Micro- SB Chap. 14

Match each type of host defense with the correct statement about the defense.

innate present at birth adaptive acquired over time

The host defenses include immunity which is present at birth, and immunity which is acquired over time and specific in its action.

innate, nonspecific, or natural adaptive, specific, or acquired

Organs and tissues of both the circulatory system proper as well as the system comprise the circulatory system.

lymphatic

The body compartments that participate in the immune system are the:

lymphatic system bloodstream extracellular fluid mononuclear phagocyte system

The circulatory system consists of the organs and tissues of both the ________ and ________.

lymphatic system circulatory system proper

An example of genetic differences in susceptibility to disease is the sickle-cell trait that confers resistance to _________.

malaria

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

Structures that comprise some of the first line defenses in the respiratory tract are and epithelium.

nasal hair ciliated

Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens are recognized as "" by the human immune response.

nonself

TLRs interact with patterns (or PAMPs for short) on the surfaces of many pathogens.

pathogen associated molecular

PRRs and TLRs interact with molecules on the surfaces of pathogens known as - (PAMPs for short).

pathogen associated molecular patterns

White blood cells carry a variety of that allow them to detect foreign substances.

pattern recognition receptors

In addition to phagocytosis and initiation of inflammation, white blood cells have the capacity to discover foreign substances using surface receptors known as _________.

pattern recognition receptors

The mononuclear system, fluid, , and lymphatic system are all body compartments that participate in immune function.

phagocyte extracellular bloodstream

TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that are found on the surface of .

phagocytes

Toll-like receptors are found within the cell membrane of

phagocytes

The mononuclear system functions in the immune system by providing a passageway within and between tissues.

phagocytic

The main role of neutrophils is .

phagocytosis

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include , , and barriers.

physical or anatomical chemical genetic

Match each type of host defense with the correct statement about the defense. Instructions

present at birth acquired over time

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into which of the following cell types?

red blood cells thrombocytes white blood cells

Coughing and sneezing are first line defenses that expel air and contaminants from the tract.

respiratory

The mononuclear system is a network of fibers and macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body.

reticuloendothelial

Secretions from glands in the skin can have an antimicrobial effect.

sebaceous

Normal cells of the body, classified as "," do not normally trigger an immune response.

self

It is critical for the immune system to differentiate between and .

self nonself

In order for the immune system to be effective, it must be able to differentiate between ________ and _________.

self, nonself

The clear fluid that remains after clotting proteins are removed from blood is called ________.

serum

The provides an impervious and waterproof barrier to microbes.

skin

Pluripotent cells differentiate into red blood cells, leukocytes, or thrombocytes.

stem

The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that give rise to the formed elements are called _____ cells.

stem

Hydrochloric acid present in a human host's is inhibitory to many microbes.

stomach

Microbes can be removed from skin by the flushing effect of .

sweat

The secretion that helps remove microbes from the skin surface is ______.

sweat

First line defenses provided by resident biota include all of the following EXCEPT:

synthesis and secretion of lysozyme

Microbes and other unwanted materials are flushed from the surface of the eyes by the flow of .

tears

The flow of ________ flushes microbes from the eyes.

tears

The hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme is found in:

tears saliva

The main important role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in immune function is:

the provision of a passageway within and between tissues

The protein receptors found on phagocytes that recognize molecules on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response are called

toll-like receptors

The flow of ________ flushes the urethra.

urine

The urogenital tract receives partial protection from microbes through the flushing action of flow through the urethra.

urine

Lactobacilli maintain a protective pH in the .

vagina

Microorganisms or noxious substances can be evacuated from the body by or .

vomiting defecation

Which processes remove noxious substances or microorganisms from the body?

vomiting defecation

The liquid connective tissue consisting of cells, such as erythrocytes and leukocytes, along with platelets suspended in plasma is called ________.

whole blood

The line of defense includes barriers that block invasion through a portal of entry.

1st

How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina?

Action of microbiota

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense?

Antibody production

share some morphological and functional similarities with mast cells, and parallel many of the actions of eosinophils.

Basophils

Which component of the intestinal contents can be destructive to microbes?

Bile

The resident biota can act as a first line defense by:

Competing for nutrients Blocking access of pathogens

What peptide is released by skin cells and causes lysis of bacterial cells?

Dermicidin

is a peptide released by skin cells that breaks down bacterial membranes, and causes lysis of bacterial cells.

Dermicidin

Which type of pathogens are targeted by eosinophils?

Eukaryotes

True or false: Immunology only involves the body's response to infectious microbial agents.

False

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

Formed elements

________ is the process by which all blood cells are formed in bone marrow.

Hematopoiesis

cells are pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow.

Hematopoietic

is the study of all feature's of the body's response to, and defense against, infectious microbes, cancer, and allergy.

Immunology

is the study of all features of the body's second and third line of defenses.

Immunology

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense?

Inflammatory response

differences in susceptibility to infection and disease exist within members of a species.

Inherited

________ react to foreign substances in the third line of defense.

Lymphocytes

is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.

Lysozyme

Which of the following make up 55-90% of circulating leukocytes?

Neutrophils

make up 55 - 90% of circulating leukocytes.

Neutrophils

Which type(s) of cells normally trigger an immune response?

Non-self

Molecules shared by many microbes that act as "red flags" for white blood cells are known as

PAMPs

The toll-like receptors found on phagocytes react with what structures of pathogenic microbes?

PAMPs

What is the main role of neutrophils?

Phagocytosis

is the fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors; and in which blood cells are normally suspended.

Plasma

is the clear fluid from blood that contains clotting proteins, whereas is the clear fluid from clotted blood that does not contain clotting proteins.

Plasma Serum

Which of the following highlights the difference between serum and plasma?

Plasma contains clotting proteins, whereas serum does not.

Surveillance for pathogens is not carried out by which of the following components of the blood?

Platelet cells Red blood cells

Ciliated epithelium and nasal hair are first-line defense adaptations that guard which body tract?

Respiratory

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

Sebum, saliva, and tears

is the clear fluid from clotted blood often used in immune testing and therapy.

Serum

Which host barrier offers protection against microorganisms due to the presence of sebum, which has a high fatty acid content and acidic pH?

Skin

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

Skin

Which body site contains hydrochloric acid that inhibits many microbes?

Stomach

Which is a function of white blood cells?

Surveillance for pathogens

The third line of defense is a powerful system of specific responses to infectious agents called or immunity.

adaptive aquired

In addition to responding to eukaryotic pathogens such as fungi and helminth worms, eosinophils also function in:

allergic reactions inflammatory reactions

Plasma contains globulin proteins, which include .

antibodies

Plasma proteins called ______ are globulins involved in the immune response.

antibodies

As part of the nonspecific chemical defense, semen contains a(n) that inhibits bacteria.

antimicrobial peptide

Which of the following would be considered "nonself"?

bacteria viruses fungi

The digestive juices and of the intestines provide nonspecific chemical defense against most microbes.

bile

Hematopoiesis is the process by which all cells are formed in bone marrow.

blood

The is a host barrier that has an acidic pH and secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds.

epidermis

Coughing and sneezing are ________ line defenses that expel air from the respiratory tract.

first

Leukocytes are divided into two groups: and .

granulocytes agranulocytes

The two groups in which leukocytes are divided are

granulocytic. agranulocytic.

The second line of host defenses includes fever, , , and .

inflammation phagocytosis interferon complement

is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells, such as erythrocytes and leukocytes, along with platelets suspended in plasma.

Whole Blood

Which line(s) of defense is/are part of immunology?

Third Second

receptors are the best understood example of pattern recognition receptors found on phagocytes that recognize common molecules patterns on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response.

Toll Like

True or false: Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical that inhibits microbes.

True

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism?

Vomiting