Micro Lecture 2 chpt 8

Which of the following is essential in PCR? 13) ______ A) reverse transcriptase B) both DNA primers and DNA polymerase C) DNA polymerase D) DNA primers E) antisense RNAs

b

A subunit vaccine is prepared by extensive manipulation of the genome of the pathogen. 19)

f

DNA fingerprinting produces a unique banding pattern of DNA fragments for comparison with other DNA samples.

t

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes a DNA molecule from an RNA template. 18)

t

Southern blotting is a technique that can be used to identify microbes that cannot be cultured. 21)

t

The goals of recombinant DNA technology include production of new organisms with useful combinations of traits. 20)

t

Under ideal conditions, the number of DNA molecules produced during PCR increases exponentially.

t

A researcher inserted DNA fragments from an organism into plasmids and introduced the modified plasmids into bacterial cells. Which of the following methods would be the most efficient means of identifying which clones contain a specific gene of interest? 24) ______ A) use a labeled synthetic probe complementary to the gene sequence B) use electrophoresis to identify plasmids containing an insert of the expected size C) sequence the DNA of the plasmids from each isolate D) assay for activity of the gene product E) use a microarray to detect a transcript of the gene

a

If a researcher used Escherichia coli DNA polymerase instead of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase in the PCR procedure, what would be the result? 32) ______ A) DNA replication would stop after one cycle. B) DNA replication would not occur at all. C) Many mistakes would occur. D) DNA replication would occur twice as fast as normal. E) DNA replication would occur more slowly than normal.

a

In the 20th century, scientists harnessed the natural metabolic reactions of bacteria to make ________ for the first time in an industrial setting. 52) ______ A) acetone B) wine C) soy sauce D) cheese E) alcohol

a

Injecting DNA into cells can be accomplished using 73) ______ A) micropipettes, or compressed air and gold beads. B) nitrocellulose membranes. C) micropipettes. D) compressed air and gold beads. E) silicon chips and nucleic acids.

a

Probes used for detecting genetic sequences are frequently composed of 70) ______ A) synthetic nucleic acids and labeled conjugates, such as fluorescent dyes. B) nitrocellulose. C) agarose. D) silicon chips. E) restriction enzymes.

a

Recent modifications of microbes have produced 5) _______ A) microbes which facilitate extraction of metals from mining ores. B) improved beer production. C) microbes capable of producing crude oil. D) new emerging diseases. E) a cure for AIDS.

a

Recombinant DNA technology can be most accurately defined as the 30) ______ A) deliberate modification of the genome of an organism for practical purposes. B) study of replication and recombination in microbes. C) study of genetic expression in microbes. D) selective breeding of organisms to create new combinations of traits. E) use of microorganisms to produce useful products.

a

Subunit vaccines are safer than traditional vaccines because they 4) _______ A) are acellular and do not pose a risk for causing the disease. B) are administered in food. C) do not pose a risk for causing the disease. D) are acellular. E) are acellular and can be administered in food.

a

The procedure used to identify individuals by their unique genetic sequences is known as 23) ______ A) DNA fingerprinting. B) northern analysis. C) DNA sequencing. D) microarray analysis. E) xenotransplantation.

a

The sequencing and analysis of an organism's genetic information is called 44) ______ A) genomics. B) northern blotting. C) gene therapy. D) PCR. E) protein synthesis.

a

Which of the following recombinant tools is NOT used in DNA fingerprinting? 39) ______ A) reverse transcription B) restriction enzyme digestion C) gel electrophoresis D) PCR E) neither PCR nor gel electrophoresis is used.

a

Which of the following would be an appropriate sequence of temperatures for PCR? 49) ______ A) 94°C, 65°C, 72°C B) 65°C, 72°C, 94°C C) 72°C, 65°C, 94°C D) 94°C, 37°C, 55°C E) 94°C, 55°C, 37°C

a

A microarray is assembled using 58) ______ A) reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase. B) single-stranded DNA and silicon chips. C) agarose and nitrocellulose. D) restriction enzymes. E) gold beads and magnets.

b

If all the following DNA fragments were analyzed on an electrophoresis gel, which one would migrate farthest from the negative electrode? 9) _______ A) 2500 base pairs B) 250 base pairs C) 1000 base pairs D) 5000 base pairs E) 750 base pairs

b

In Southern blotting, DNA molecules are immobilized on 46) ______ A) gold beads. B) nitrocellulose membranes. C) silicon chips. D) agarose. E) paper.

b

Some of the strongest opposition to the application of recombinant DNA technology concerns 8) _______ A) sequencing of the human genome. B) modification of food crops. C) correcting gene defects in animals. D) DNA fingerprinting. E) pest control measures.

b

Synthesis of cDNA requires the use of 69) ______ A) fluorescent synthetic nucleotides. B) reverse transcriptase. C) DNA ligase. D) restriction enzymes. E) agarose.

b

The natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria is to 61) ______ A) allow transposons to move to another place in the chromosome. B) protect the cell from invading phages. C) allow cells to accept foreign DNA. D) make conjugation more efficient. E) provide the cell with new phenotypes, such as antibiotic resistance.

b

Which of the following microbes has been genetically engineered to contain a protein that helps protect crops from freezing? 12) ______ A) Escherichia coli B) Pseudomonas C) Salmonella D) Bacillus thuringiensis E) Deinococcus radiodurans

b

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt-ended fragments? (The arrow represents the cutting site of the enzyme.) 67) ______ A) G↓AATTC B) CCC↓GGG C) C↓CGG D) A↓AGCTT E) G↓GATCC

b

An effective tool for screening a large number of genetic sequences at once is known as 53) ______ A) gel electrophoresis. B) cDNA synthesis. C) microarray. D) FISH. E) restriction analysis.

c

If you started with a single DNA molecule, how many would you have at the end of six PCR cycles? 42) ______ A) 6 B) 32 C) 64 D) 16 E) 100

c

Mutagens are useful in biotechnology research for 22) ______ A) producing new organisms which have beneficial traits from two or more organisms. B) removing undesirable traits from microbes. C) producing organisms with altered phenotypes. D) producing DNA fragments for cloning. E) selecting genetic mutants resistant to radioactivity.

c

Synthetic nucleic acids are produced 75) ______ A) by a series of chemical steps carried out on the lab bench. B) by PCR of the desired sequence. C) using computer-controlled machines to assemble a single strand nucleic acid. D) using a recombinant cell which produces a transcript of the desired sequence. E) using restriction enzymes to cut a fragment out of a plasmid containing the desired sequence.

c

Which of the following devices is used for PCR? 17) ______ A) a nucleic acid synthesis machine B) a gene gun C) a thermocycler D) an electrophoresis chamber E) a DNA sequencer

c

Which of the following is NOT a goal of recombinant DNA technology? 15) ______ A) being able to remove or correct damaging traits in humans B) combining genetic material from more than one organism to produce new useful organisms C) making it possible to clone humans D) creating organisms capable of producing useful products E) eliminating undesirable traits from livestock or crops

c

Which of the following procedures might be used to detect the presence of genetic sequences of a virus in a sample? 16) ______ A) Southern blotting B) genome mapping C) Southern blotting or PCR D) creation of a gene library E) PCR

c

________ are used for cutting DNA molecules into fragments. 62) ______ A) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase B) Mutagens C) Restriction enzymes D) Antisense RNAs E) RNA polymerases

c

A northern blot differs from a Southern blot in the 50) ______ A) presence or absence of a nitrocellulose membrane. B) type of probe used. C) size of the genetic sequences involved. D) type of nucleic acid being isolated. E) number of genetic sequences detected.

d

DNA encoding a normal gene is inserted into cells from a patient with a defective form of the gene. Recombinant cells are identified and isolated, and returned to the patient's body. This is an example of 57) ______ A) genotyping. B) biotechnology. C) genomics. D) gene therapy. E) genetic fingerprinting.

d

DNA fingerprinting can be used 41) ______ A) to detect unculturable organisms. B) to generate cDNA clones. C) to generate cDNA clones and libraries. D) for forensics and detection of unculturable organisms. E) in forensic investigations.

d

The DNA double helix can be separated into single strands using 63) ______ A) NaOH. B) reverse transcriptase. C) heat. D) either heat or NaOH. E) heat, NaOH, and reverse transcriptase.

d

Transgenic organisms 2) _______ A) contain cells from other organisms. B) have genomes that have been sequenced completely. C) are the same as clones. D) contain genes from other organisms. E) contain genetically engineered microbes.

d

Two men may be the father of a child. This figure shows the results of a DNA fingerprint analysis to determine paternity. M is the mother, C is the child, A and B are the two men. What is the best interpretation of these results? 48) ______ A) The man identified as A is probably the father. B) Neither man is this child's father. C) Either man could be this child's father. D) The man identified as B is probably the father. E) Paternity cannot be determined from this data.

d

Which of the following is generally NOT considered an ethical issue regarding recombinant DNA technology? 1) _______ A) unforeseen impact on the environment B) screening of humans for genes that predispose them to disease C) the modification of animals to produce pharmaceuticals for humans D) answering basic research questions E) the modification of crop plants

d

Which of the following items is NOT a part of the name of a restriction enzyme? 43) ______ A) the genus of the source bacterium B) the strain of the source bacterium C) Roman numerals to indicate its order of discovery D) the Gram reaction of the source bacterium E) the specific epithet of the source bacterium

d

Which of the following statements regarding vectors is FALSE? 72) ______ A) Cloning vectors frequently contain sequences necessary for expression of inserted sequences. B) Vectors are usually autonomously replicating DNA molecules. C) A useful vector contains multiple restriction sites for insertion of DNA. D) Vectors are generally over 100,000 base pairs in size. E) Cloning vectors include a "marker" to facilitate identification of cells containing them.

d

A library of cloned sequences representing the expressed genes of an organism is known as a 33) ______ A) microarray. B) gene library. C) FISH library. D) DNA fingerprint. E) cDNA library.

e

In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move toward the ________ electrode because they have an overall ________ charge. 56) ______ A) negative; negative B) negative and positive; neutral C) negative; positive D) positive; positive E) positive; negative

e

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful as 59) ______ A) DNA probes and antisense RNAs. B) primers for PCR. C) antisense RNAs. D) DNA probes. E) DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs.

e

Which of the following microbes produces a protein that kills a variety of insect pests? 51) ______ A) Thermus aquaticus B) Plasmodium falciparum C) Pseudomonas D) Haemophilus influenzae E) Bacillus thuringiensis

e

Which of the following procedures would be used to introduce DNA into a single mouse cell? 29) ______ A) gene gun B) Southern blotting C) electroporation D) protoplast fusion E) microinjection

e

________ are used in the detection of DNA by FISH. 3) _______ A) Reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase B) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase C) Compressed air and gold beads D) Restriction fragments E) Synthetic DNAs and fluorescent tags

e

A collection of bacterial clones each of which contains a portion of the gene sequences of an organism is known as a microarray of that organism's genome.

f

Gene therapy for human genetic diseases has not been successful yet.

f

Restriction enzymes are useful only on synthetic DNAs

f

Sticky-end fragments generated by EcoRI will hydrogen bond to any other sticky-end sequence.

f