MGT 300: Chapter 11
According to the Kessler Foundation, about what percentage of organizations have disability hiring goals?
28
Of all the employees in the world, which percentage are highly or moderately engaged on the job?
62
Which situational factors can reduce employee engagement?
A job that offers little variety and The presence of stressors
Which aspects are among the internal dimensions on the "diversity wheel"?
Age and Ethnicity
Mallory decided to hire a recent college graduate for the open teaching position at her school. The other candidate for the job was a well-qualified woman, but she was almost 50, and Mallory felt that she would be more likely to miss days of work. What distorted perception is Mallory displaying?
Age stereotyping
Everyone in the office considers Halle a good-natured person. She trusts the people she works with and cooperates on group projects. What personality dimension does Halle display?
Agreeableness
What legislation prohibits discrimination against the disabled and requires organizations to provide reasonable accommodation for an individual's disabilities?
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Which situations are examples of turnover?
An employee is fired for stealing from the cash register., An employee resigns and accepts a different job with better pay., and An employee retires at age 65.
Which statements regarding workforce trends in the United States are true? (Choose all that apply.)
Asians earn a higher median income than any other race., The Caucasian population is expected to decrease to about 69% by 2060., and The Hispanic population is expanding far more rapidly than any other race.
How can you raise your emotional intelligence (EI)?
Become aware of your EI level. and Learn about aspects of your EI that could be enhanced.
What is the psychological discomfort that people experience when their attitudes and behaviors are incompatible?
Cognitive dissonance
Which bad attitude behavior involves highlighting problems without offering solutions?
Complaining
What is an example of self-serving bias?
Concluding that the reason you aced the driving test is because you are an excellent driver
Which of the following demonstrates racial/ethnic stereotyping?
Connor decided to hire Edgar for the job instead of Maria because he felt that Hispanics were too compassionate.
People in the office can always count on Tyrone to get the job done. He's methodical, detail-oriented and his work is always completed on time. Which of the Big Five personality dimensions would this illustrate?
Conscientiousness
_____ are types of behaviors that harm employees and the organization as a whole, such as absenteeism, tardiness, drug and alcohol abuse, sexual harassment, theft, and white-collar crime.
Counterproductive work behaviors
What is the first step in identifying "good attitude" behaviors?
Define what a good attitude is.
What are reasons for the pay gap between women and men?
Discrimination against women and Women's care for children and family members
Which managerial behaviors can cause stress for employees?
Disregarding employees' opinions, Asking too much from employees, and Acting unethically
_____ represents all the ways people are unlike and alike - the differences and similarities in age, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, capabilities, and socioeconomic background.
Diversity
Which situations are examples of race/ethnicity stereotyping?
During a staff meeting, Julius is asked to present the "black perspective" on the issues., When Patrick behaves foolishly at an office party, his manager comments that he should have known better than to hire a "drunken Irishman.", and When Marco makes a mistake, his co-workers sometimes excuse it because "Hispanics don't have experience with these things."
Which types of communication have been shown to increase stress among workers?
Email and Text messages
Irene has always been known to exhibit "grace under pressure". Even when she's under a tight deadline, she appears to be relaxed, confident and in control. Which Big Five personality dimension does this BEST describe?
Emotional stability
Which traits are elements of an individual's core self-evaluation?
Emotional stability, Self-efficacy, Locus of control, and Self-esteem
_____ is defined as an individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.
Employee engagement
Which statements about employee engagement are true?
Employee psychological well-being tends to increase customer satisfaction. and Employee engagement tends to improve corporate-level financial performance.
What tends to happen in a positive diversity climate?
Employees are loyal to the organization., Employees have a sense of psychological safety., and The organization performs well.
Jared is from the United States, but is working in Mexico. He believes that his culture, language, and behavior are superior to those of his Mexican employees. This illustrates which one of the following concepts?
Ethnocentrism
_____ is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, and/or behavior are superior to those of another culture.
Ethnocentrism
True or false: Low levels of stress lead to optimal performance.
False
True or false: Managers of employees with low self-efficacy can overcome this issue by lowering their expectations and assigning such employees to part-time jobs.
False
True or false: The term "diversity" is synonymous with differences.
False
What is the term for the way individuals perceive their ability to perform across a variety of different situations?
Generalized self-efficacy
What characterizes a hostile work environment?
Harassment
Nico felt uncomfortable about cheating on the last quiz in his management class, but he told himself that students cheat all the time and it was only a quiz, not a major test. What factor did Nico use to reduce his cognitive dissonance?
He decided the quiz was not very important.
Researchers believe that workplace stress generally affects job performance in which of the following ways?
High levels of stress lead to low performance, Low levels of stress lead to low performance, and Moderate levels of stress lead to optimal performance
People with high rates of self-efficacy, including generalized self-efficacy, tend to have what characteristics?
Higher rates of motivation and High job performance
Behavioral
How a person intends or expects to respond toward a situation
Which of the following are characteristics of a Type A behavior pattern?
Hurried, Competitive, and Deadline-focused
What is the term for the attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner?
Implicit bias
Managers can reduce turnover in organizations through which of the following ways? Check all that apply.
Incorporating realistic job previews (RJPs)., Basing hiring decision on the extent to which the applicants' values match those of the organization., and Providing post-hiring support through onboarding programs.
Which of the following is an example of an organizational demand that creates job-related stress?
Josh comes home from work each night complaining about the lack of lighting and ventilation in the plant.
Guadalupe is considering quitting her job. She has a newborn baby, but her work will not offer her paid family leave and the managers refuse to allow her to work a flexible schedule. Which barrier to diversity is BEST exemplified by Guadalupe's situation?
Lack of support for family demands
Which region has the most highly or moderately engaged employees?
Latin America
What interventions are managers advised to adopt to increase employee engagement?
Leadership training, Health promotion, and Job resource building
Which behavior is typical of a person with a good attitude?
Listening closely to your colleagues
Which of the following best illustrates the mismatch between education levels and workforce needs in the United States?
Many college graduates are underemployed and working at jobs that require less education than they possess
Which of the following are considered external dimensions of diversity?
Marital status, Religion, Educational background, and Parental status
Which of the following is is true of racial and ethnic populations in American business?
Minorities tend to have a lower median household income than whites.
Which of the following are common ways that employees express burnout?
Missed deadlines, Showing indifference to performance, and Taking longer lunch breaks
According to the Pew Research Center, which statement is accurate regarding predicted trends in the United States during the next few decades?
More women will continue to be hired for top leadership jobs.
Distress
Negative stress that can cause anxiety and illness
Which statement about older workers is true?
Older workers are staying in the workforce longer.
_____ programs help employees integrate and transition to new jobs by making them more familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture and politics and clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities.
Onboarding
Anita has been experiencing cognitive dissonance because, although she is extremely worried that smoking will eventually kill her, she continues to smoke. Each time she smokes, she tells herself that one more cigarette won't make much difference. What factor is she using to relieve her cognitive dissonance?
One cigarette is not very important.
Tasha loves to travel, especially internationally. She's always eager to see new places, try new things, and learn about different cultures. Which Big Five personality dimension does this illustrate?
Openness to experience
Jake is a member of the United Auto Workers union. According to the wheel of diversity, which dimension of diversity does this illustrate?
Organizational
What interdisciplinary field is dedicated to understanding and management of people at work?
Organizational behavior
______ is characterized by value-adding behaviors such as making constructive statements about the department, taking a personal interest in the work of others, making suggestions for improvements, and mentoring new employees.
Organizational citizenship
What is included on Anita Rowe's "diversity wheel"?
Organizational dimensions, Internal dimensions, and Personality
What intervention to boost employee engagement focuses on "increasing individuals' self-perceived positive attributes and strengths"?
Personal resource building
What is the willingness to accept constructive criticism, try and propose new ideas, and maintain a good attitude called?
Positive approach
Eustress
Positive stress that can stimulate better coping and adaptation
Which groups are often incorrectly perceived as having low organizational commitment?
Pregnant women and Mothers
Which of the following are included in the internal dimensions of diversity?
Race, Ethnicity, and Age
What are appropriate ways to to self-manage?
Recognize words, sayings, and situations that trigger your emotions., Recognize your physiological responses to triggers., and Pause and take deep breaths.
Which element of emotional intelligence reflects your ability to use awareness of your emotions and the emotions of others to manage interactions successfully and build strong, personal bonds with others?
Relationship management
The capacity to bounce back from adversity and sustain yourself when confronted with challenges is called what?
Resilience
Which actions should managers take when employees exhibit low self-efficacy?
Reward small successes and Nurture self-efficacy by giving constructive pointers and positive feedback
_____ occurs when other's expectations exceed one's ability.
Role overload
Place the steps in the perceptual process in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the last step listed at the bottom.
Selective attention, Interpretation and evaluation, Storing in memory, and Retrieving from memory to make judgements and decisions
According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, what is the most essential trait of emotional intelligence?
Self-awareness
Jordan realized that his bad mood was causing other people in his work group to feel negatively about the project. Which aspect of emotional intelligence is Jordan displaying?
Self-awareness
According to Daniel Goleman, which traits make up emotional intelligence?
Self-awareness, Relationship management, Social awareness, and Self-management
Learned helplessness is associated with which facet of a core self-evaluation?
Self-efficacy
_____ occurs when people's expectations of themselves lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Jeanine's motto is "Check your bad mood at the office door." Even if she's tired or upset, she makes an effort every day to control her emotions in the workplace. This is an example of which component of emotional intelligence?
Self-management
What is the term for taking more personal responsibility for success than for failure?
Self-serving bias
What are examples of a positive approach?
Sharing with your boss a new idea that you developed and Listening to your boss give you feedback on your work
Hassles
Simple irritants, such as misplacing things or being overworked
Strong stressors
Situations that can dramatically strain a person's ability to adapt, such as frequent migraine headaches
What are examples of work-life conflict?
Skipping your son's soccer game to attend a work meeting and Missing an afternoon at work because you had to pick up your sick child from school
What are examples of emotional labor on the job?
Smiling at customers when they walk in the door and Acting cheerful while taking a customer's order
Louisa seems to have a strong ability to accurately pick up on the emotions of others in the workplace, understand what is going on, and display a keen sense of empathy. Which element of emotional intelligence does this describe?
Social awareness
Role conflict
Source of stress that occurs when one feels torn by the different expectations of important people in one's life
Role ambiguity
Source of stress that occurs when others' expectations are unknown or unclear
Role overload
Source of stress that occurs when others' expectations exceed one's ability
Which bad attitude behavior may involve yelling or using sarcasm?
Stink bomb throwing
Crises
Sudden occasions of terror, such as a tornado or fire
Relationship management
The ability to communicate clearly, disarm conflicts and build strong personal bonds
Self-management
The ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity
Self-awareness
The ability to read your own emotions and gauge your moods accurately
Social awareness
The ability to show others that you care and your understanding of how your emotions and actions affect others
Affective
The emotions a person feels about a situation
Conscientiousness
The extent to which a person is dependable, reliable and responsible
Openness to experience
The extent to which a person is imaginative, curious and broad-minded
Extroversion
The extent to which a person is outgoing, sociable and assertive
Emotional stability
The extent to which a person is relaxed, secure and unworried
Agreeableness
The extent to which a person is trusting, cooperative, and good-natured
What is organizational commitment?
The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals
A positive diversity climate enhances which of the following for employees?
Their psychological safety
Which statements about companies with highly engaged employees are true, according to Gallup?
They are more profitable. and They are more productive.
Which statements about people with disabilities are true?
They earn less than people without disabilities. and They are less apt to be employed than people without disabilities.
Why is it important to manage employees as individuals who have different personalities and circumstances?
To influence the way employees behave
What are true statements about the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community in the workforce?
Transgender workers are at risk of being fired for their gender expression. and LGB workers are at risk of being passed over for promotion because of their sexual orientation.
True or false: Employee assistance programs are aimed at helping employees cope with a variety of problems that negatively influence job performance.
True
True or false: High-level jobs are often less stressful than low-level jobs because people with low-level jobs have less control over their lives.
True
True or false: People can improve many aspects of their emotional intelligence.
True
True or false: Resilience is a capacity that can be learned and developed over time.
True
What are the types of employee behavior that managers can influence?
Turnover and absenteeism, Counterproductive work behaviors, Organizational citizenship behavior, and Performance and productivity
Laura talks fast, walks fast, eats fast, and is in a constant rush to accomplish everything she thinks she needs to do. Which of the following BEST describes Laura's behavior?
Type A behavior pattern
What term describes retired workers' choice to return to the workforce?
Unretirement
Cognitive
What a person believes or knows about a situation
Which would be characterized as organizational dimensions of diversity? (Check all that apply.)
Work location and Union affiliation
What are buffers to stress that is caused by group demands?
Working with a manager who listens to you and Working with people you like
Which assumption about the U.S. workforce is true?
Young college graduates are earning less than they used to.
The Americans with Disabilities Act requires organizations to provide a reasonable _____ for individuals with disabilities in the workplace.
accommodation
Depicting older workers as less involved in their work, less motivated, and having higher absenteeism than their younger counterparts in the workplace is a stereotype based on ______.
age
An individual who believes that she is in control of her fate through her own actions and efforts would be said to have _____.
an internal locus of control
A learned predisposition toward a given object is a(n) _____.
attitude
Travis asked his mother if he should look for a new job because he wasn't happy in his current one. She told him it probably wouldn't matter because he was never happy with any job. His mother was commenting on Travis's ______.
attitude
Implicit bias is characterized by the
attitudes and beliefs that we unconsciously hold about groups of people
The activity of inferring causes for observed behavior is known as causal _______.
attribution
Self-_____ is the ability to read your own emotions and accurately assess your moods so that you know how you are affecting others.
awareness
People's values and attitudes affect their workplace _____, which includes their actions and judgments.
behavior
"If I see Ethan cheating on this exam, I'm going to report him to the professor." This is an example of the _____ component of an attitude.
behavioral
Annamarie's new job is so stressful that she starts smoking again, even though she had quit smoking several months ago. This is a(n) _____ symptom of stress.
behavioral
The retail store where David works always adds extra staff during the busy holiday season and summer months. Managers know that this additional staff will relieve some of the stress year-round employees feel. The addition of the extra staff is an example of a _____.
buffer
Administrative changes that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout are called _____.
buffers
Relationship management is the component of emotional intelligence that deals with the ability to: (select all that apply)
build strong personal bonds, disarm conflicts, and communicate clearly and convincingly
When an individual reaches a state of emotional, mental, or even physical exhaustion, it is called _____.
burnout
Emotional intelligence reflects the ability to: (select all that apply)
carry out accurate reasoning about emotions, use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought, and monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions
Employees who frequently praise their co-workers, show up for work on time, offer helpful suggestions, and take good care of the company's equipment are demonstrating organizational ______.
citizenship
Anita knows that smoking is bad for her health but doesn't seem to be able to quit for longer than a few days. The discomfort she feels as a result of the incongruence between her attitude and behavior is known as _____.
cognitive dissonance
The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals is known as organizational _____.
commitment
Of the Big Five personality dimensions that have a positive relationship to job performance, _____ describes how dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented a person is.
conscientiousness
Self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability are traits that make up an individual's ______.
core self-evaluation
Rob's employee has been coming back from lunch drunk and performed poorly as a result. This employee is displaying a _____ work behavior.
counterproductive
Hostile work environments are: (select all that apply)
demeaning and unethical
An organization's ______ climate is the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values."
diversity
It is important to Jan to have a work team that consists of a variety of people from different backgrounds. She wants people from different religions, of different ages, and with a variety of job skills. Jan is concerned with having _____.
diversity
The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as _____.
emotional intelligence
The extent to which a person is relatively secure and unworried and how likely she or he is to experience negative emotions under pressure is known as _______.
emotional stability
They don't call Ed "Steady Eddy" for no reason. He is unfailingly calm, even under pressure or stress. It would appear that Ed has a high level of _______.
emotional stability
To better help employees cope with family and workplace demands, Suzette's employer has a comprehensive program that includes counseling on family matters, financial problems, and drug and alcohol abuse. This is BEST described as a(n) _______ program.
employee assistance
Jenna loves her job. She is known as the "cheerleader" of the department because she is enthusiastic about every project and highly focused. Jenna displays employee _____.
engagement
Self-_____ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves.
esteem
A(n) _____ locus of control indicates that you believe outside forces control you.
external
Mark failed his last test and blamed it on the fact that the test was poorly written and the room was too noisy for him to concentrate, not because he didn't study for the test. Mark would be said to have a(n) _____ locus of control.
external
The _______ dimensions of diversity include such factors as geographic location, educational background, and marital/parental status.
external
Paulina believed that the new hires in her department were lazy for failing to make use of the company's expert software system, but the new hires had not been adequately trained to make use of the system. This is an example of _____.
fundamental attribution bias
The ______ ceiling is a metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs.
glass
Simple irritants, such as misplacing your keys or a phone number, are referred to as ______.
hassles
Stephanie works for a company that offers a physical fitness center, a dietitian on staff in the cafeteria, and lower health insurance premiums for employees who exercise. These perks represent components of a _____ wellness program.
holistic
What type of program encourages employees to balance physical, mental, and social well-being by developing and following a plan to improve their health?
holistic wellness
Causal attribution is the act of
inferring causes for observed behavior
Age, gender, and race are ______ dimensions of diversity.
internal
Jolene doesn't believe that "luck happens". She firmly believes that you make your own luck in life by what you do and how you do it. Jolene has a(n) _____ locus of control.
internal
Behavior is defined as the combination of which two elements?
judgments and actions
The debilitating lack of faith in your ability to control your environment is referred to as ______.
learned helplessness
The extent to which people believe that they control their fate through their own efforts is called _____.
locus of control
Trevor likes to work on assignments in his own way. He feels that it is up to him to handle problems and take responsibility for the outcome, whether things go right or wrong. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Trevor demonstrate?
locus of control
After William's boss asked him to compile sales figures for the past three years, William pulled together the information and turned it over to his boss. After several days of not getting any feedback from his boss, William worried that he hadn't done a good job in presenting the information. William is demonstrating _____.
low self-esteem
Some employees fear that attempts to diversify their organizations will result in bias against _____ employees.
majority group
People who feel greater job satisfaction are also likely to experience greater ______.
motivation, life satisfaction, and commitment to the organization
Roberto's job requires frequent travel. Other positions are available within the company, but his manager has not tried to accommodate Roberto's request for work that would allow him to stay closer to his family. Roberto has started applying for jobs with other companies. Roberto's unhappiness with his job has affected his ______.
organizational commitment
The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment is called ______.
perception
In the fundamental attribution bias, a person attributes the behavior of another person to _____.
personal characteristics
Matt is one of those consistently upbeat, optimistic people. He always looks on the bright side of things and sees the glass as half-full, rather than half-empty. These characteristics describe Matt's _____.
personality
The stable behavioral and psychological characteristics responsible for a person's identity are known as _____.
personality
During the tax season, accountant Gregory is under considerable stress to complete all of his clients' tax returns. He finds that he is suffering from repeated headaches. This is an example of a(n) _____ sign of stress.
physiological
Organizational behavior is a field of study that explains and ______ behavior.
predicts
Complete the sentence with all of the accurate statements regarding the relationship between conscientiousness and job performance. Conscientiousness is consistently and positively related to:
resilience, task performance, leadership behavior, and supervisor-rated liking
A _____ is a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position; i.e., a set of behaviors that people expect of occupants of a position.
role
Sets of behaviors that are expected of occupants of a specific position are called _____.
roles
Psychological ______ reflects the extent to which people feel free to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences.
safety
The extent to which you feel positive or negative about various aspects of your work is called job ______.
satisfaction
Even though she had never instructed anyone on how to use the new software, Millicent accepted the responsibility of instructing Sherri because she knew she was capable of doing the job. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Millicent's belief represent?
self-efficacy
The belief in one's ability to complete a task is called __.
self-efficacy
Liam knew that everyone else thought he was lazy and incompetent, so rather than tell his work team about an idea, he just let them do all of the work. As a result, his coworkers continued to feel he was lazy and incompetent. What does Liam's behavior demonstrate?
self-fulfilling prophecy
An aspect of emotional intelligence that involves the ability to control one's emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways is called _____.
self-management
Connie believes that women are not as effective leaders as men. This is an example of a(n) _____ stereotype.
sex-role
When women are viewed as moody, emotional, and catty, whereas men are seen as strong and powerful, it is an illustration of ______.
sex-role stereotypes
The component of emotional intelligence known as _____ consists of empathy and organizational intuition, the ability to understand how your emotions and actions affect others within the organization.
social awareness
Karen was surprised when her friend said that the man at the first table in the restaurant must be a great basketball player just because he was tall and African American. Karen's friend was making a _____.
stereotype
The tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics you believe are typical of the group to which that individual belongs is known as _____.
stereotyping
Kerri Ann feels very tense at work these days. Three people in her department quit, and it is up to her to complete her own work plus all of the work they would have done. She is anxious and often responds rudely when her manager speaks with her about a project. Kerri Ann is experiencing _____.
stress
A(n) ______ is an environmental characteristic that causes stress
stressor
Stress is the feeling of tension and pressure; the source of that stress is known as a(n) _____.
stressor
The personality dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience are referred to as _____.
the Big Five personality dimensions
Darren is interviewing for a new administrative assistant. The three people he interviewed include an older woman, a man in a wheelchair, and a recent college graduate with beautiful blond hair. Darren knew just by looking at each candidate which one he would hire. His impression of each person was based on a single trait. This is known as _____.
the halo effect
Forming a positive impression of an individual based on a single trait is called _____.
the halo effect
John has been interviewing job applicants all day. Finally he hires one of the last people he interviewed. He has forgotten important information about a better applicant who spoke to him earlier in the day. He is experiencing _____.
the recency effect
Kayla has made her sales quota every month during the past year except for last month. When her boss conducts her performance appraisal, he focuses on this factor, rather than looking at her sales performance during the previous 11 months. This is an example of _____.
the recency effect
The T in LGBTQ stands for _____, or a term for people whose sense of their gender differs from what is expected based on the sex characteristics with which they are born.
transgender
During the monthly meeting, Ethan discussed the two positions that were open in his department since Marcus and Amy had both quit last week. Ethan is discussing the _____ in his department.
turnover
Emily graduated with a degree in chemistry from college last year but hasn't been able to find a job in her academic field. She is currently working at a retail store so she can pay her bills. Emily is over-qualified for this job, which makes her an example of someone who is _____.
underemployed
Jessica believes she should be concerned for the welfare of others. This belief is an example of a ______.
value
Abstract ideals that guide a person's thinking and behavior in all situations are called ______.
values
When the demands or pressures from work and family domains are mutually incompatible, a person is experiencing ______-life conflict.
work