MGT Exam 4 Study Guide
How do charismatic leaders influence followers?
(1) Articulate a vision (2) Create a vision statement (3) Create a new set of values (4) Demonstrate the vision
What is ethical leadership?
-Communicate a clear and consistent positive ethics message from the top -Create and embrace opportunities for everyone in the org to communicate positive ethics, values, and practices -Ensure consequences for ethical and unethical conduct
What are the factors of the pathgoal model?
-Subordinates' Personal Characteristics -leadership behaviors -environmental characteristics
What is charismatic leadership?
Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state and generates widespread and emotional popular support.
What is situational leadership?
Combining leadership style with the appropriate situation to get a positive result, different situations require different types of leadership
What is effective communication?
Communication that is clearly sent and received in a constructive way.
Components of Communication model process
Communicator 1 input - send - messages - channel - interference- communicator 2 input - receiver - sender - messages - channel - interference back to 1 who receives
What is 1,9 on blakes grid?
Country club management - The boss shows high concern for staff but low concern for performance. Therefore staff can easily take advantage of the situation and there is likely to be poor productivity.
What are the costs and concerns to social media?
Cyberloafing/Productivity loss • Privacy issues • Proprietary information loss • Cyberattacks
How do people obtain power?
1. Doing the right things: extraordinary activities, visible activities, relevant activities 2. Cultivating the right people: outsiders, subordinates, peers, superiors
What are the consequences of trust?
1. Trust encourages taking risks 2. Trust facilitates information sharing 3. Trusting groups are more effective 4. Trust enhances productivity
What is process conflict?
Disagreements about how work should be organized and accomplished
What are the benefits to social media?
Increased productivity• Increased job satisfaction• Better work-life balance• Increased retention• More creativity & collaboration• Increased searchable digital information• Increased sales• Increased reputation• Increased connection in real time• Collaborate within and outside of the organization• Expand boundaries.
what are the behaviors to transactional leadership?
Intellectual stimulation • Individualized consideration • Inspirational motivation • Idealized influence
What is commitment?
Internally agrees with a decision or request, give great effort tocarry it out
Power vs. leadership
Leaders use Power as a means of attaining group goals. Power does NOT require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership focuses on the downward influence on one's followers.
What are the criticisms of the contingency leadership model?
Leadership can not be changed • Extreme points of variables • May be realistic in application
What is leadership?
Leadership is the process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization.
What is apprising (influence tactic)?
Makes the tasks appealing by clarifying how they can benefit the followers personally or advance their careers.
What is mentoring?
Mentorship is a voluntary professional relationship between a leader and subordinate. Mentorship enhances developmental growth of counseling.
What does research find about organizational politics?
Most political maneuvering occurs at middle & upper management levels. • Clear goals and routine tasks may provoke less political activity than vague goals and complex tasks. • Some issues are more likely than others to stimulate political activity such as budget allocation, reorganization, and personnel changes.
What is stalling?
Moving slowly when someone asks for yourcooperation is the most obvious way of avoiding takingaction without actually saying no
What are the shortcomings of leadership trait theory?
Not so clear in differentiating between effective & ineffective leaders. • Fails to account for the situation • Aren't sufficient for successful leaders • Little info on how to train & develop leaders
what is referent power?
Power a person has because others closely identify with that person's personal characteristics; they are liked and admired by others
Power vs. Authority
Power: the ability to exercise one's will over others Authority: the socially approved use of power
how do women usually communicate
Rapport Talk Gives advice indirectl yand reluctantly Frequently asks for information More sensitive to nonverbal cues
what are the behaviors of transformational leadership?
Recognizing the need for revitalization • Creating a new vision • Institutionalizing change
How do men usually communicate
Report Talk Gives advice quickly and directly Avoids asking for information Less sensitive to nonverbal cues
What do artifacts and office decor do for nonverbal communication?
Some can act as conversational ice-breakers, leading to close interaction and eventually leading to forming relationships beyond the office.
What is jargon?
Specialised or technical language of a specific profession or group.
What is the LMX model of leadership?
Stresses that leaders have different kinds of relationships with different subordinates. establish a special relationship with a small number of trusted subordinates, referred to as the "in-group." The in-group usually receives special duties requiring responsibility and autonomy; they may also receive special privileges. Subordinates who are not a part of this group are called the "out-group," and they receive less of the supervisor's time and attention.
What is 9,9 on Blake's grid?
Team management - The boss shows high concern for both performance and people. This includes showing interest in staff with belief in the synergy implied by successful teamwork.
What is autocratic leadership?
The leader exerts complete control.
What is power?
The potential ability of a person or group to influence another person or group and get things done the way one wants them to be done.
What is expert power?
The power derived from the leader's accumulation of knowledge, skills and capabilities.
What is coercive power?
The power which influences a person to perform or behave in a manner contrary to how that person desires to behave at the time.
What are suggestion systems?
They provide a two-way channel of communication between employees and management, with management accepting or rejecting employee suggestions and in some cases commenting on them.
What is formal communication?
This is when messages are sent through established channels using professional language
What is democratic leadership?
This style can be a problem-solving style. Group members feel safe to express views, thoughts, and feelings.
What are institutional managers?
Use their power for the good of the institution
What are the qualities of charismatic leaders?
Vision & Articulation Personal Risk Sensitivity Unconventional Behavior
What is exchange influence tactics?
a leader will offer something of value in exchange for something they want or need.
What is 360 degree feedback?
a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and the employees themselves
What are hotlines?
a tool that allows employees to speak up about issues or comments in the workplace
What is organizational politics?
actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own self-interests
What are the common listening styles?
active, involved, passive, detached.
what is laissez-faire leadership?
allows the group to function more or less on its own
What is personal appeals?
asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty
What are the barriers to effective communication?
asking personal questions offering opinions giving advice giving false reassurance minimizing feelings changing the topic asking why questions or asking for explanations offering judgments responding approvingly or disapprovingly
What are the conflict management styles
avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, collaboration
What is stage 4 in conflict process?
behavior
What is the behavioral theories of leadership?
believes you can train people to become leaders
What are political skills?
building a power base and establishing the right connections to get needed resources for their groups
What is transactional leadership?
clarifies roles and responsibilities; uses rewards and punishments to achieve goals
What is stage 2 in conflict process?
cognition and personalization
What is the reason we miss things?
cognitive capacity, noise, motivation to listen
What is nonverbal communication?
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
What is relationship conflict?
conflict based on interpersonal relationships
What is intergroup conflict?
conflict between groups
What is task conflict?
conflict over content and goals of the work
What is dysfunctional conflict?
conflict that hinders group performance
What is dyadic conflict?
conflict that occurs between two people
What is intragroup conflict?
conflict that occurs within a group or team
What is functional conflict?
conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance
What are the 2 dimensions produced in Ohio State studies?
consideration and initiating-structure
What is the Open Door Policy?
covers issues like Complaints Questions Suggestions Concerns with management Safety concerns Feedback (both to provide it to the employer and to ask for it from the employer) Reporting problems with other employees
What is the contingency leadership model?
determines if a leader's style is task oriented or relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand
What is filtering?
distortion or withholding of information to manage a person's reactions.
What is empowerment?
employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy.
What is an all channel network?
extension of the circle network. By connecting By connecting everyone in the circle network, the result is a star, or all-channel network.
What is the lateral chain of command?
flat management structure. Organizations with these structures often have few managers with many employees, and they allow employees to make decisions without needing manager approval.
What are the Ohio state studies?
found there are two leadership styles, consideration and initiating-structure
What are the facets of skilled politics?
have a convincing &persuasive interpersonal style but employ it flexibly to meet the needs of the situation. They put others at ease.
What is the purpose of leadership trait theory?
helps companies and individuals identify some common personality traits that contribute to successful leadership in various situations
What are the deficiencies in chain of command?
informal communication,filtering, open door policy
What is a wheel network?
information flows to and from a single person. Employees in the group communicate primarily with that person rather than with each other.
What is stage 3 in conflict process?
intentions, conflict handling dimensions
What are the pros to the grapevine?
keeps employees informed, can substitute informal communication, provides a test reaction, can serve as a recruiting source
What is transformational leadership?
leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence
What are neutralizers?
limiting leaders powers
What are surveys for in communication?
measures engagement
What is controlled processing?
mental processing that involves conscious attention and awareness of what you are doing when you perform a sport skill
What is high cultural context?
message contained in comm is strongly influenced by the context in which the message is sent
What is low cultural context?
messages can be interpreted more literally because more meaning resides in the message than in the context in which the comm occurs
What is the Vroom-Jago model?
model that allows leaders to ask if they should make a decision alone or in a group
What is integrative bargaining?
negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win situation
What is distributive bargaining?
negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation
What is stage 5 in conflict process?
outcomes
What can you do to become a more effective listener?
pay more attention to message, show respect, involve nonverbals.
What is the dark side to charismatic leaders?
personal goals override org goals, convince those to follow disastrous vision
What is stage 1 in the conflict process?
potential opposition
What is personalized power?
power directed at helping oneself
What is socialized power?
power directed at helping others
What is the negotiation process?
preparation and planning, definition of ground rules, clarification and justification, bargaining and problem solving, closure and implementation
What is position power?
provides you with the authority to make decisions and requests based on your position within the organization.
What is informal communication?
referred to as the grapevine or rumor mill encompasses all communication outside the formal network.
What is the path goal model?
refers to the role of a leader to clear paths subordinates have to take in order to accomplish goals
What are substitutes in leadership?
replacing leaders power
How subunits obtain power
resource scarcity, centrality, substitutability, uncertainty
What is a coalition?
seeks the aid ofothers to persuade thetarget to do somethingor uses the support ofothers as a reason forthe target to agree
What is scapegoating?
tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence
What is reward power?
the ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards
What is Machiavellianism?
the degree to which someone uses power manipulatively
What is personal power?
the extent to which followers respect, feel good about, are committed to their leader; and see their own goals being satisfied by the goals of their leader.
How accurate is the grapevine?
the grapevine is usually inaccurate
What are the cons to the grapevine?
the grapevine is usually inaccurate, distortions
What is the grapevine?
the informal communication network in a group or organization
What is legitimate power?
the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization
What is listening?
the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
What is Communication?
the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response
What is the MUM effect?
the tendency to avoid communicating unfavourable news to others
What is ingratiation?
the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor
What is negotiation?
A give-and-take decision-making process involving two or more parties with different preferences
What is conflict?
A struggle between opposing forces
What is the leadership grid?
A two-dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles.
What is resistance pt
An outcome in which the target person is opposed to the proposal or request, rather than indifferent about it, and actively tries to avoid carrying it out
What is resistance in leadership?
An outcome in which the target person is opposed to theproposal or request, rather than indifferent about it, andactively tries to avoid carrying it out
What is a trust?
Assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something
What is 9,1 on blakes grid
Authority/Obedience - Boss has a fanatical drive to succeed but on the their own terms. Staff are truly only 'human resources'. Successful in the short term but staff likely to leave in the long term due to lack of motivation.
What are chatbots?
tools used to automate processes
What is rational persuasion?
trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts
What is automatic processing?
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
What is pressure?
uses demands,threats, frequentchecking, orpersistentreminders toinfluence thetarget
What is a chain network?
vertical form of communication in which a person can communicate only with his immediate superior and subordinate.
What is compliance?
when we do a behavior in order to gain a reward or avoid punishment
What is aspiration range?
which is either a value on a goal variable (e.g., profit or market share) or, in the case of multiple goals, a vector of goal values that is satisfactory to the agent.
What is target pt?
willing to do what the agent asks but is indifferent rather than enthusiastic about it & will only make minimal effort
What is the Great Man Theory?
Great leaders possess key traits that set them apart from most human
What is buck passing?
Having someone else take action is aneffective way to avoid doing it yourself.