microbio 9.1
If an object is free of all viable microorganisms, including viruses, it is called
- sterile
What is sterilization?
-A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat
Which of these items is considered semi-critical for sterilization?
-An endoscopy tube
______ is the destruction of most microbes using chemicals on a living surface such as the skin.
-Antisepsis
______ is a term referring to a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues.
-Asepsis
Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?
-Bacterial endospores
Which of the following are examples of disinfection?
-Boiling eating utensils-Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution-A 5% solution of bleach to clean a lab table
What does a surfactant do?
-Changes the permeability of the cell membrane
______ involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes, and special qualifications are often needed to define and delineate this phenomenon in microbes.
-Death
The disruption of proteins from their native state is known as
-Denaturation
Which of the following compounds is/are typical examples of sanitizers?
-Detergent-Soap
______ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens.
-Germicides
Which of the following are examples of degermation?
-Immersing skin in chemicals-Surgical handscrub
What is a chemical agent's mode of action?
-Its effect on cells
What is a chemical agents mode of action
-Its effect on cells
Which factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents?
-Microbial load-Temperature of environment-Presence of interfering matter
Which cellular structure is involved in translation?
-Ribosome
Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?
-Selective barrier
______ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ______ destroys most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces.
-Sterilization; disinfection
Which of these items is considered noncritical for sterilization?
-Stethoscope-Crutches
Which of the following are examples of antisepsis?
-Swabbing an open root canal with hydrogen peroxide-Using iodine compounds on skin before a surgical incision
Why do younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbicidal agents?
-They are more metabolically active.
Which of the following are examples of sanitization?
-Washing utensils -Doing laundry -Scouring a countertop with soap
In sterilization, ______ are destroyed or removed.
-all microorganisms
A sterile object is free of ______.
-all viable microorganisms and viruses
Which of these items are considered critical for sterilization?
-an artificial hip-a syringe needle
A form of decontamination that is used on living tissues is called
-antisepsis/ degermation
Which term identifies a chemical agent applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens?
-antiseptic
A chemical agent applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens is a(n)
-antiseptic or determinant
Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into tissues, preventing infection, is called ______.
-asepsis
Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?
-bacterial endospores
Which type of agent will kill bacteria?
-bactericidal
Agents that prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment, but do not kill these microbes, are described as ______.
-bacteriostatic
An agent that will inhibit the growth of bacteria without killing them is called ______.
-bacteriostatic
Which is the term used for any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth?
-bacteriostatic
A ______ agent will inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas a ______ agent will kill bacteria.
-bacteristatic; bactericidal
If an agent acts on the cell wall, it can ______.
-block cell wall synthesis-digest the cell wall
Which root indicates the ability to kill microorganisms?
-cide
Which root means "the capacity to kill"?
-cide
The phenomenon that involves the permanent termination of an organism's vital processes is
-death
A cleansing technique, often using soaps and detergents, that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels is called ______.
-decontamination
The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is
-decontamination
The mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface is called
-decontamination
Reducing the number of microbes on human skin through a combination of mechanical friction and the application of chemicals is called ______.
-degermation
Surgical hand scrubbing is an example of ______.
-degermation
Surgical handscrubbing is an example of ______.
-degermation
The physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from the skin to reduce the microbial load is called ______.
-degermation
________ and antisepsis can be accomplished with the same procedure.
-degermation
A form of decontamination that is used on living tissues is called
-degermation\
Breaking bonds within a protein leading to the breakdown of the protein's structure is called ______.
-denaturation
a sterilant is a chemical that __
-destroys all life forms, including endospores
If an agent acts on the cell wall, it can
-digest the cell wall-block cell wall synthesis
If an agent disrupts the cell wall, the cell is likely to experience ______.
-digestion or breakdown of the cell wall
The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause ______ or ______.
-disease -food spoilage
Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses is an example of
-disinfection
using a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.
-disinfection
An object can be/have ______.
-either sterile or not sterile
True or false: The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is only governed by time.
-false
True or false: There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores.
-false
The two microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include ______.
-fungi-enveloped viruses
An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a
-fungicide
Which of the following is a chemical agent that kills microorganisms, but is not effective against bacterial endospores?
-germicide
______ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens.
-germicide
Non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms can be killed with a(n)
-germicide or microbicide
______ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens.
-germicides
Sepsis is defined as ______.
-growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues
Prions are extraordinarily resistant to inactivation by___ and chemicals
-heat
Disinfectants can be toxic or harmful to
-human tissues.
Which of the following is the accepted definition of microbial death?
-inability to reproduce
Viricides ______ viruses.
-inactivate
Sterilization methods are usually reserved for ______.
-inanimate objects
An agent's effect on cells is known as its___of action.
-mechanism/mode
The cell loses its ability to prevent loss or entrance of substances if the cytoplasmic__ is damaged by an antimicrobial agent.
-membrane
Younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbicidal agents because they are more
-metabolically
An antimicrobial agent's adverse effect on cells is known as its ______.
-mode of action
The cytoplasmic membrane regulates ______.
-movement of materials into and out of the cell
Agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a ______ range of microbes.
-narrow
The four general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents are ______.
-nucleic acid synthesis-the cell membrane-protein function-the cell wall
Disinfection destroys ______.
-only vegetative bacterial cells
Items are classified as critical, semi-critical, or noncritical based on ______.
-parts of the body contacted by the item
Items are classified as critical, semicritical, or noncritical based on ______.
-parts of the body contacted by the item
If the cell membrane is damaged by an agent, the cell loses its membrane ________ and cannot prevent loss or entrance of substances.
-permeability
Which disease-causing agent is resistant to both heat and chemicals?
-prions
The most practical way to identify if a microbe is dead is by determining if it can still___ when it is exposed to a suitable environment.
-reproduce
The accepted definition of microbial death is the permanent loss of the ability to
-reproduce, multiply, or replicate
Proteins are produced by ______.
-ribosomes
The synthesis of proteins involves structures known as___in a process called translation.
-ribosomes
The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is
-sanitization
Washing laundry, doing dishes, and wiping down counters with soap are all examples of ______.
-sanitization
Soaps and detergents are typical examples of ______.
-sanitizers
Devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called ______.
-semi critical
Devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called ______.
-semicritical
The situation where microorganisms are growing in blood or other tissues is referred to as ______.
-sepsis
Antiseptics are used to destroy vegetative bacteria on ______.
-skin
An antiseptic is generally used to destroy or inhibit pathogens on/in ______.
-skin and mucus membranes
Which of the following compounds is/are typical examples of sanitizers?
-soap -detergent
An agent that can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an object free of all life can be called either a sterilant or a(n)
-sporicidal
What type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?
-sporicidal
The meaning of the Greek word root -static is to ______.
-standstill
Which root(s) indicates the ability to prevent microbial growth?
-stasis-static
The root used to indicate the inhibition of microbial growth is -
-static or stasis
A sporicidal agent can also be a _______ because it can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an object free of all life.
-sterilant
An agent that can destroy bacterial endospores is called a(n)
-sterilant
Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores are called ______.
-sterilants
An object that is free of all viable microorganisms and all viruses is described as ______.
-sterile
Destroying or removing all viable microorganisms, including bacterial endospores as well as viruses, is called ______.
-sterilization
Removing or destroying all viable microbes including bacteria endospores and viruses is the goal of
-sterilization
A___ is an agent that disrupts the lipid bilayer of membranes and alters the membrane's permeability.
-surfactant or detergent
Disinfectants are normally only used on inanimate objects because ______.
-the high concentrations needed are harmful to living tissues
Death of microorganisms is hard to detect because
-they have no obvious vital signs
Sterilization methods are often used ______.
-to prepare instruments for surgery -for inanimate objects
True or false: Death involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes.\
-true
True or false: The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage.
-true
All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs EXCEPT ______.
-uniform populations of like microbes
What is a concern when attempting to control a microbial population?
-variable resistance
A chemical known to inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue is called a ______.
-virucide
Identify examples of antisepsis.
-washing hands with a germicidal soap-swabbing skin with alcohol before a venipuncture
Which of the following are examples of sanitization?
-washing utensils -doing laundry -scouring a contertop w/ soap -Two processes that can be accomplished with the same procedure are degermation and -antisepsis
Agents that are least selective in their targets are usually effective against a ______ range of microbes.
-wide