Micro Quizzes
T/F bacteria and archaea are considered eukaryotes
False -- they are both prokaryotes
T/F viruses are living infectious cells that can survive in a living cell?
False -- they are non-living because they do not grow, they replciate instead of reproduce, they use the metabolism of host cells
Staphylococcus and streptococcus pyogenes are types of
GP bacteria
Virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus can resist penicillin because they produce
beta-lactamase.
How do lysozymes target peptidogycan?
break covalent bonds linking NAG and NAM
What are the two components of glycocalyces of bacterial cells?
capsule, slime layer
Roles of cytoskeleton in prokaryotes
cell division cell shape segregate DNA molecules
Structures that can act as a virulence factor
cell wall glycocalyx fimbriae flagella pili exotoxin (GP) endotoxin (GN)
cells of the genus mycoplasma lack what two things?
cell wall, peptidoglycan
What plays a role in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cillia?
centrioles
Where in the cytoplasm are centrioles found?
centrosomes
Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a reactivation of the virus that causes
chickenpox.
peptidoglycan is a
complex polysaccharide
When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and shrivel. This process is called
crenation
phospholipid bilayer is another name for a
cytoplasmic membrane
"Ringworm" is caused by
dermatophytes growing in the upper dead tissue layers of the skin.
What are endospores?
dormant form of bacteria
Genus Bacillus and Clostridium are genera of ____
endospores
Which of the following is a complication that may result from a Streptococcus pyogenes skin infection? a carbuncle erysipelas shingles a sty scalded skin syndrome
erysipelas
A reddening of the skin of the face that intensifies when exposed to the sun is characteristic of
erythema infectiosum.
Algae, protozoa, fungi are all considered
eukaryotes
Do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?
eukaryotes
movement of molecules through the lipid bilayer with the help of a protein
facilitated diffusion
What processes require carrier proteins?
facilitated diffusion, active transport
T/F cristae is present in eukaryotic cells
false
T/F prokaryotes are unable to produce energy because of their lack of mitochondria
false -- they don't have mitochondria but can produce energy from membrane
T/F Endospores are reproductive
false -- transformative
T/F centrioles are found in all eukaryotic cells
false: they are not in ALL
What are the three components of flagella?
filament, hook, basal body
Pili is a type of
fimbriae
pilli are longer than ___ but shorter than ____
fimbriae, flagella
outermost to innermost, what are the layers of a bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?
glycocalyx, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?
glycocalyx, fimbriae
substance is chemically modified during transport
group translocation
What is the function of slime layer in bacterial cell
help prokaryotes attach to surfaces and prevent drying out
Whats the function of capsules in bacterial cells?
hide antigen and attachment/protection
in a phospholipid bilayer, the heads are ____ and the tails are ____
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Some strains of Papillomavirus are oncogenic due to their ability to
integrate into the host cell DNA.
T/F ATP is used in group translocation
true
T/F all eukaryotic cells have cytoplasmic membranes
true
T/F e. coli, salmonella, and vibrio cholerae are gram negative bacteria
true
globular proteins called ___ arranged in 9+2 microtubules make up flagella and cillia
tubulin
How big are prokaryotes?
typically 1.0 µm in diameter or smaller
What are the active cells in bacteria?
vegitative cells
Which of the following forms of leishmaniasis is typically fatal? mucocutaneous visceral cutaneous Both cutaneous and mucocutaneous are frequently fatal. Visceral, mucocutaneous, and cutaneous are all potentially fatal.
visceral
How many endospores can be produced by one bacterium?
1
how many pilli per cell
1-2
How many layers of peptidoglycan in Gram Positive?
30
biofilms cause ____% of human diseases
70%
Prokaryotic ribosome measurements
70S -- 30S&50S
Eukaryotic ribosome measurements
80S --60S&40S
A child complains of intensely itchy "pimples" on the hands and wrists. The lesions are small inflamed streaks, but do not appear to contain pus. The child's condition may be the result of infection with
Sarcoptes scabiei.
Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
What are vaccines first tested on?
Chicken eggs
what is the number one microorganism that causes UTIs? Why?
E. coli -- they have peritrichous flagella and can swim upstream against urine
Endotoxin is the cell wall of what type of cell?
Gram Negative
Why are GN cells resistant to penicillin?
LPS acts as a blocker
____ is a type of endotoxin and is a portion of LPS
Lipid A
A petechial rash starting on the hands and feet and spreading to the torso is characteristic of
RMSF
What is the difference in DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic DNA is haploid (1 double-stranded DNA molecule), and eukaryotic DNA is diploid (2 chromosomes)
What is the function of pilli?
Providing a means of DNA transfer
A series of nodular lesions on an arm that fill with pus and ulcerate through the skin is characteristic of infection with the fungus
Sporothrix schenckii.
A small puncture wound on a woman's arm has become swollen, hot to the touch, and intensely painful. There is tissue necrosis but it is not "gassy," and under the microscope Gram-positive cocci in chains are present. Which of the following microbes is likely to be responsible? Clostridium perfringens Sporothrix schenckii Streptococcus pyogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Why are biofilms dangerous?
They are resistant to antibiotics
Why are GP bact sensitive to penicillin and lysozymes?
they target peptidoglycan
Mycolic acid contributes to the unique characteristics of what?
acid-fast bacteria
A specific wavelength of UVA can be used to treat
acne
occurs against a concentration gradient; involves a protein carrier
active transport
single flagella on both poles
amphitrichous
glycocalyx of eukaryotic cell
anchor cells to each other strengthen surface hydration function in cell to cell recognition and communication
Endospores are ____ meaning they can only be destroyed by moist heat under pressure
autoclaves
why are endospores resistant?
thick spore coat and dipicolinic acid in the coat
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis and transport
more than one flagellum on both poles or one pole
lophotrichous
GP bacteria are sensitive to penicillin and ____
lysozymes
Single flagella on one pole
monotrichous
Can endospores release endotoxins?
no, they're dormant
Where does DNA reside in prokaryotes
nucleoid
movement of water down a concentration gradient
osmosis
Common skin warts are the result of infection with
papillomaviruses.
What is the region between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in GN cell wall
periplasm
Where are peptidoglycans of GN bacteria found?
periplasm
flagellum that covers the entire body
peritrichous
flagella that cover the surface of a prokaryotic cell are called
pertrichous
What are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis -- solid substances pinocytosis -- liquids
What is the bilayer membrane outside peptidoglycan in GN cells composed of?
phospholipids, proteins, and lipoplysaccharides
GN bacteria stain ___
pink
How does molecule transmission occur in GN cells
porin proteins
How does penicillin work?
prevents cross-linking of glycan chains by tetrapeptides
functions of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton
produce shape anchor organelles
Inclusions are used as storage for nutrients in what type of cells?
prokaryotes
Ribosoes are the site for
protein synthesis
round endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis and transport
Gram positive appear ___ when stained
purple
How do prokaryotes perform protein synthesis?
ribosomes
what is most common solute on planet?
salt
free movement of molecules directly through the lipid bilayer
simple diffusion
Which of the following is becoming rarer as a result of childhood vaccinations?
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
What gives peptidoglcan it's negative charge?
teichoic acid
glycan chains are held together by 4 amino acids making it a ---- chain
tetrapeptide
