Micro Mid Term

Yeasts are ______ fungi, and molds are _____ fungi. a. macroscopic; microscopic b. unicellular; filamentous c. motile; non-motile d. water; terrestrial

b. unicellular; filamentous

Which of the following describes any process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures? Select one. A. Anabolism B. Catabolism C. Metabolism D. Enzyme inhibition

A. Anabolism

Place the following molecules in the order in which they usually function in the "Central Dogma of Biology". DNA RNA Protein

DNA = 1 RNA = 2 Protein = 3

Which of the following is not a type of viral nucleic acid? A. Single-stranded DNA B. Double-stranded RNA C. Double-stranded DNA D. Segmented RNA E. All of the types listed are found in viruses

E

Which of the following is the term for a bacterial species that cannot use oxygen for metabolism but can still grow in its presence (i.e. is not killed by oxygen)? A. Aerobe B. Anaerobe C. Facultative anaerobe D. Microaerophile E. Aerotolerant anaerobe

E. Aerotolerant anaerobe

Put the steps of the bacterial growth curve in the correct order: Death phase Lag phase Exponential phase Stationary phase

Lag phase Exponential phase Stationary phase Death phase

The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are..

adsorption penetration synthesis assembly release

True/false: Bacteria and Archaea are single-celled and lack a nucleus, whereas eukaryotes possess a nucleus.

True

True/false: Fungi are heterotrophs (they acquire nutrients from organic substrates); although some may look like plants, fungi cannot engage in photosynthesis like plants.

True

True/false: Gram-negative bacteria have two membranes with a thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan in between.

True

True/false: Gram-positive bacteria have a single membrane with a thick external cell wall made of peptidoglycan

True

True/false: diseases such as heart disease, gastric ulcers, certain cancers, and multiple sclerosis probably have a microbial component

True

True/false: exergonic reactions release energy as they go forward, while endergonic reactions require the input of energy.

True

True/false: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses

True

Microbes are found in which habitat. Select one. - Human body - Earth's crust - Oceans - All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following does an enveloped virus contain? Nucleic acid Capsid Spikes Membrane All of the above

All of the above

True/false: Most microbes are pathogens; that is, most microbes are bad for humans and cause diseases.

False

True/false: antibiotics are an effective method for treating viral infections.

False

True/false: microbes are found everywhere on the planet except deeper layers of the earth's crust, which are largely considered to be sterile.

False

True/false: the outer membrane contributes an extra barrier in gram-positive bacteria that makes them impervious to some antimicrobial chemicals, so they are generally more difficult to inhibit or kill than are gram-negative bacteria

False - GRAM NEGATIVE not gram positive

True/false: when DNA is replicated, two brand-new nucleotide strands are produced

False - nothing is perfectly new!

True/false: human cells contain one large, circular piece of DNA, while bacterial cells contain many small, linear DNA molecules

False - opposite!

True/false: exergonic reactions require the input of energy, while endergonic reactions release energy as they go forward.

False!!

How many cycles of PCR would it take to create 16 copies of a DNA molecule (starting with a single copy)? - Two - Three - Four - Eight

Four

Which of these groups causes the most casualties on an annual basis globally? a. helminths b. protozoa c. fungi d. algae

b. protozoa

DNA is semiconservative because the _____ strand will become half of the _____ molecule a. RNA; DNA b. template; finished c. sense; mRNA d. codon; anticodon

b. template; finished

What is the source of enveloped viruses' envelops? a. the capsid b. the host cell membrane c. viral enzymes d. the DNA inside the virus

b. the host cell membrane

How many cycles of PCR would it take to create 16 copies of a DNA molecule? a. two b. three c. four d. eight

c. four

Place these organelles in order based on how material flows through the compartments. A. Cell membrane B. Golgi apparatus C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus

- Nucleus - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Cell membrane

For which of the following disease processes has microbial infection been implicated? Select all that apply. - Type I diabetes - Certain types of cancer - Obesity - Gastric ulcers - Red hair - Multiple sclerosis

- Type 1 diabetes - Certain types of cancers - Obesity - Gastric ulcers - Multiple sclerosis

Which of the following describes a process by which electrons are removed from glucose, the electron energy is harvested and 'stored' in ATP, and the electrons are added to nitrate to generate nitrite? Select one. A. Anaerobic respiration B. Aerobic respiration C. Fermentation

A

From which sources can fungi derive nutrients? Select all that apply. A. Dead plants B. Dead animals C. Living tissues D. Sunlight

A. Dead plants B. Dead animals C. Living tissues

Which of the following are types of viral nucleic acid? Select all that apply. Segmented RNA Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded DNA Double-stranded RNA

ALL OF THEM

Put the phases of the life cycle of animal viruses in the correct order. Assembly Penetration Release Adsorption Synthesis Uncoating

Adsorption Penetration Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release

Which of the following describes a process by which electrons are removed from glucose, the electron energy is harvested and 'stored' in ATP, and the electrons are added to oxygen to generate water? Select one. - Anaerobic respiration - Fermentation - Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration

Which of the following is true? Select one. - The suffix "-ase" indicates an enzyme - Often enzymes are named for the substrates they act on - Enzymes are larger than their substrates - All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is considered a microbe? Select all that apply. - SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen that causes COVID-19 - Coccidioides immitis, a yeast-like fungal pathogen that causes 'valley fever', a febrile, flu-like illness predominantly in the southwestern United States - Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterial pathogen that causes 'strep throat' and scarlet fever - Plasmodium falciparum, one of the protozoa that causes the mosquito-borne disease malaria - Dracunculus medinensis ('Guinea worm'), a helminthic worm that causes a painful infection of the skin predominantly in the African continent

All of them!

Mineral ions used in microbial nutrition include (select one): Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium All of these

All of these

The ability of a cell to integrate molecule-using and molecule-building pathways to improve cell efficiency is known as _____________. A. Anabolism B. Amphibolism C. Catabolism D. Metabolism E. None of the choices are correct.

B

Which of the following structures are possessed by some but not all prokaryotes? A. Ribosomes B. Cell membrane C. One or more chromosomes D. Flagella

B

Place the following strategies for energy conversion in order from highest to lowest energy yield. A. Anaerobic respiration B. Aerobic respiration C. Fermentation

B A C

The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as... A. Osmosis B. Diffusion C. Phagocytosis

B. Diffusion

Which of the following are the domains of the Woese-Fox system of taxonomy? A. Protista B. Eukarya C. Archaea D. Bacteria E. Fungi

B. Eukarya C. Arachaea D. Bacteria

In a redox reaction, loss of elections is _______. A. Phosphorylation B. Oxidation C. Fermentation D. Reduction E. None of the choices are correct

B. Oxidation

Which of the following best describes the movement of molecules during osmosis? Select one. - Water moves across the membrane from high solute to low solute - Solute moves across the membrane from low solute to high solute - Water moves across the membrane from a side with low solute to a side with high solute - Solute moves across the membrane from a side with high solute to a side with low solute

C

This cannot concentrate molecules; instead, if a cell wants to move a molecule from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, it needs to use... A. Facilitated diffusion B. Osmosis C. Active transport

C. Active transport

The scientist who built the first simple microscope was _________. A. Louis Pasteur B. Robert Koch C. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

C. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Which of the following helps certain bacterial pathogens colonize medical devices like pacemakers? A. S layer B. Flagellum C. Biofilm D. Capsule

C. Biofilm

Which of the following is NOT an in vivo method of culturing animal viruses? A. Embryonated chicken eggs B. Guinea pigs C. Dog kidney cell culture D. White mice E. All of the choices are in vivo methods

C. Dog kidney cell culture

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy are caused by prions. Which of the following best describes a prion. A. A viral particle B. Naked DNA C. Infectious protein D. Small bacterium E. Naked RNA

C. Infectious protein

Cell membranes are composed of _______. A. Nucleic acids B. Proteins C. Phospholipids D. Carbohydrates E. Steroids

C. Phospholipids

The active, feeding, and motile stage of the protozoan life cycle is the _____ stage. A. Cyst B. Endospore C. Trophozoite D. Conidia E. All of the choices are right.

C. Trophozoite

Which of the following describes any process that results in the breaking down of cell molecules and structures? Select one. - Enzyme inhibition - Anabolism - Catabolism - Metabolism

Catabolism

Which of the following mechanisms of enzyme control blocks a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme by the binding of a product directly to the active site on the enzyme, thereby blocking the ability of the enzyme to catalyze in reaction? Select one. - Enzyme repression - Noncompetitive inhibition - Competitive inhibition - Enzyme induction

Competitive inhibition

The tough, resilient but metabolically inactive stage of the protozoan life cycle is the _______ stage. Conidia Cyst Endospore Trophozoite

Cyst

Which of the following types of mutations involves insertion of a stop codon into a gene? A. Point mutation B. Frameshift mutation C. Missense mutation D. Nonsense mutation E. Silent mutation

D

Which of the following would you expect to be most resistant to a cleaning agent used to sterilize hospital beds between patients? A. E coli cells (Gram negative, not a sporulating species) B. S. aureus cells (Gram-positive, not a sporulating species) C. Clostridioides difficile vegetative cells (Gram-positive) D. Clostridioides difficile endospores (Gram-positive)

D

Which of the following is NOT considered a microbe? A. Bacterium B. Virus C. Yeast D. Badger E. Protozoan

D. Badger

Adulthood and mating of helminths occurs in the _____. A. Larvae B. Intermediate host C. Cyst D. Definitive host E. Egg

D. Definitive host

Which of the following organelles is responsible for energy production in the cell? Select one. A. Nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Mitochondrion E. Ribosome

D. Mitochondrion

Where in a bacterial cell would you find the genetic material? A. Nucleus B. Nucleolus C. Nucleocapsid D. Nucleoid

D. Nucleoid

The lac operon is _____. A. Always on B. On when glucose levels are high and lactose levels are low C. On when glucose levels are low and sucrose levels are high D. On when glucose levels are low and lactose levels are high E. Always off

D. On when glucose levels are low and lactose levels are high

Which of the following describes an association between microbes in which one organism is benefited and one is harmed in some way? A. Mutualism B. Synergism C. Commensalism D. Parasitism E. Antagonism

D. Parasitism

Which of the following mechanisms of horizontal transfer involves the transfer of bacterial DNA through a bacteriophage? A. Transposition B. Conjugation C. Transformation D. Transduction E. None

D. Transduction

Which of the following types of RNA contains hairpin loops and is involved in carrying amino acids to the ribosome during translation? A. Messenger RNA B. Regulatory RNA C. Ribosomal RNA D. Transfer RNA E. Primer RNA

D. Transfer RNA

True/false: since antibiotics can kill all microbes, antibiotics are a good choice of drug to treat a viral infection like COVID-19.

FALSE

Which of the following is the term for a bacterial species that can use oxygen for metabolism but is not absolutely dependent on it? Select one. Microaerophile Aerobe Facultative anaerobe Aerotolerant anaerobe Anaerobe

Facultative anaerobe

What do endospores resist?

Heating, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals

Place these in order from largest to smallest. A. Protozoan B. Virus C. Bacterium D. Helminth E. Prion

Helminth Fungus Protozoan Bacterium Virus Prion

Which of the following terms describes an organism that derives its energy and carbon from organic molecules? Select TWO. Heterotroph Autotroph Phototroph Chemotroph

Heterotroph Chemotroph

Development of the helminth larva occurs in the ______. Larvae Egg Definitive host Cyst Intermediate host

Intermediate host

Which of the following organelles would you expect to aid in the digestion of material internalized by phagocytosis (for instance, a white blood cell that swallowed a bacterium)? Select one. Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Ribosome Lysosome Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

What is the protozoan disease that is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito?

Malaria

Which of the following describes an association between microbes in which two organisms benefit each other? Select one. Commensalism Mutualism Antagonism Parasitism

Mutualism

Which of the following best describes viruses? Heterotrophic Saprotrophic Obligate intracellular parasites chemoautotrophic Photosynthetic

Obligate intracellular parasites

Which of the following terms describes an organism that derives its ENERGY (but not necessarily its carbon) from light? Select one. Heterotroph Autotroph Chemotroph Phototroph

Phototroph

In a redox reaction, gain of electrons is ________ (Select one.) - Reduction - Phosphorylation - Oxidation - Fermentation

Reduction

Which of the following types of RNA has a structural, scaffold-like role in assembling ribosomes? - Transfer RNA - Messenger RNA - Primer RNA - Ribosomal RNA - Regulatory RNA

Ribosomal RNA

Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein synthesis in the cell? Select one. - Endoplasmic reticulum - Ribosome - Golgi apparatus - Mitochondrion - Nucleus - Lysosome

Ribosome

Which of the following types of mutations involves a change to DNA that does not affect the sequence of the protein that the gene encodes? - Nonsense mutation - Silent mutation - Missense mutation - Frameshift mutation

Silent mutation

Which of the following are depicted in the electron micrograph to the right?

Spirochete

Bacterial endospores usually function in... a. reproduction b. metabolism of nutrients c. survival d. storage

Survival

True/false: Prions are abnormal 'protein seeds' that can enter a new host and cause that host's OWN proteins to misfold; thus, they are considered to be 'infectious proteins'

TRUE

T/F: Human cells contain many linear DNA molecules (chromosomes), whereas bacteria usually have one or two circular chromosomes.

True

Which of the following mechanisms of horizontal transfer involves the random uptake of DNA from a bacterial cell's surroundings (so-called extracellular DNA)? - Transposition - Transformation - Conjugation - Transduction

Transformation

Can c-diff patients be asymptomatic?

Yes

A nurse if caring for a patient with refractory epilepsy. To enhance medical management, a ketogenic diet has been prescribed. In educating the patient about dietary energy sources, all of the following statements are true except: a. proteins consist of polymers of nucleic acids b. fat provides more kilocalories per gram than protein c. a high-fat diet may cause increased serum cholesterol levels d. starch is an example of a carbohydrate

a

Single nucleotide polymorphisms are found in.. a. DNA b. RNA c. Plasmids d. siRNA

a. DNA

Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls? a. an outer membrane b. peptidoglycan c. techoic acid d. lipopolysaccharides

a. an outer membrane

Which of these organisms has the best potential to survive in extreme environments? a. fungi b. trophozoite form of protozoa c. helminth d. yeast

a. fungi

Which of the following is true of passive transport? a. it requires a gradient b. it uses the cell wall c. it includes endocytosis d. it only moves water

a. it requires a gradient

Many coenzymes are formed from a. metals b. vitamins c. proteins d. substrates

a. metals

A pathogen would most accurately be described as a a. parasite b. commensal c. symbiont d. saprobe

a. parasite

An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a a. photoautotroph b.. photoheterotroph c. chemoautotroph d. chemoheterotroph

a. photoautotroph

Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called.. a. plaques b. pocks c. colonies d. prions

a. plaques

DNA leads to RNA, which can lead to the creation of a. proteins b. lipids c. cells d. oxygen

a. proteins

The host cells that viruses can infect are determined by the a. receptors on the host cells b. DNA in the host cells c. proximity of host cells d. concentration of host cells in vicinity

a. receptors on host cells

Which of the following is not a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer? a. spontaneous mutations b. transformation c. transduction d. conjugation

a. spontaneous mutations

A virus that undergoes lysogeny is a/an: a. temperate phage b. intemperate phage c. T-even phage d. animal virus e. DNA virus

a. temperate phage

____ % of human DNA is thought to consist of viral DNA sequences a. 0.08 b. 8 c. 1 d. 45

b. 8%

Why is an alcohol swab applied to skin as an antiseptic prior to administration of an injection? a. alcohol helps stabilize cytoplasmic cell membranes b. alcohol swabs prevent infection by dissolving the bacterial lipid membrane b. alcohol swabs prevent infection by dissolving the bacterial lipid membrane c. alcohol inhibits protein synthesis in gram-positive bacteria, the bacteria most commonly present on skin d. the rubbing action congeals the cytoplasmic membrane

b. alcohol swabs prevent infection by dissolving the bacterial lipid membrane

Which of the following would be used to identify an unknown bacterial culture that came from a patient in the intensive care unit? a. gray's anatomy b. bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology c. bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology d. the physician's desk reference

b. bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology

The electron transport system in bacteria is located on the _____ and in eukaryotic cells on the ____. a. plastid; chloroplast b. cytoplasmic membrane; mitochondrion c. cell wall; mitochondrion d. mitochondrion; cytoplasmic membrane

b. cytoplasmic membrane; mitochondrion

Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of a. ATP b. high energy ATP bonds c. coenzymes d. inorganic phosphate

b. high energy ATP bonds

A cell exposed to hypertonic environment will ______ by osmosis a. gain water b. lose water c. neither gain nor lose water d. burst

b. lose water

the lac operon is usually in the _____ position and is activated by a/an _____ molecule a. on; repressor b. off; inducer c. on; inducer d. codon; anticodon

b. off; inducer

Which of the following is a macromolecule that assembles into bilayers? a. protein b. phospholipid c. nucleic acid d. carbohydrate

b. phospholipid

Which structure plays a direct role in the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells. a. flagellum b. pilus c. capsule d. fimbria

b. pilus

When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered: a. a law b. a speculation c. a theory d. proven

c. a theory

Mitochondria likely originated from a. archaea b. invagination of the cell membrane c. bacteria d. chloroplasts

c. bacteria

Most bacteria increase their numbers by a. sexual reproduction b. hyphae formation d. binary fission d. endocytosis

c. binary fission

Which of the following processes can be the result of human manipulation of microbial genes? a. the central dogma b. natural selection c. bioremediation d. abiogenesis

c. bioremediation

The type of microbial metabolic pathway that is most often exploited to make acids and alcohols industrially is a. aerobic respiration b. anaerobic respiration c. fermentation d. none of the above

c. fermentation

When phage nucleic acid is incorporated into the nucleic acid of its host cell and is replicated when host DNA is replicated, this is considered part of which cycle? a. lytic cycle b. virulence cycle c. lysogenic cycle d. cell cycle e. multiplication cycle

c. lysogenic cycle

The Golgi apparatus a. receives vesicles from the mitochondria b. packages products into transitional vesicles c. modifies proteins d. synthesizes proteins and steroids

c. modifies proteins

Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication? a. endospores b. cysts c. spores d. eggs

c. spores

In a viable count, each _____ represents a ____ from the sample population. a. CFU; colony b. colony; CFU c. hour; generation d. cell; generation

colony; CFU

Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA? a. it is double-stranded b. it contains thymine, which pairs with adenine c. it contains deoxyribose d. they are necessary for translation and gene expression

d. RNA is necessary for translation and gene expression

Identify the process or environment in this list that is not affected by microorganisms. a. oxygen cycles b. global temperatures c. human health d. all of the above have microbial involvement

d. all of the above

Microbes are found in which habitat: a. human body b. earth's crust c. oceans d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is not useful to determine whether a clinical isolate is a bacterium, fungus, or protozoan? a. its size under a light microscope b. whether it has a cell wall c. whether it can form protective structure under stress d. all of the above are reliable

d. all of the above are reliable

Which of the following is true.. a. the suffix -ase indicated an enzyme b. often enzymes are named for the substrate they act upon c. enzymes are larger than their substrates d. all of the above are true

d. all of the above are true

Archaea a. are most genetically related to bacteria b. contain a nucleus c. cannot cause disease in humans d. lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

d. lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Nanotubes are extensions of the ________ that can function in _______ a. membrane, genetic exchange b. pilus, genetic exchange c. flagellum, motility d. membrane, nutrient transfer

d. membrane, nutrient transfer

Enzymes that can be shut down or activated based on the presence of chemicals in their environment are called a. constitutive b. repressed c. holoenzymes d. regulated

d. regulated

The creation of biological molecules and cells entirely from chemicals is called.. a. recombination b. sequencing c. artificial biology d. synthetic biology

d. synthetic biology

Find the true statement about biofilms. a. they are found only in outdoor environments. b. they are found only on artificial medical implants c. they consist of many representatives of a single bacterial species d. they complicate the treatment of some infections

d. they complicate the treatment of some infections

Enzyme action can be blocked by competitive enzyme molecules binding in the active site, by repressors binding in a distant site, and by a. product binding to the DNA used to make enzymes b. substrate being in high concentration c. incorrect temperature conditions d. two of the above

d. two of the above

Which descriptors are likely to have applied to the earliest microbes on the planet? a. chemoautotrophic b. thermophilic c. chemoheterotrophic d. two of the above

d. two of the above

Which of the following is an acellular microorganism lacking a nucleus? a. bacterium b. helminth c. protozoan d. virus

d. virus

For which of the following disease processes has microbial infection been implicated? - Gastric ulcers - Diabetes type 1 - Renal artery stenosis - Schizophrenia - Obesity - Deep vein thrombosis

gastric ulcers diabetes type 1 schizophrenia obesity

The lac operon is on when ____ is low and _____ is high.

glucose levels are low and lactose levels are high

The drug ivermectin eliminates parasites by paralyzing the cells of their nervous system. Based on this mechanism of action, which class of eukaryotic organism do you think would be damaged by ivermectin? Select one. Helminths Fungi Protozoa

helminths

Non-competitive inhibition blocks a reaction caused by an enzyme binding to a ______ site on the enzyme

regulatory site