Micro-270 Ch 19 Concepts
Which Bacillus species is a common contaminant in dust and air?
B. cereus
Which two Bacillus species are of primary medical importance?
B. cereus B. anthracis
Species in the genus are common sources of antibiotics.
Bacillus
The genus includes mostly saprobic, aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods.
Bacillus
Which are involved in anthrax infection of the lungs?
Inhaled spores germinate Bacilli secrete exotoxins
How does Clostridium tetani cause spastic paralysis of the muscles?
It releases a neurotoxin that blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction.
Which genus does not form endospores?
Mycobacterium
What conditions favor germination of C. tetani spores?
Poor blood supply to tissue Necrotic tissue
Clostridial diseases are often caused by ______.
release of exotoxins
Spores of Bacillus cereus survive cooking and germinate to release enterotoxins when food is stored at temperature.
room
Anthrax is a known zoonotic disease of which of the following?
sheep cattle goats
Bacillus anthracis undergoes vegetative growth and sporulation in the .
soil
Clostridial infections require damaged or dead tissue as well as environments.
anaerobic
Bacillus spores can be dispersed as dust on the bodies of and plants.
animals
Which of the following is NOT a species of Clostridium responsible for human disease?
anthracis
The species Bacillus and Bacillus are of primary medical importance.
anthracis cereus
The ingestion of B. anthracis spores in contaminated meat leads to anthrax.
gastrointestinal
Which bacterium causes tetanus?
germination
Tetanus is also known as _______ because it causes uncontrolled contraction of the muscles in the face.
lockjaw
The alternate name for tetanus is .
lockjaw
Which species are responsible for the majority of clostridial tissue and wound infections?
C. perfringens C. septicum C. novyi
Which of the following is not used to subdivide gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?
Cell morphology
The causative agent for tetanus is .
Clostridium tetani
Which bacterium causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
The two major categories of Clostridial disease are food from ingesting toxins and wound/tissue .
-intoxications or intoxication -infections or infection
Put the following in order to describe the steps involved in pulmonary anthrax infection. with the first step at the top.
1. Inhalation of spores into lungs. 2. Germination of spores into vegetative cells. 3. Secretion of exotoxins into circulation. 4. Phagocytosis of extoxins by marcophages. 5. Release of chemical mediators/macrophage
Which are reasons hyperbaric oxygen chambers are used in gas gangrene treatment?
Oxygen inhibits anaerobic infections such as clostridial infections Oxygen promotes healing of diseased tissues
Endospores have which of the following characteristics?
Pathogenic Resistance to radiation Resistance to heat and drying Resistance to chemicals
Which treatments are used to treat gas gangrene?
Surgical debridement of damaged tissue Antibiotic therapy Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Amputation
The causative agent of anthrax is .
Bacillus, B., or B anthracis
True or false: Clostridial infections are usually communicable.
False
Most cases of tetanus in the US occur in ______.
IV drug users Elderly persons
is a potent neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal neurons that are responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction.
Tetanospasmin
is a neuromuscular disease that results in the uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles.
Tetanus
The ingestion of B. cereus toxin in foods leads to what symptoms?
Vomiting Abdominal cramps Diarrhea
Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium?
botulinum difficile perfringens
All of the following are symptoms of gas gangrene except ______.
bullous lesions
Most cases of tetanus enter the body through _____.
burns umbilical stumps accidental puncture wounds crushed body parts frostbite
Which of the following would not be a symptom of ingesting food containing toxin from Bacillus cereus?
cardiovascular shock
Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium?
catalase-negative rods gram-positive
Anthrax has been known as a zoonotic disease of ______ for centuries.
cattle
Bacillus is a common airborne and dust-borne contaminant.
cereus
Which is the most common and the least deadly form of anthrax?
cutaneous
Surgically removing diseased tissue as prevention for gangrene is known as ______.
debridement
The surgical removal of diseased tissue is called .
debridement
Antibiotic treatment for anthrax ______ decrease the effects of the toxin.
does not
The majority of tetanus cases in the United States occur in IV drug users and people.
elderly or geriatric
A(n) formed in a vegetative cell has extreme resistance to heat, drying, radiation and chemicals.
endospore
A(n) is a dense survival unit that develops in a vegetative cell in response to nutrient deprivation.
endospore
Clostridial diseases are often caused by the release of potent .
exotoxins
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antibiotics, surgical debridement, and amputation are all treatments for _______.
gangrene
Clostridial exotoxins are among the ______ poisonous substances on earth.
most
Clostridial exotoxins are some of the potent poisons on earth.
most
Cutaneous anthrax is the ______ and the ______ of the forms of anthrax.
most common least serious
Most endospore-forming bacteria are also ______.
motile rod-shaped gram-positive
Which of the following characteristics can be used to differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium?
oxygen preference
Which of the following characteristics can differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium?
oxygen requirements presence of catalase
The majority of clostridial soft tissue and wound infections are caused by three species: C. , C. , and C. .
perfringens novyi septicum
The type of anthrax infection depends on the pathogen's of .
portal entry
The type of anthrax infection depends on the pathogen's of .
portal entry
Most endospore-forming bacteria are also Gram- and -shaped.
positive rod or bacillus
Members of the genus Clostridium are gram- .
positive rods
Members of the genus Clostridium are gram- .
positive rods or bacilli
What is used to subdivide the gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?
presence of endospores acid-fast staining properties
The inhalation of airborne spores from animal products or contaminated soil results in anthrax.
pulmonary, inhalation, or pneumonic
Cutaneous anthrax results when Bacillus anthracis enters the body through the .
skin
A neuromuscular disease that results in uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles is _____.
tetanus
Most cases of , a disease characterized by uncontrolled muscle contraction, are due to entrance of endospores through broken, damaged or infected skin.
tetanus
The type of anthrax infection depends on:
the pathogen's portal of entry
Which of the following is not a characteristic of endospores?
Active metabolism
Which of the following are characteristic of the genus Bacillus?
Aerobic Source of antibiotics Endospore-forming Saprobic
What factors are required for clostridial infection?
Damaged tissue Anaerobic conditions
Which is correct about anthrax toxemia?
Drug therapy does not decrease the effects of anthrax toxemia.
The spores of Bacillus species are dispersed through which means?
Dust onto plants and animals Dust into water
Which of the following is the most effective prevention for clostridial wound infections?
Rigorous wound cleansing
Where in the human body are the spores of C. perfringens typically found?
Skin Vagina Intestine
Which are means used to prevent anthrax?
Sterilization of imported animal products Animal vaccination
Which can lead to B. cereus toxin-containing food?
Storage at room temperature
Why are hyperbaric oxygen chambers an effective means of treating gas gangrene?
The pathogen is anaerobic.
How are clostridial infections acquired?
They are acquired through contamination of injured skin
How do B. anthracis endospores enter the body in gastrointestinal anthrax?
Through ingestion
How do B. anthracis endospores enter the body in pulmonary anthrax?
Through inhalation
How do B. anthracis endospores enter the body in cutaneous anthrax?
Through skin abrasions
is a necrotic condition associated with the release of gas.
-Gas or Anaerobic -Gangrene or Cellulitis
Which of the following is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis which has different manifestations of human disease depending on the portal of entry?
Anthrax
is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis with differing human disease manifestations based on the portal of entry.
Anthrax
Species in the genus Bacillus are common sources of which of the following?
Antibiotics
Which genus contains the causative agent of anthrax?
Bacillus
Most endospore-forming bacteria are members of which two genera?
Bacillus Clostridium
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?
Eschar Production of a papule
Which of the following represent the two major categories of clostridial disease?
Food intoxications Wound/tissue infections
Which of the following is the primary sign/symptom seen in cutaneous anthrax?
Formation of eschar
Which of the following conditions involves tissue necrosis and gas production?
Gas gangrene
Which are general symptoms seen in gas gangrene?
Gas production by bacteria Necrosis of tissue
Which is not a control method for preventing anthrax?
Giving the vaccine Biothrax to all persons
Which of the following are effective means of preventing clostridial wound infections?
Immediate and rigorous cleansing of wounds Surgical repair of compound fractures Debridement of diseased tissue
Where does Bacillus anthracis undergo vegetative growth and sporulation?
In soil
Where are the spores of C. perfringens typically found?
In the soil In human intestine and vagina On human skin