Microbial Final Definitions

Myxomycota

plasmodial slime molds

Conjugation

process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information through gametic nuclei

Lichens

represent symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria) indicate air quality

Ascomycota

sac fungi

Cytoproct (ciliphora)

site on a protozoan where indigestible matter is expelled

Protozoan Nutrition Holozoic nutrition

solid nutrients acquired by phagocytosis.

Phycology

study of algae

Mycotoxicology

study of fungal toxins and their effects

Mycology

study of fungi

Protozoology

study of protozoans

Endosymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

Protozoan Morphology Macronucleus

the larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence. Survival/trophic activities

Sebum

the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands (acne)

Protozoan Morphology Micronucleus

the smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes. Recombination, regeneration of macronucleus (for reproduction)

Chlamydospores

thick-walled spores that are formed terminally or within hyphal segments

Eumycota

true fungi

Yeasts (Fungi)

unicellular fungi

Transverse flagella (in pyrrophyta) longitudinal

used to move forward // rudder side to side

Gnotobiotic animals

•Either germ-free or all microbial species are known •Poorly developed immune systems •Low cardiac output •Thin intestinal walls •Very susceptible to infection by pathogens

Mycorrhizae

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants. They fix N

Zygomycota

Form sexual spores where coenocytic hyphae fuse

Conidiospores

Free spores not enclosed by sac.

Dimorphism (fungi)

Fungi that exhibit two forms of growth. It can grow as either mold or yeast. Animals: yeast endo/mold ecto Plants: mold endo/yeast ecto

Saprophytic

Fungi that get their energy from decaying organic matter

Deuteromycota

Fungi with no known method of sexual reproduction

Protozoan Nutrition Saprozoic nutrition

Nutrients acquired by pinocytosis, diffusion, or carrier-mediated transport

Thecae (In dinoflagellates)

Overlapping cellulose plates on dinoflagellates create a sort of armor called

Protozoan Morphology Pellicle

Plasma membrane and structures immediately beneath it

Apical complex (Apicomplexa or sporozoa)

Polar complex of secretory organelles in sporozoan protozoa.

Normal human microbiota

Populations of mutualistic and commensal microbes that live on and in the bodies of healthy individuals, about 100 trillion bacteria in total, representing hundreds of species

Protozoan Morphology Fluid and gelatinous cytoplasm

Provides rigidity to the cell

Chytridiomycota

Reproduce with flagellated zoospores, most recently identified

Phytoplankton (algae)

Responsible for most of the photosynthesis (and most of the oxygen production) on the planet. Algae and small aquatic plants

Protothecosis (in chlorophyta)

Severe systemic infections or subcutaneous infections Widespread in soil

Pebrine disease

Silkworm peppering

Conoid (Apicomplexa)

Spirally arranged fibers in a sporozoa

Sporangiospores

Spores formed in a sac (sporangium)

Planktonic, benthic, neustonic

Suspended, attached to the bottom, live at water-atmosphere barrier

Encystment (Protists)

The ability to form cysts, or dormant forms surrounded by a resistant outer covering. Important for parasitic forms in order to survive while moving between hosts.

Protozoan Morphology Contractile vacuole

The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell. Osmoregulatory purposes. Waste excretion.

Protozoan Morphology Endoplasm

The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells. Site of most cellular processes

Protozoan Morphology Ectoplasm

Used for food ingestion, etc

Trophozoite (Protists)

Vegetative form released by parasitic species Excystation often triggered by entry into new host

Oomycete

a fungus of a subclass of parasitic or saprophytic fungi that includes water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews.

Kinetoplast (Sarcomastigophora)

a mass of mitochondrial DNA lying close to the nucleus in some flagellate protozoa.

Protozoan morphology Pseudopodium

a retractable, temporary cytoplasmic extension that functions in food ingestion and movement in certain amoeboid cells

Zoospore

a spore of certain algae, fungi, and protozoans, capable of swimming by means of a flagellum.

Food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

Oocyst (apicomplexa)

a thick-walled structure that produces sporozoites under the gut lining of the mosquito during the Plasmodium protozoan life-cycle

Pathogenicity

ability to cause disease

Stigma (in chlorophyta)

aids in phototaxis

Heterokont

any organism that possesses two flagella of unequal length. Heterokonts include diatoms and some other algae.

Schizogony (apicomplexa)

asexual reproduction by multiple fission, found in some protozoa, especially parasitic sporozoans.

thallus (fungi)

body of fungus

Thallus (algae)

body of the algae

Oogonia

cells that produce primary oocytes by mitotic division.. eggs are formed here

Basidiomycota

club fungi that form basidium during sexual reproduction

Sorus

cluster of sporangia on the underside of a fern frond, mature fruiting body in fungi

Blastospores

develop by budding (yeasts)

Arthrospores

develop by fragmentation of hyphae

Mycoses

diseases caused by fungi

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

eating shellfish who have eaten toxic dinoflagellates

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

energy and carbon from organic compounds

Excystment (Protists)

escape from cysts when environmental conditions are favorable

Rhoptry (Apicomplexa)

excretory gland of Apicomplexa that secretes digestive enzymes onto host cells to allow for penetration during parasitism

Zygote

fertilized egg

Molds (Fungi)

filamentous fungi

Hyphae, mycelium

filaments that make the fungi. collection of hyphae

Zooxanthelle

live in symbiotic relationship with corals, sea anemones, and other organisms. Lose armored plates when inside host

Antheridia

male gametangia (where sperm are formed)

Transient microbiota

microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear

Zooplankton

microscopic animals that swim or drift near the surface of aquatic environments. Non photosynthetic protists

Ectosymbiosis

one organism remains outside of the other

Pyrenoids (algae)

organelles that synthesize and store starch

Photoautotrophic

organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds

Dikaryotic stage

(n+n) two separate haploid nuclei

Pellicle

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane

Transverse fission (fungi)

A form of asexual reproduction consisting of the spontaneous transverse segmentation of the body.

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Fragmentation (algae)

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

Protozoan Nutrition Cytosome

A permanent site in a ciliate protist at which food is ingested. A mouth-like organelle used by some protozoa to take in large foodparticles.

Food chain

A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.

Aplanospore

A spore that is formed during asexual reproduction, which is nonflagellated and nonmotile.

Polyphyletic group

A taxonomic grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor (more work is needed to uncover species that tie them together into a monophyletic clade).

Protozoan Morphology Phagocytic vacuole

A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs. Helps for digestion of foreign particles.

Monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease

Protozoan Morphology Hydrogenosomes

Analogous to mitochondria; can make hydrogen without oxygen. H is final electron acceptor. Observed in some anaerobic protozoa

Resident microbiota

Are a part of the normal microbiota throughout life Are mostly commensal

Ciguatera

Caused by eating fish that have eaten toxic dinoflagellates

Amnesic shellfish poisoning

Caused by eating shellfish that have fed on toxic diatoms and golden-brown algae

Arasiomycota

Cellular slime molds that have individual feeding by myxamoebae.

Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

Chlorophylls A and C Pigments: carotenoids, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin

Chrysophyta (Golden brown/yellow algae and diatoms)

Chlorophylls: A C1/C2 and D (rare) Pigments: a- b- e-carotene fucoxanthin and xanthophylls Cell wall: cellulose, silica, caCO3, chitin or absent

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Chlorophylls: A and B Pigments: a- b- carotene and xanthophylls Cell walls: cellulose, mannan, proteins, caCO3 Storage: starch, sugars, fructosan

Charophyta (stoneworts/brittleworts)

Chlorophylls: A and B Pigments: a- b- t-carotene and xanthophylls Cell walls: calcium and magnesium carbonate

Euglenophyta (euglenoids)

Chlorophylls: A and B Pigments: b- t-carotene and xanthophylls Storage: paramylon, oils and sugars

Pheophyta (brown algae)

Chlorophylls: A and C Pigments: b-carotene, xanthophylls, and fucoxanthin Cell walls: cellulose, alginic acid, fucoidan Storage: laminarin, mannitol, oils

Rhodophyta (Red algae)

Chlorophylls: A and D (rarely) Pigments: xanthophylls (b- a- zeaxanthin) Cell walls: sulfated polysaccharides

Protozoan Morphology Secretory vacuoles

Contain enzymes for specific functions (e.g., excystation)