Micro- Ch 6

Example of horizontal transfer in bacteria?

conjugation, transduction, transformation

Determine why some prokaryotes have less DNA but more genes than eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes have more introns in their chromosomes

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genes from one organism to another, as occurs during conjugation between bacteria. How does this differ from vertical gene transfer?

In horizontal gene transfer, genes are transferred from one mature adult organism to another. In vertical gene transfer, genes are transferred from adults to offspring.

In sequencing, it may be necessary to find a consensus nucleotide. What does this mean?

It is the nucleotide most commonly found at a particular location

Why is having few or no inteins related to having a very small genome?

Organisms with very small genomes tend to have essential genes with minimal additional material

You are interested in trying to determine the function of a particular gene in a common bacterium (meaning that it has a haploid genome). To do this, could you use a knockout mutation?

Possibly, it would depend on whether the gene was essential for survival and on whether you could create a diploid bacteria as well.

In DNA replication in vivo, RNA primers are used. However, researchers use DNA primers instead in the lab because DNA primers are more stable. Why might this be the case?

RNA has a relatively short half-life compared with DNA and does not need to be as stable to perform its functions in the cell

Functional analysis of the genome of a prokaryote shows that 20% of the genome is for metabolism, 1 % biosynthesis of amino acids, 8% peptide ABC transporters, and 2% replication. What can you determine about the environment this organism lives in?

The organism lives in an environment rich in organic material, particularly amino acids and proteins.

To determine if you have identified a functional open reading frame (ORF), you should have found within the sequence __________.

a start codon and a ribosomal binding site (RBS)

Which of these organisms is likely to have the largest genome?

a yeast cell

Horizontal gene flow can be accomplished by prokaryotes by?

conjugation, transduction, and transformation

Gene duplication is essential to organisms because ___

duplicate genes are free to evolve into new genes

What is not included in the genome?

proteins

Newer sequencing techniques require only one lane on an electrophoresis gel rather than four. How is this possible?

Each base is identified with a different fluorescent color

Researchers discover a new species of bacterium that has an unusual metabolism. However, it has biochemical and morphological similarities to other species. What is the most comprehensive and effective approach to determine how to classify these bacteria?

The bacteria should be classified by using genomic analyses to construct phylogenies.

The genome sequence of an organism can provide information about the organism's __________.

genes, function, and evolutionary history

A recombinant cell

is a cell that receives DNA from an outside source and incorporates it into its own

In Sanger sequencing and in many newer sequencing techniques, labeled precursors are used. What are these precursors?

primers or nucleotides that will be incorporated into newly synthesized DNA

What is the hallmark of all horizontal gene transfers?

transfer of DNA between organisms of the same generation