microbio 9.1

If an object is free of all viable microorganisms, including viruses, it is called

- sterile

What is sterilization?

-A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat

Which of these items is considered semi-critical for sterilization?

-An endoscopy tube

______ is the destruction of most microbes using chemicals on a living surface such as the skin.

-Antisepsis

______ is a term referring to a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues.

-Asepsis

Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?

-Bacterial endospores

Which of the following are examples of disinfection?

-Boiling eating utensils-Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution-A 5% solution of bleach to clean a lab table

What does a surfactant do?

-Changes the permeability of the cell membrane

______ involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes, and special qualifications are often needed to define and delineate this phenomenon in microbes.

-Death

The disruption of proteins from their native state is known as

-Denaturation

Which of the following compounds is/are typical examples of sanitizers?

-Detergent-Soap

______ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens.

-Germicides

Which of the following are examples of degermation?

-Immersing skin in chemicals-Surgical handscrub

What is a chemical agent's mode of action?

-Its effect on cells

What is a chemical agents mode of action

-Its effect on cells

Which factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents?

-Microbial load-Temperature of environment-Presence of interfering matter

Which cellular structure is involved in translation?

-Ribosome

Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?

-Selective barrier

______ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ______ destroys most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces.

-Sterilization; disinfection

Which of these items is considered noncritical for sterilization?

-Stethoscope-Crutches

Which of the following are examples of antisepsis?

-Swabbing an open root canal with hydrogen peroxide-Using iodine compounds on skin before a surgical incision

Why do younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbicidal agents?

-They are more metabolically active.

Which of the following are examples of sanitization?

-Washing utensils -Doing laundry -Scouring a countertop with soap

In sterilization, ______ are destroyed or removed.

-all microorganisms

A sterile object is free of ______.

-all viable microorganisms and viruses

Which of these items are considered critical for sterilization?

-an artificial hip-a syringe needle

A form of decontamination that is used on living tissues is called

-antisepsis/ degermation

Which term identifies a chemical agent applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens?

-antiseptic

A chemical agent applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens is a(n)

-antiseptic or determinant

Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into tissues, preventing infection, is called ______.

-asepsis

Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?

-bacterial endospores

Which type of agent will kill bacteria?

-bactericidal

Agents that prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment, but do not kill these microbes, are described as ______.

-bacteriostatic

An agent that will inhibit the growth of bacteria without killing them is called ______.

-bacteriostatic

Which is the term used for any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth?

-bacteriostatic

A ______ agent will inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas a ______ agent will kill bacteria.

-bacteristatic; bactericidal

If an agent acts on the cell wall, it can ______.

-block cell wall synthesis-digest the cell wall

Which root indicates the ability to kill microorganisms?

-cide

Which root means "the capacity to kill"?

-cide

The phenomenon that involves the permanent termination of an organism's vital processes is

-death

A cleansing technique, often using soaps and detergents, that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels is called ______.

-decontamination

The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is

-decontamination

The mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface is called

-decontamination

Reducing the number of microbes on human skin through a combination of mechanical friction and the application of chemicals is called ______.

-degermation

Surgical hand scrubbing is an example of ______.

-degermation

Surgical handscrubbing is an example of ______.

-degermation

The physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from the skin to reduce the microbial load is called ______.

-degermation

________ and antisepsis can be accomplished with the same procedure.

-degermation

A form of decontamination that is used on living tissues is called

-degermation\

Breaking bonds within a protein leading to the breakdown of the protein's structure is called ______.

-denaturation

a sterilant is a chemical that __

-destroys all life forms, including endospores

If an agent acts on the cell wall, it can

-digest the cell wall-block cell wall synthesis

If an agent disrupts the cell wall, the cell is likely to experience ______.

-digestion or breakdown of the cell wall

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause ______ or ______.

-disease -food spoilage

Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses is an example of

-disinfection

using a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.

-disinfection

An object can be/have ______.

-either sterile or not sterile

True or false: The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is only governed by time.

-false

True or false: There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores.

-false

The two microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include ______.

-fungi-enveloped viruses

An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a

-fungicide

Which of the following is a chemical agent that kills microorganisms, but is not effective against bacterial endospores?

-germicide

______ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens.

-germicide

Non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms can be killed with a(n)

-germicide or microbicide

______ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens.

-germicides

Sepsis is defined as ______.

-growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues

Prions are extraordinarily resistant to inactivation by___ and chemicals

-heat

Disinfectants can be toxic or harmful to

-human tissues.

Which of the following is the accepted definition of microbial death?

-inability to reproduce

Viricides ______ viruses.

-inactivate

Sterilization methods are usually reserved for ______.

-inanimate objects

An agent's effect on cells is known as its___of action.

-mechanism/mode

The cell loses its ability to prevent loss or entrance of substances if the cytoplasmic__ is damaged by an antimicrobial agent.

-membrane

Younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbicidal agents because they are more

-metabolically

An antimicrobial agent's adverse effect on cells is known as its ______.

-mode of action

The cytoplasmic membrane regulates ______.

-movement of materials into and out of the cell

Agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a ______ range of microbes.

-narrow

The four general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents are ______.

-nucleic acid synthesis-the cell membrane-protein function-the cell wall

Disinfection destroys ______.

-only vegetative bacterial cells

Items are classified as critical, semi-critical, or noncritical based on ______.

-parts of the body contacted by the item

Items are classified as critical, semicritical, or noncritical based on ______.

-parts of the body contacted by the item

If the cell membrane is damaged by an agent, the cell loses its membrane ________ and cannot prevent loss or entrance of substances.

-permeability

Which disease-causing agent is resistant to both heat and chemicals?

-prions

The most practical way to identify if a microbe is dead is by determining if it can still___ when it is exposed to a suitable environment.

-reproduce

The accepted definition of microbial death is the permanent loss of the ability to

-reproduce, multiply, or replicate

Proteins are produced by ______.

-ribosomes

The synthesis of proteins involves structures known as___in a process called translation.

-ribosomes

The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is

-sanitization

Washing laundry, doing dishes, and wiping down counters with soap are all examples of ______.

-sanitization

Soaps and detergents are typical examples of ______.

-sanitizers

Devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called ______.

-semi critical

Devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called ______.

-semicritical

The situation where microorganisms are growing in blood or other tissues is referred to as ______.

-sepsis

Antiseptics are used to destroy vegetative bacteria on ______.

-skin

An antiseptic is generally used to destroy or inhibit pathogens on/in ______.

-skin and mucus membranes

Which of the following compounds is/are typical examples of sanitizers?

-soap -detergent

An agent that can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an object free of all life can be called either a sterilant or a(n)

-sporicidal

What type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?

-sporicidal

The meaning of the Greek word root -static is to ______.

-standstill

Which root(s) indicates the ability to prevent microbial growth?

-stasis-static

The root used to indicate the inhibition of microbial growth is -

-static or stasis

A sporicidal agent can also be a _______ because it can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an object free of all life.

-sterilant

An agent that can destroy bacterial endospores is called a(n)

-sterilant

Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores are called ______.

-sterilants

An object that is free of all viable microorganisms and all viruses is described as ______.

-sterile

Destroying or removing all viable microorganisms, including bacterial endospores as well as viruses, is called ______.

-sterilization

Removing or destroying all viable microbes including bacteria endospores and viruses is the goal of

-sterilization

A___ is an agent that disrupts the lipid bilayer of membranes and alters the membrane's permeability.

-surfactant or detergent

Disinfectants are normally only used on inanimate objects because ______.

-the high concentrations needed are harmful to living tissues

Death of microorganisms is hard to detect because

-they have no obvious vital signs

Sterilization methods are often used ______.

-to prepare instruments for surgery -for inanimate objects

True or false: Death involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes.\

-true

True or false: The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage.

-true

All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs EXCEPT ______.

-uniform populations of like microbes

What is a concern when attempting to control a microbial population?

-variable resistance

A chemical known to inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue is called a ______.

-virucide

Identify examples of antisepsis.

-washing hands with a germicidal soap-swabbing skin with alcohol before a venipuncture

Which of the following are examples of sanitization?

-washing utensils -doing laundry -scouring a contertop w/ soap -Two processes that can be accomplished with the same procedure are degermation and -antisepsis

Agents that are least selective in their targets are usually effective against a ______ range of microbes.

-wide