MGT Exam 4 Study Guide

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How do charismatic leaders influence followers?

(1) Articulate a vision (2) Create a vision statement (3) Create a new set of values (4) Demonstrate the vision

What is ethical leadership?

-Communicate a clear and consistent positive ethics message from the top -Create and embrace opportunities for everyone in the org to communicate positive ethics, values, and practices -Ensure consequences for ethical and unethical conduct

What are the factors of the pathgoal model?

-Subordinates' Personal Characteristics -leadership behaviors -environmental characteristics

What is charismatic leadership?

Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state and generates widespread and emotional popular support.

What is situational leadership?

Combining leadership style with the appropriate situation to get a positive result, different situations require different types of leadership

What is effective communication?

Communication that is clearly sent and received in a constructive way.

Components of Communication model process

Communicator 1 input - send - messages - channel - interference- communicator 2 input - receiver - sender - messages - channel - interference back to 1 who receives

What is 1,9 on blakes grid?

Country club management - The boss shows high concern for staff but low concern for performance. Therefore staff can easily take advantage of the situation and there is likely to be poor productivity.

What are the costs and concerns to social media?

Cyberloafing/Productivity loss • Privacy issues • Proprietary information loss • Cyberattacks

How do people obtain power?

1. Doing the right things: extraordinary activities, visible activities, relevant activities 2. Cultivating the right people: outsiders, subordinates, peers, superiors

What are the consequences of trust?

1. Trust encourages taking risks 2. Trust facilitates information sharing 3. Trusting groups are more effective 4. Trust enhances productivity

What is process conflict?

Disagreements about how work should be organized and accomplished

What are the benefits to social media?

Increased productivity• Increased job satisfaction• Better work-life balance• Increased retention• More creativity & collaboration• Increased searchable digital information• Increased sales• Increased reputation• Increased connection in real time• Collaborate within and outside of the organization• Expand boundaries.

what are the behaviors to transactional leadership?

Intellectual stimulation • Individualized consideration • Inspirational motivation • Idealized influence

What is commitment?

Internally agrees with a decision or request, give great effort tocarry it out

Power vs. leadership

Leaders use Power as a means of attaining group goals. Power does NOT require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership focuses on the downward influence on one's followers.

What are the criticisms of the contingency leadership model?

Leadership can not be changed • Extreme points of variables • May be realistic in application

What is leadership?

Leadership is the process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization.

What is apprising (influence tactic)?

Makes the tasks appealing by clarifying how they can benefit the followers personally or advance their careers.

What is mentoring?

Mentorship is a voluntary professional relationship between a leader and subordinate. Mentorship enhances developmental growth of counseling.

What does research find about organizational politics?

Most political maneuvering occurs at middle & upper management levels. • Clear goals and routine tasks may provoke less political activity than vague goals and complex tasks. • Some issues are more likely than others to stimulate political activity such as budget allocation, reorganization, and personnel changes.

What is stalling?

Moving slowly when someone asks for yourcooperation is the most obvious way of avoiding takingaction without actually saying no

What are the shortcomings of leadership trait theory?

Not so clear in differentiating between effective & ineffective leaders. • Fails to account for the situation • Aren't sufficient for successful leaders • Little info on how to train & develop leaders

what is referent power?

Power a person has because others closely identify with that person's personal characteristics; they are liked and admired by others

Power vs. Authority

Power: the ability to exercise one's will over others Authority: the socially approved use of power

how do women usually communicate

Rapport Talk Gives advice indirectl yand reluctantly Frequently asks for information More sensitive to nonverbal cues

what are the behaviors of transformational leadership?

Recognizing the need for revitalization • Creating a new vision • Institutionalizing change

How do men usually communicate

Report Talk Gives advice quickly and directly Avoids asking for information Less sensitive to nonverbal cues

What do artifacts and office decor do for nonverbal communication?

Some can act as conversational ice-breakers, leading to close interaction and eventually leading to forming relationships beyond the office.

What is jargon?

Specialised or technical language of a specific profession or group.

What is the LMX model of leadership?

Stresses that leaders have different kinds of relationships with different subordinates. establish a special relationship with a small number of trusted subordinates, referred to as the "in-group." The in-group usually receives special duties requiring responsibility and autonomy; they may also receive special privileges. Subordinates who are not a part of this group are called the "out-group," and they receive less of the supervisor's time and attention.

What is 9,9 on Blake's grid?

Team management - The boss shows high concern for both performance and people. This includes showing interest in staff with belief in the synergy implied by successful teamwork.

What is autocratic leadership?

The leader exerts complete control.

What is power?

The potential ability of a person or group to influence another person or group and get things done the way one wants them to be done.

What is expert power?

The power derived from the leader's accumulation of knowledge, skills and capabilities.

What is coercive power?

The power which influences a person to perform or behave in a manner contrary to how that person desires to behave at the time.

What are suggestion systems?

They provide a two-way channel of communication between employees and management, with management accepting or rejecting employee suggestions and in some cases commenting on them.

What is formal communication?

This is when messages are sent through established channels using professional language

What is democratic leadership?

This style can be a problem-solving style. Group members feel safe to express views, thoughts, and feelings.

What are institutional managers?

Use their power for the good of the institution

What are the qualities of charismatic leaders?

Vision & Articulation Personal Risk Sensitivity Unconventional Behavior

What is exchange influence tactics?

a leader will offer something of value in exchange for something they want or need.

What is 360 degree feedback?

a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and the employees themselves

What are hotlines?

a tool that allows employees to speak up about issues or comments in the workplace

What is organizational politics?

actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own self-interests

What are the common listening styles?

active, involved, passive, detached.

what is laissez-faire leadership?

allows the group to function more or less on its own

What is personal appeals?

asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty

What are the barriers to effective communication?

asking personal questions offering opinions giving advice giving false reassurance minimizing feelings changing the topic asking why questions or asking for explanations offering judgments responding approvingly or disapprovingly

What are the conflict management styles

avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, collaboration

What is stage 4 in conflict process?

behavior

What is the behavioral theories of leadership?

believes you can train people to become leaders

What are political skills?

building a power base and establishing the right connections to get needed resources for their groups

What is transactional leadership?

clarifies roles and responsibilities; uses rewards and punishments to achieve goals

What is stage 2 in conflict process?

cognition and personalization

What is the reason we miss things?

cognitive capacity, noise, motivation to listen

What is nonverbal communication?

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

What is relationship conflict?

conflict based on interpersonal relationships

What is intergroup conflict?

conflict between groups

What is task conflict?

conflict over content and goals of the work

What is dysfunctional conflict?

conflict that hinders group performance

What is dyadic conflict?

conflict that occurs between two people

What is intragroup conflict?

conflict that occurs within a group or team

What is functional conflict?

conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance

What are the 2 dimensions produced in Ohio State studies?

consideration and initiating-structure

What is the Open Door Policy?

covers issues like Complaints Questions Suggestions Concerns with management Safety concerns Feedback (both to provide it to the employer and to ask for it from the employer) Reporting problems with other employees

What is the contingency leadership model?

determines if a leader's style is task oriented or relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand

What is filtering?

distortion or withholding of information to manage a person's reactions.

What is empowerment?

employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy.

What is an all channel network?

extension of the circle network. By connecting By connecting everyone in the circle network, the result is a star, or all-channel network.

What is the lateral chain of command?

flat management structure. Organizations with these structures often have few managers with many employees, and they allow employees to make decisions without needing manager approval.

What are the Ohio state studies?

found there are two leadership styles, consideration and initiating-structure

What are the facets of skilled politics?

have a convincing &persuasive interpersonal style but employ it flexibly to meet the needs of the situation. They put others at ease.

What is the purpose of leadership trait theory?

helps companies and individuals identify some common personality traits that contribute to successful leadership in various situations

What are the deficiencies in chain of command?

informal communication,filtering, open door policy

What is a wheel network?

information flows to and from a single person. Employees in the group communicate primarily with that person rather than with each other.

What is stage 3 in conflict process?

intentions, conflict handling dimensions

What are the pros to the grapevine?

keeps employees informed, can substitute informal communication, provides a test reaction, can serve as a recruiting source

What is transformational leadership?

leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

What are neutralizers?

limiting leaders powers

What are surveys for in communication?

measures engagement

What is controlled processing?

mental processing that involves conscious attention and awareness of what you are doing when you perform a sport skill

What is high cultural context?

message contained in comm is strongly influenced by the context in which the message is sent

What is low cultural context?

messages can be interpreted more literally because more meaning resides in the message than in the context in which the comm occurs

What is the Vroom-Jago model?

model that allows leaders to ask if they should make a decision alone or in a group

What is integrative bargaining?

negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win situation

What is distributive bargaining?

negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation

What is stage 5 in conflict process?

outcomes

What can you do to become a more effective listener?

pay more attention to message, show respect, involve nonverbals.

What is the dark side to charismatic leaders?

personal goals override org goals, convince those to follow disastrous vision

What is stage 1 in the conflict process?

potential opposition

What is personalized power?

power directed at helping oneself

What is socialized power?

power directed at helping others

What is the negotiation process?

preparation and planning, definition of ground rules, clarification and justification, bargaining and problem solving, closure and implementation

What is position power?

provides you with the authority to make decisions and requests based on your position within the organization.

What is informal communication?

referred to as the grapevine or rumor mill encompasses all communication outside the formal network.

What is the path goal model?

refers to the role of a leader to clear paths subordinates have to take in order to accomplish goals

What are substitutes in leadership?

replacing leaders power

How subunits obtain power

resource scarcity, centrality, substitutability, uncertainty

What is a coalition?

seeks the aid ofothers to persuade thetarget to do somethingor uses the support ofothers as a reason forthe target to agree

What is scapegoating?

tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence

What is reward power?

the ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards

What is Machiavellianism?

the degree to which someone uses power manipulatively

What is personal power?

the extent to which followers respect, feel good about, are committed to their leader; and see their own goals being satisfied by the goals of their leader.

How accurate is the grapevine?

the grapevine is usually inaccurate

What are the cons to the grapevine?

the grapevine is usually inaccurate, distortions

What is the grapevine?

the informal communication network in a group or organization

What is legitimate power?

the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization

What is listening?

the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages

What is Communication?

the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response

What is the MUM effect?

the tendency to avoid communicating unfavourable news to others

What is ingratiation?

the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor

What is negotiation?

A give-and-take decision-making process involving two or more parties with different preferences

What is conflict?

A struggle between opposing forces

What is the leadership grid?

A two-dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles.

What is resistance pt

An outcome in which the target person is opposed to the proposal or request, rather than indifferent about it, and actively tries to avoid carrying it out

What is resistance in leadership?

An outcome in which the target person is opposed to theproposal or request, rather than indifferent about it, andactively tries to avoid carrying it out

What is a trust?

Assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something

What is 9,1 on blakes grid

Authority/Obedience - Boss has a fanatical drive to succeed but on the their own terms. Staff are truly only 'human resources'. Successful in the short term but staff likely to leave in the long term due to lack of motivation.

What are chatbots?

tools used to automate processes

What is rational persuasion?

trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts

What is automatic processing?

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

What is pressure?

uses demands,threats, frequentchecking, orpersistentreminders toinfluence thetarget

What is a chain network?

vertical form of communication in which a person can communicate only with his immediate superior and subordinate.

What is compliance?

when we do a behavior in order to gain a reward or avoid punishment

What is aspiration range?

which is either a value on a goal variable (e.g., profit or market share) or, in the case of multiple goals, a vector of goal values that is satisfactory to the agent.

What is target pt?

willing to do what the agent asks but is indifferent rather than enthusiastic about it & will only make minimal effort

What is the Great Man Theory?

Great leaders possess key traits that set them apart from most human

What is buck passing?

Having someone else take action is aneffective way to avoid doing it yourself.


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