MGT 300: Chapter 12
What three experiences should managers foster when applying the self-determination theory to motivate employees?
Competence, Relatedness, and Autonomy
Autonomy
The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them
Skill variety
The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities
Task identity
The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end
Which answer best describes flourishing?
The extent to which our lives contain positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement
Feedback
The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job
Extinction
Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
Punishment
Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive
After creating a time schedule for accomplishing tasks and goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Work the plan, give yourself rewards when appropriate, and make needed adjustments.
Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs, and a very high level of ______ needs.
power
Which are principal perspectives on motivation?
process, job design, reinforcement, and content
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.
profit sharing
If students arrive late to Professor Clarkson's class, their participation grade is automatically docked five points. This is an example of ______.
punishment
Keir's boss calls him into her office to berate him for coming in late for the third time this week. This is an example of ______.
punishment
Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.
reinforcement
When working on your plan, it is important to ______.
remain flexible
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.
sales commission
People with a high need for affiliation ______.
seek social approval
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.
self-determination
Lois asks herself how badly she wants the bonus she could earn by working overtime on her current project. In terms of expectancy theory, this describes Lois's ______ for the additional pay.
valence
According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constitutes ______.
well-being
One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.
working at a job they found meaningful
Which of the following would be characterized as motivating factors by Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Achievement and Responsibility
Regarding Maslow's theory of needs, which statements are true?
Actions are aimed at fulfilling the deprived needs., Needs at the lowest level in the hierarchy must be met before an individual will seek to achieve needs at higher levels., and Needs are met in order from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy.
Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?
Be clear about what behavior is desired. and Give rewards as soon as possible.
After you identify a long-term goal, what is the second step in developing career readiness?
Break your long-term goal into several short-term goals.
What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?
Challenging, Specific, and Achievable
According to self-determination theory, what are the innate needs that people need to satisfy to achieve psychological growth?
Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness
According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?
Competence, autonomy and relatedness
Applying the job characteristics model requires which of the following?
Considering how to redesign the job, Determining whether job redesign is appropriate, and Diagnosing the work environment to see whether a problem exists
What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?
Core job characteristics, Work outcomes, and Psychological states
After tasks on a to-do list are prioritized, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Create a time schedule for reaching your long-term goal.
After breaking your long-term goal into several short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Create a to-do list for accomplishing short-term goals.
What key ideas can be drawn from equity and justice theories?
Employees need a way to appeal decisions. and Organizations should foster a climate for justice.
The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?
Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. and Employees are underutilized.
The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?
Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.
What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?
Expectancy
Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?
Expectancy theory, Goal-setting theory, and Equity theory
Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following?
Fairness and Justice
True or false: Money is the best motivator.
False
In terms of the goal-setting theory, what is necessary for employees to know if they are on the right track when working on a project?
Feedback
Relatedness
Feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others
Autonomy
Feeling as though you have the freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do
What is an example of an intrinsic reward?
Feeling independent
Competence
Feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task
What is the modern way of designing jobs?
Fitting jobs to people
At Arturo's firm, employees are allowed to work four 10-hour days instead of five 8-hour days. This best describes which attempt to balance work and life?
Flex-time
Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?
Goal-setting theory
Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?
Goals increase your persistence.
Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?
Herzberg's two-factor theory
What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?
Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's acquired needs theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
What is the first step in developing career readiness?
Identify your most important long-term goal.
What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?
Increase employee efficiency, Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs, and Raise employee productivity
Why is creating a time schedule important when it comes to developing a career management plan?
It helps you organize your schedule. and It enables you to monitor your progress.
Which of the following are ways that motivation plays a role in an organization?
It keeps workers engaged and producing quality work., It helps good people remain in the organization., and It encourages employees go beyond the call of duty.
Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?
Job characteristics model
What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?
Job enlargement and Job enrichment
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Which statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory are correct?
Maslow's theory is popular with managers., Maslow's theory shows that workers need more than a paycheck., and Managers should first focus on meeting level 1 and level 2 needs.
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.
McClelland's acquired needs theory
What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?
Meaningfulness of work, Responsibility for work outcomes, and Knowledge of actual results of the work
Which statements about motivation are true?
Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior. and Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation.
One model of motivation starts with an unfulfilled need. List the rest of the steps in the correct order, with the first step at the top.
Motivation, Behaviors, Rewards, and Feedback
How does McClelland view needs?
Needs are something we learn from our culture.
Which statement about incentive compensation plans is true?
No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.
What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?
Organizational justice
When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?
Outputs
Tyler works for a large financial services firm. Each time he earns a professional certification in his field, he is rewarded with an increase in his salary. Which type of compensation plan does this describe?
Pay for knowledge
What type of compensation plan ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn?
Pay for knowledge
What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?
Performance to outcomes and Effort to performance
Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, Esteem, Safety, and Love
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Piece rate
In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following?
Praise, Pay, and Rewards
After the creation of a "to-do" list for accomplishing short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Prioritize the tasks you need to complete to reach your goal.
What three types of justice are the components of organizational justice?
Procedural, Distributive, and Interactional
Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?
Process perspectives
What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?
Profit sharing
Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?
Punishment and Extinction
How does goal setting motivate employees?
Regulating employee efforts, Increasing employee persistence, Fostering employee use of action plans, and Directing employee attention
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Reinforcement theory
What characteristics should your long-term goal have?
Results-oriented, Attainable, and Measurable
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order for Josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs?
Safety and Physiological
Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Salary and Working conditions
What strategies are recommended to add meaningfulness to your life?
Seek out activities you love doing., Look for ways to help others., and Integrate your natural strengths into your work life.
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?
Skill variety
Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?
Skill variety, Autonomy, Task significance, and Feedback
Negative reinforcement
Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
What statement about stretch goals is true?
Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks.
What are three types of learning opportunities?
Studying co-workers, Learning and development, and Tuition reimbursement
When Jose compares his input/output ratio with that of his co-workers, he is satisfied that he is being treated fairly. What is Jose most likely to do as a result?
Support organizational change
Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?
Task identity
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
Task significance
Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?
Task significance
The job diagnostic survey (used in connection with the job characteristics model) measures an individual's motivating potential score (MPS). What is the MPS designed to reveal?
The amount of internal work motivation associated with a specific job
Task significance
The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization
What statement is true about people who have a performance goal orientation?
They are less likely to take on new challenges.
Which statements about employees who are motivated by a need for power are true?
They enjoy being in control of events and people. and They like being publicly recognized for their responsibilities.
What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?
They link rewards to performance. and They are agreed on by both employees and managers.
According to equity theory, how might employees respond if they feel their rewards are inadequate?
They may change the object of comparison., They may leave the situation., and They may try to change the outputs.
What is true of people who are motivated by the need for achievement?
They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.
According to the concept of goal orientation, there are two basic reasons why people try to achieve a goal, depending on the individual's personality. What are those reasons?
To develop competence by learning new skills and To demonstrate competence and receive approval
According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs?
Training, Effort, and Experience
True or false: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, employers should first eliminate dissatisfying elements in the work place and then focus on adding incentives to motivate workers.
True
True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.
True
True or false: When punishing an employee, it is best to give out disciplinary action as soon as possible after the undesirable behavior.
True
True or false: When using expectancy theory to motivate workers, managers should ask questions to determine what rewards the employees value.
True
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
Two-factor theory
Positive reinforcement
Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior
Why should you break your most important long-term goal into many short-term goals?
You are more likely to achieve a long-term goal if you break it down into smaller goals.
Telecommuting, or enabling employees to work at home while keeping in touch with their employers and coworkers via email, phone, and other electronic technologies, is one example of ______.
a work-life benefit
John has a strong desire to perform difficult tasks well. He is motivated by personal standards of excellence. John has a high need for ______.
achievement
Leslie likes working on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for ______.
achievement
Darius works in sales. For him, the most important thing is to build satisfying personal relationships with his co-workers and clients. Darius is primarily motivated by a need for ______.
affiliation
Brittani has worked long hours putting the finishing touches on a presentation to a major client, but she has a strong sense of self-satisfaction with her work and feels good about what she has accomplished. In terms of the model of motivation, this self-satisfaction would be categorized as ______.
an intrinsic reward
Most effective managers ______.
are motivated by a high need for power
A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments given to the class would likely have low ______.
autonomy
Carin is a manager who likes to delegate important tasks to capable employees and allows them to make most of the key decisions related to those tasks. Carin is focused on fostering ______ among her employees.
autonomy
Jobs with high ______ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.
autonomy
Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.
bonus program
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.
bonuses
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.
commission
When punishing an employee, you should ______.
consider combining punishment with positive reinforcement
According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______.
continue their current behavior
Your to-do list for achieving short-term goals should identify the ______.
daily tasks you need to complete
Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.
design
The basic lesson of Herzberg's research is that ______.
employers should attempt to eliminate job dissatisfaction before addressing job satisfaction
Managers should be concerned with motivation because it is tied to worker ______.
engagement
Jasmine previously handled only accounts payable, but she now handles accounts receivable as well. This is an example of job ______.
enlargement
To increase variety and motivate workers, Grant Industries increases the number of tasks in each job on the assembly line. This practice is known as job ______.
enlargement
To motivate his employees, Enzo gave them tasks with added responsibility and room for recognition. Enzo was using job ______.
enrichment
Juanita believes that if she works hard, her efforts will lead to strong performance. Juanita has a high level of ______.
expectancy
Robert believes that no matter how hard he studies, he will never pass the exam. According to Victor Vroom's theory, Robert has low ______.
expectancy
The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is referred to as ______.
extinction
When little Josef would throw himself on the floor, screaming and kicking, his mother ignored him. Consequently, Josef has stopped throwing tantrums. This is an example of ______.
extinction
Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards.
extrinsic
Janeen's boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a(n) ______.
extrinsic reward
A person evaluates whether the selected behavior has satisfied the need and whether it should be used again during the ______ stage.
feedback
The Scanlon plan is an example of ______, which distributes company savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased productivity.
gainsharing
The distribution of savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity is known as ______.
gainsharing
With regard to higher-level needs, managers should ______.
give employees a chance to meet these needs in a way that supports the organization's goals
When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.
give rewards as soon as possible
Simply giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty is known as ______ loading.
horizontal
The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.
human capital
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction.
hygiene factors
In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.
inputs
Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power.
institutional
In expectancy theory, the expectation that successful performance of a task will lead to a desired outcome is called ______.
instrumentality
Jerry is confident in his ability to perform a new set of tasks, but he does not think he will be adequately rewarded for mastering the new knowledge. According to expectancy theory, he has low ______.
instrumentality
Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she will be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ______ element of the expectancy theory.
instrumentality
The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ______ reward.
intrinsic
Self-determination theory is largely focused on ______.
intrinsic rewards and motivation
Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.
job design
One of the key take-aways from expectancy theory is that a manager should ______.
link rewards to levels of employee performance
Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
management
The sense of belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self is referred to as ______.
meaningfulness
To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.
measurable
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.
merit
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.
modification
The goal of an incentive compensation plan is to ______.
motivate employees to work harder for more money
According to Herzberg, ______ factors are more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and love of the work itself.
motivating
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.
motivation
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.
needs
"I'll take out the garbage," Jan tells husband. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ______.
negative reinforcement
According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement
Patrick's company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as a stock ______.
option
When prioritizing the tasks you need to complete to reach your career goals, you should ______.
order them from low importance to high importance
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.
personal
Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.
personal and psychological development
A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.
piece rate
To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
In equity theory, people compare their ______.
ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs
According to equity and justice theories, organizational decisions ______.
should include input from the employees they will affect
According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.
skill variety
With ______, certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.
stock options
A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a ______ goal.
stretch
Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.
task identity
Eisuke set several goals for his new hire, who, despite working diligently, failed to meet several of them. According to goal-setting theory, Eisuke should have remembered that setting goals is useful only if ______.
the goals are achievable
Laura's manager is retiring in six months, and Laura really wants to be promoted to succeed her. In terms of expectancy theory, Laura has a high ______ in regard to her promotion.
valence