforcement.
b. Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement is the process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing.
According to Skinner, which of the following categories of behavior described a very small proportion of adult human behavior, such as shedding tears while peeling onions and reflexively withdrawing one's hand from a hot stove? a. Operant behavior b. Respondent behavior c. Cognitive dissonance d. Learned behavior e. Unobservable inner states
b. Respondent behavior Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections as respondent behavior. This category of behavior was said to describe a very small proportion of adult human behavior, such as shedding tears while peeling onions and reflexively withdrawing one's hand from a hot stove.
_____ encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design, and work-life balance. a. Performance evaluations b. Total rewards c. Full-circle rewards d. Profit-sharing plans e. Non-performance considerations
b. Total Rewards Total rewards encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design, and work-life balance.
In communication, when compared to women, men are likely to: a. share credit for success. b. bluntly give feedback. c. indirectly tell others what to do. d. ask questions for clarification. e. promote interpersonal communication.
b. bluntly give feedback Women are more likely to share credit for success, to ask questions for clarification, to tactfully give feedback by mitigating criticism with praise, and to indirectly tell others what to do.
When John makes sexist remarks to be humorous, Kathy and Ben ignore him and do not laugh at his jokes. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement. b. extinction. c. negative reinforcement. d. punishment. e. shaping.
b. extinction Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is referred to as extinction.
Matt is a developer working with Code, Inc. Based on his experience in developing a code for a project, he estimated that he would be able to deliver a new project within 10 days. He is making use of the _____ heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. overconfidence d. hindsight e. anchoring
b. representativeness Representativeness heuristic reflects the tendency to assess the likelihood of an even occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences.
Which of the following statements about nonverbal behavior is true? a. Men do more touching during conversation than women do. b. A smile conveys the same emotion across all countries. c. Asians are taught to avoid eye contact with superiors and parents in order to show obedience and subservience. d. Association between facial expressions and emotion is a constant across all cultures. e. Gestures such as folding arms, crossing hands, and crossing one's legs indicate openness and warmth.
c. Asians are taught to avoid eye contact with superiors and parents in order to show obedience and subservience. Westerners are taught at an early age to look at their parents when spoken to. In contrast, Asians are taught to avoid eye contact with a parent or superior in order to show obedience and subservience.
Which of the following is an example of a barrier due to variations in information processing and interpretation? a. People not trusting each other. b. People's oversimplified beliefs about specific groups. c. Being raised in a loving home. d. Egos affecting people's receptiveness to being influenced by others. e. Natural tendency to evaluate others' messages.
c. Being raised in a loving home People selectively attend to various stimuli based on their unique frames of reference. This means that these differences affect our interpretations of what we see and hear.
_____ approach to goal setting deals with picking a method that seems best suited for the individual and situation at hand. a. Equity b. Expectancy c. Contingency d. Participative e. Management by objectives
c. Contingency Managers are advised to use a contingency approach by picking a method that seems best suited for the individual and situation at hand.
Which of the following calls for managers to foster a structured debate of opposing viewpoints prior to making a decision? a. Devil's advocacy b. Peer review c. Dialectic d. Smoothing e. Arbitration
c. Dialectic Dialectic method calls for managers to foster a structured debate of opposing viewpoints prior to making a decisions.
Annie always takes notes while listening and likes to segregate the information into the essential points to arrive at the main message of what she listens to. She is a(n) _____ listener. a. evaluative b. empathetic c. discerning d. appreciative e. comprehensive
c. Discerning Discerning listeners attempt to understand the main message and determine important points. They like to take and prefer logical presentations.
Claudia works at an advertising firm, Le Monde. The company has unplanned evaluations once a month by their chief executive officer. She chooses to come in an hour late and happens to have been the only employee that is late on that particular day, also the day when the inspection happens. She later says "I had a feeling this would happen." She is influenced by a(n): a. escalation of commitment bias. b. framing bias. c. hindsight bias. d. overconfidence bias. e. anchoring bias.
c. Hindsight Bias Individuals are affected by a hindsight bias when they look back on a decision and try to reconstruct why they decided to do something.
Francine manages a team of 20. She pays special attention to the needs of followers and searches for ways to help people develop and grow constantly. She is using _____ leader behavior. a. transactional b. idealized influence c. individualized consideration d. intellectual stimulation e. inspirational motivation
c. Individualized Consideration Individualized consideration entails behaviors associated with providing support, encouragement, empowerment, and coaching to employees. These behaviors necessitate that leaders pay special attention to the needs of their followers and search for ways to help people develop and grow.
Frank Menard runs a consulting firm, TalentTrack. He believes in engaging employees by talking about his vision for the company, appealing to their emotions, and is highly enthusiastic about the company at all times. He is using a(n) _____ leader behavior. a. idealized influence b. achievement-oriented c. inspirational motivation d. intellectual stimulation e. individualized consideration
c. Inspirational Motivation Inspirational motivation involves establishing an attractive vision of the future, the use of emotional arguments, and exhibition of optimism and enthusiasm. Refer: Figure 14-3
Which of the following is an intrinsic reward? a. financial b. social c. psychic d. material e. environmental
c. Psychic Financial, material, and social rewards qualify as extrinsic rewards because they come from the environment. Psychic rewards are intrinsic because they are self-granted.
Jerry is in charge of the telesales department in Recreation Paradise. He insists that all the callers on the floor greet their customers with strict adherence to the script endorsed by the company. Any changes from routine are marked down on quality irrespective of their impact. Jerry's style of leadership is ineffective due to his _____ behavior. a. insular b. incompetent c. rigid d. callous e. intemperate
c. Rigid Jeremy is ineffective as a leader as he is rigid, stiff, and unyielding in his beliefs.
According to researchers, the three possible outcomes of an influence attempt are: a. respect, fear, and denial. b. friendship, trust, and interest. c. commitment, compliance, and resistance. d. promotion, transfer, and demotion. e. satisfaction, turnover, and dissatisfaction.
c. commitment, compliance, and resistance According to researchers, an influence attempt has three possible outcomes: commitment, compliance, and resistance.
The two basic types of negotiation are _____ and: a. peer review; ombudsman. b. arbitration; mediation. c. distributive; integrative. d. facilitation; ostracism. e. voluntary; mandatory.
c. distributive; integrative Negotiation experts distinguish between two types of negotiation - distributive and integrative.
Six months after starting an event management company, Dynamo, with a partner, Jenny finds that projections of revenue are significantly lower and the future projections are also bleak. To alleviate the situation, Jenny invests another $25,000 from her savings into the venture. She may be affected by a(n): a. overconfidence bias. b. confirmation bias. c. escalation of commitment bias. d. hindsight bias. e. framing bias.
c. escalation of commitment bias The escalation of commitment bias refers to the tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed.
Group conflict can often be reduced by making decisions on the basis of _____ rather than: a. a consensus; authoritative approval. b. authoritative approval; striving for a consensus. c. majority approval; striving for a consensus. d. randomness; authoritative approval. e. authoritative approval; majority approval.
c. majority approval; striving for a consensus Group conflict sometimes can be reduced by making decisions on the basis of majority approval rather than striving for a consensus.
Celebrities like Michael Jackson and Kurt Cobain had a huge fan following. Due to this following, they can be said to have _____ power over the masses. a. expert b. legitimate c. referent d. coercive e. reward
c. referent Referent power comes into play when one's personal characteristics become the reason for compliance.
A moderate amount of _____ impression management is a necessity for _____ today. a. upward; top management b. diagonal; customers c. upward; the average employee d. downward; consultants e. upward; all employees
c. upward; the average employee A moderate amount of upward impression management is a necessity for all employees today.
An integrative negotiation involves a _____ strategy. a. win-lose b. zero-sum c. win-win d. fixed-pie e. regressive
c. win-win Integrative negotiation calls for a progressive win-win strategy.
Which of the following is an important practical managerial implication of the expectancy theory? a. Design challenging jobs. b. Monitor employee motivation through interviews. c. Reward people for desired performance. d. Determine the outcomes employees value. e. Tie some rewards to group accomplishments to build teamwork.
d. Determine the outcomes employees value. Expectancy theory has important practical implications for individual managers and organizations as a whole. All distractors other than D are organizational implications of the expectancy theory. Refer: Table 7-1
_____ is the exchange of information about the status and quality of work products. It provides a road map to success. a. Performance appraisal b. Performance management c. Management by objectives d. Feedback e. Total quality management
d. Feedback The exchange of information about the status and quality of work products. It provides a road map to success.
_____ conflict serves organizational interests and is characterized by consultative interactions, a focus on the issues, mutual respect, and useful give and take. a. Dysfunctional b. Negative c. Personality d. Functional e. Intergroup
d. Functional Functional conflict is commonly referred to in management circles as constructive or cooperative conflict and is characterized by consultative interactions, a focus on the issues, mutual respect, and useful give and take.
When communicating with his subordinates, Greg has a tendency to lean backward. Which of the following is communicated by his behavior? a. Aloofness b. Defensiveness c. Aggressiveness d. Immediacy e. Nonassertiveness
d. Immediacy Open body positions, such as leaning backward or gesturing with palms facing up communicate immediacy, which represents warmth and openness.
Mark is a very private person but is a member of a number of online communities that discuss security issues in information systems. He is also a regular blogger and uses various online forums to gather information about problems in online security. His motive for social networking is: a. friendship connections. b. community membership. c. participation confidence. d. information value. e. crowdsourcing.
d. Information Value Information value is the motive that Mark has for joining social networking sites and communities. He gains access to the knowledge and experience of others.
____, according to Vroom's terminology, represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance. a. Expectancy b. Benevolence c. Equity d. Instrumentality e. Valence
d. Instrumentality An instrumentality is a performance > outcome perception. It represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.
Angelina derives pleasure from the actual task of writing a book. She can be described as _____ motivated. a. extrinsically b. financially c. materially d. intrinsically e. socially
d. Intrinsically Financial, material, and social rewards qualify as extrinsic rewards because they come from the environment. Psychic rewards, however, are intrinsic rewards because they are self-granted. One who derives pleasure from the task itself, feels their work is meaningful, or has a sense of responsibility will likely become engaged with his/her work: Employee engagement is fueled by intrinsic motivation.
According to research, _____ is (are) the least commonly used means of social influence in the workplace. a. exchange b. ingratiation c. consultation d. legitimating tactics e. personal appeals
d. Legitimating Tactics According to research on the 9 influence tactics and ranked in diminishing order of use in the workplace, legitimating tactics are the least commonly used.
Edgar is a police officer. He extorts protection money from storeowners on behalf of the local Mafia. He is using: a. coercive power. b. expert power. c. referent power. d. negative legitimate power. e. reward power.
d. Negative Legitimate Power Negative legitimate power tends to be threatening and demeaning to those being influenced. Its main purpose is to build the power holder's ego.
As operations head, Nick is implementing pay-for-performance and positive reinforcement programs at ValueTech Center. Nick is attempting to exploit which power? a. Coercive b. Expert c. Referent d. Reward e. Legitimate
d. Reward Pay-for-performance plans and positive reinforcement practices attempt to exploit reward power.
At Micro Systems, a firm of 40 employees, only 5 percent of them are eligible for a 5-star rating in their performance evaluation. This entitles them to additional privileges and use of the company club free of cost for a quarter. The company is using the principle of _____ to influence their employees. a. reciprocity b. consistency c. social proof d. scarcity e. authority
d. Scarcity According to Cialdini's principle of scarcity, people want items, information, and opportunities that have limited availability.
From her gut feeling, derived from having worked 30 years as an HR recruiter, Phoebe knows that hiring Vladimir would be a bad idea. When asked, she cannot explain her strong feeling. What kind of knowledge is this? a. Shared b. Explicit c. Cultural d. Tacit e. Conceptual
d. Tacit Tacit knowledge is information gained through experience that is difficult to express and formalize.
Personal barriers occur when: a. the recipient does not respond enough. b. blocks are created in the communication channel. c. here are time-zone differences. d. there is a tendency to evaluate others' messages. e. there is the presence of jargon.
d. There is a tendency to evaluate others' messages Personal barriers represent any individual attributes that hinder communication.
According to researchers, which of the following is a disadvantage to applying situational theories with members of a team? a. Employees need to identify situational factors that affect the leadership style. b. It advocates using one single leadership style for multiple situations. c. It can lead to a need for identifying outcomes before determining what goals are to be achieved. d. Treating group members differently resulted in some employees feeling that they were not among the leader's "in-group." e. It requires changing the person in the leadership role to increase leadership effectiveness.
d. Treating group members differently resulted in some employees feeling that they were not among the leader's "in-group." Study findings revealed that treating group members differently resulted in some employees feeling that they were not among the leader's "in-group."
Communication begins when a sender _____ an idea or thought. a. decodes b. selects a medium for c. provides feedback for d. encodes e. neutralizes noise for sending
d. encodes Communication begins when a sender encodes an idea or thought.
Juan is heading an NGO called "Across the Chasm" for juvenile delinquents. He approaches every problem by gathering internal and external data about a problem at hand. He then adds to it the views he has gathered through an online poll from the public and employees of the NGO before making a final decision. He is using the _____ model. a. rational b. garbage can c. judgmental heuristics-based d. evidence-based decision making e. intuition-based decision making
d. evidence-based decision making Evidence-based decision making (EBDM) represents a process of conscientiously using the best available data and evidence when making managerial decisions.
Valence mirrors our: a. instrumentality b. personality c. expectancy d. personal preference e. behavior
d. personal preference As Vroom used the term, valence refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes. Valence mirrors our personal preferences.
The _____ represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory. a. escalation of commitment b. representative heuristic c. hindsight bias d. overconfidence bias e. availability heuristic
e. Availability Heuristic The availability heuristic represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory.
According to research, which of the following power bases have a slightly negative effect on work outcomes such as performance, satisfaction, and turnover? a. Expert power b. Reward power c. Legitimate power d. Referent power e. Coercive power
e. Coercive Power According to researchers, coercive power have a slightly negative effect on work outcomes.
An employee with high task ability and experience is less apt to need additional guidance and thus would respond negatively to _____ leadership. a. participative b. achievement-oriented c. appreciative d. performance-oriented e. directive
e. Directive An employee with high task ability and experience is less apt to need additional direction and thus would respond negatively to directive leadership.
_____ is a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships. a. Hierarchy of needs theory b. McClelland's need theory c. Theory X d. Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory e. Equity theory
e. Equity Theory Equity theory is a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships.
360-degree feedback that involves feedback from outsiders is sometimes called _____ feedback. a. upward b. triangular c. horizontal d. diagonal e. full-circle
e. Full-Circle Letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers is known as 360-degree feedback. Even outsiders may be involved in what is sometimes called full-circle feedback.
The first step in the rational model of decision making is to: a. decide whether to optimize or satisfy. b. generate alternatives. c. evaluate the restrictions and resources. d. consider the personal characteristics. e. identify the opportunity.
e. Identify the opportunity Stage 1 of the rational model of decision making involves identifying the problem or the opportunity.
A favorable upward impression management tactic can be: a. interest-focused, nature-focused, or issue-focused. b. coalition-focused, people-focused, or network-focused. c. plan-focused, objective-focused, or politics-focused. d. Issue-focused, individual-focused, or network-focused. e. job-focused, supervisor-focused, or self-focused.
e. Job-Focused, Supervisor-Focused, or Self-Focused Favorable upward impression management tactics can be job-focused, supervisor-focused, and self-focused.
Which of the following statements is true of the "Darwinian perspective"? a. Girls learn conversational skills and habits that focus on status and hierarchies. b. Women see conversations as negotiations in which people try to achieve and maintain the upper hand. c. Men come to view communication as a network of connections in which conversations are negotiations for closeness. d. Men tactfully give feedback by mitigating criticism with praise,. e. Men have an inherent desire to possess features attractive to females.
e. Men have an inherent desire to possess features attractive to females "Darwinian perspective" attributes gender differences in communication to drives, needs, and conflicts associated with reproductive strategies used by women and men. For example, proponents would say that males communicate more aggressively, interrupt others more than women, and hide their emotions because they have an inherent desire to possess features attractive to females.
Which of the following styles has a primary strength of encouraging cooperation, but fails to confront the underlying problem? a. Avoiding b. Integrating c. Compromising d. Dominating e. Obliging
e. Obliging Obliging encourages cooperation but fails to confront the underlying problem.
Freya is trying to convince Angela, her superior, with reason, logic, and facts about why her approach to implementing the new sales plan should be used. Freya is using which of the following influence tactics? a. Inspirational appeal b. Ingratiation c. Pressure d. Consultation e. Rational persuasion
e. Rational Persuasion Rational persuasion involves using reason, logic, or facts to facts to try and convince someone.
As a software development project manager, Chang is extremely busy working on new products as well as improving old ones. Given the time crunch, Chang's operational philosophy for problems is to go with a solution that meets his minimum standard of acceptance. Which of the following describes his approach? a. Escalation of commitment b. Optimizing c. Representativeness heuristics d. Anchoring bias e. Satisficing
e. Satisficing Satisficing consists of choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications, one that is "good enough."
A moral apology is warranted when: a. one leader offends another. b. the follower of an organization offends another member of the organization. c. a follower of an institution offends an external party. d. followers cannot forgive or forget. e. there is a genuine regret for a wrongdoing that was committed.
e. There is a genuine regret for a wrongdoing that was committed. A moral apology is warranted when there is a genuine regret for a wrongdoing that was committed. Refer: Table 13-2
According to the original path-goal theory, which of the following is NOT a contingency factor in leadership effectiveness? a. Employees' need for achievement b. Employees' need for clarity c. Employees' task ability d. Employees' work experience e. Work-unit performance
e. Work-Unit Performance Five important employee characteristics that act as contingency factors are locus of control, task ability, need for achievement, experience, and need for clarity. Two relevant environmental factors are task structure (independent versus interdependent tasks) and work-group dynamics.
Conflict that raises different opinions regardless of the personal feelings of the managers is called _____ conflict. a. personality b. dysfunctional c. contact d. cross-cultural e. programmed
e. programmed Programmed conflict is defined as conflict that raises different opinions regardless of the personal feelings of the managers.
All of the following statements hold true for linguistic styles EXCEPT: a. they influence our perceptions of others' confidence, competence, and abilities. b. they matter both in person and over the Internet. c. they increase your understanding of interpersonal communication between women and men. d. they are not independent of culture or age. e. they have no impact on group cohesiveness.
e. they have no impact on group cohesiveness Research suggests that linguistic styles definitely have an impact on group cohesiveness.
