Microbiology 220 Mrs. Bradley Unit 1

Microbe

(Microorganism) A living organism ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size.

Diagram the 6-step life cycle of animal viruses.

(Page 154) 1. Adsorption - virus attaches to host cell via spikes to cell receptors. 2. Penetration - Virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is.... 3. Uncoated, thereby freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm. 4. Synthesis: Replication and Protein Production. Under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, spikes. 5. Assembly. Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers. 6. Release. Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away an envelope with the spikes. This complete virus or VIRION is ready to infect another cell. (Exocytosis)

Explain 3 old ways humans have manipulated organisms for their own use?

-Baker's and brewer's yeast -Cheeses -Moldy bread on wounds -Beer or alcoholic beverages

Protein she'll that surrounds viral genomes is called: A. Envelope B. Capsid C. Core D. Cortex

B. Capsid

Algae generally contain some type of A. Spore B. Chlorophyll C. Locomotor organelle D. Toxin

B. Chlorophyll

In general, RNA viruses multiply in the cell _______, and DNA viruses multiply in the cell _________. A. Nucleus, cytoplasm B. Cytoplasm, nucleus C. Vesicles, Ribosomes D. Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus

B. Cytoplasm, nucleus

Parasitic helminth's reproduce with A. Spores B. Eggs and sperm C. Mitosis D. Cysts E. All of these.

B. Eggs and sperm

To which division of bacteria does E. Coli belong? A. Tenericutes B. Gracilicutes C. Firmicutes D. Mendosicutes

B. Gracilicutes

The term "culture" refers to the ______ growth of microorganisms in __________. A. Rapid, an incubator B. Macroscopic, media C. Microscopic, the body D. Artificial, colonies

B. Macroscopic, media

A real image is produced by the ___________. A. Ocular B. Objective C. Condenser D. Eye

B. Objective

Which is present in both gram+ and gram- cell walls? A. An outer membrane B. Peptidoglycan C. Teichoic acid D. Liopolysaccharies

B. Peptidoglycan

Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in A. Algae B. Protozoa C. Fungi D. Both b and c

B. Protozoa

Bacterial endospores usually function in A. Reproduction B. Survival C. Protein synthesis D. Storage

B. Survival

Yeasts are _________ fungi, and molds are _________ fungi. A. Macroscopic, microscopic B. Unicellular, filamentous C. Motile, nonmotile D. Water, terrestrial

B. Unicellular, filamentous

Resolution is _________________with a longer wavelength of light. A.improved B. Worsened C. Not changed D. Not possible

B. Worsened

Mycoplasmas

Bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall.

What are the five major groups of microorganisms?

Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi

Bacillus/Rod

Bacterial cell shape that is cylindrical (longer than it is wide).

Provide an overview of lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage infections.

Bacteriophage means bacterial host cells are being eaten by a parasite. (Page 160) The bacteria that is infected is MORE pathogenic to humans. (E. Coli most widely studied.) They adsorb (attach) but don't enter the host cell. The nucleic acid penetrates the host and starts to replicate. When it is so packed with viruses, it LYSES - splits open, thereby releasing the mature virions. The virulent phages can spread to other bacterial cells and begin a new cycle of infection. LYSOGENY (a less deadly form of parasitism) is when the viral DNA is retained by the bacterial cell and copied, so the host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA. But viral particles are not produced and cells do not lyse. (Page 161)

Why does Hillary Clinton cough all the time?

Because she has brain damage, is prone to seizures, and is physically and mentally unfit to be president.

What is bioremediation?

Introducing microbes into the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants, oil spills, chemical spills, or water and sewage treatment.

Louis Pasteur

Invented pasteurization; first to use the term "virus"

Deductive Reasoning

Investigations or decisions made by using accepted generalized principles as a guide. GENERAL to SPECIFIC knowledge.

Florence Nightingale

Lady with the Lamp and the founder of modern nursing.

Actin Cytoskeleton

Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell.

Pilus

Long, tubular structures made of pilin protein produced by gram-negative bacteria and used for conjugation.

Fungi

Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multi-cellular.

Intracellular membranes

May be included in bacterial cell

What are some branches of study in microbiology?

Medical MB, Public Health MB & Epidemiology, Immunology, Industrial MB, Agricultural MB, Environmental MB.

Free-living

Microorganisms which do not require a host to complete their life cycles. An organism that does not reside on or in a particular plant or animal host.

Viruses

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. No cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements dependent on their infected host. They can cause harm to the host they infect.

A hypothesis can be defined as: A. A belief based on knowledge B. A knowledge based on belief C. A scientific explanation that is subject to testing D. A theory that has been thoroughly tested.

C. A scientific explanation that is subject to testing.

When a hypothesis has been fully supported by long-term study and data, it is considered: A. A law B. A Speculation C. A theory D. Proved

C. A theory

Mitochondria likely originated from A. Archaea B. Invagination a of the cell membrane C. Bacteria D. Chloroplasts

C. Bacteria

Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteria? A. Simple stain B. Acridine Orange stain C. Gram stain D. Negative stain

C. Gram Stain

Pili are tubular shafts in __________ bacteria that serve as a means of _________________________. A. Gram +, genetic exchange B. Gram +, attachment C. Gram -, genetic exchange D. Gram -, protection

C. Gram negative, genetic exchange

How would you classify a virus? A. Prokaryotic B. Eukaryotic C. Neither a nor b

C. Neither a nor b

A mixed culture is: A. The same as a contaminated culture. B one that has been adequately stirred. C. One that contains two or more known species. D. A pond sample containing algae and Protozoa.

C. One that contains two or more species.

A virus is a tiny infectious A. Cell B. Living thing C. Particle D. Nucleic Acid

C. Particle

Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function? A. Transport B. Motility C. Support D. Adhesion

C. Support

Appendages

Cell extensions that are accessory structures sprouting from the surface of bacteria: Motility (flagella, axial filaments) and Attachment points (Fimbriae, pili)

What structures are found in MOST bacterial cells?

Cell wall, an actin cytoskeleton, surface coating or glycocalyx

Yeasts

Cells of microscopic fungi exist in two basic morphological types: yeast and hyphae. A yeast cell has a round to oval shape and uses asexual reproduction. It grows swellings on its surface called buds, which then become separate cells. (Page 122)

Bioremediation

Decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes or consortia of microbes.

Ignaz Sammelweis

Demonstrated that hand washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying during childbirth.

Differentiate b/t developed countries and developing countries.

Developed countries tend to die bc we are rich. Injuries from motorized toys, elective cosmetic surgery, poor eating habits, etc. Developing countries die due to infection, diarrhea, respiratory illnesses, etc. bc they do not have meds to treat or prevent these diseases or else have unsanitary conditions such as unclean water.

Ann Woodruff

Developed the code of ethics for nurses

Hans Christian Gram

Developed the staining procedures that are often the first test performed to identify bacteria.

What is the acronym to remember Domain through Species?

Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti? Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Sir Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin

Identification

Discovering and recording the traits or organisms so they can be named and classified.

Endospore

Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions.

Plasmids

Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.

Explain the significance of endospores including the 2 processes involved in their formation and reactivation.

Endospores are gram positive. They are dormant bodies made for survival and can withstand hostile environments. They are the MOST VIRULENT when they come back. Hardiest of all life forms. Two-phase life cycle: vegetative cell and Endospore. 2 processes involved in formation and deactivation: 1. Dormant 2. Germination. (See page 98)?? "The depletion of nutrients is the stimulus for a vegetative cell to begin Endospore formation. Once this stimulus has been received by the vegetative cell, it undergoes a conversion to become a sporulating cell called a sporangium. Complete transformation of a vegetative cell into a sporangium and then into an Endospore require 6-8 hours....." (Page 99)

Identify and give the function for the external and boundary structures found in eukaryotic cells.

External: Appendages - Flagella, Cilia Glycocalyx - Capsules, Slimes Boundary of Cell: Cell wall Cytoplasmic membrane (The functions of these are all in separate questions)

Outer membrane

Extra membrane similar to cell membrane but also containing Lypopolysaccharide. Controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released.

T or F? Agar has the disadvantage of being easily decomposed by MOs.

False: Agar is not easily decomposed by microorganisms (although gelatin can be.)

The infective stage of a protozoan is the Trophozoite.

False: Both the Trophozoite and the cyst stages of protozoan life cycles can be infective.

Fungi generally derive nutrients through photosynthesis.

False: Fungi generally derive nutrients by digesting organic substrates.

T or F? A research microbiologist looking at evolutionary relatedness but 2 bacterial species is more likely to use Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology than Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

False: He is more likely to use Bergey's Manual of SYSTEMATIC Bacteriology.

In humans, fungi can only infect the skin.

False: In humans, fungi can infect skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and other areas.

T or F? Living specimens can be examined either by light microscopy or electron microscopy.

False: Living specimens can be examined with phase-contracts or differential interference microscopy.

T or F? Organisms in the same order are more closely related than those in the same family.

False: Organisms in the same family are more closely related than those in the same order.

T or F? The best stain to use to visualize a MO with a large capsule is a simple stain.

False: The best stain to use to visualize a MO with a large capsule is a negative stain.

T or F The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the peptidoglycan of its host cell.

False: The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the cell membrane or nuclear membrane of the host cell.

T or F? The factor that most limits the clarity of an image in a microscope is the magnification.

False: The factor that most limits the clarity of an image in a microscope is the resolution.

T or F The nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the cell through a process called translocation.

False: The nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the cell through a process called penetration.

T or F A viral capsid is composed of subunits called virions.

False: a viral capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres.

T or F? Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

False: eukaryotes and prokaryotes emerged independently.

T or F? One major difference in the envelope structure by gram+ bacteria and gram- bacteria is the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic membrane.

False:...............presence or absence of an outer membrane.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology, and advanced the microscope

Identify 2 groups of bacteria having nontypical cell wall structure or no cell wall at all.

Mycobacterium (mycoplasma) and Nocardia

Differentiate among the terms nomenclature, taxonomy, and classification.

NOMENCLATURE is the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms. TAXONOMY is the SCIENCE of classifying living beings originated by Linne. CLASSIFICATION is attempting the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa.

Microbial nomenclaure

Naming microorganisms

Carl Woese

First applied the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of life.

What structures are found in SOME bacterial cells?

Flagella, pili, Fimbriae, capsules, slime layers, inclusions, intracellular membranes, endospores (anthrax, virulent, hard to kill).

Describe the role and impact of microbes on the earth.

For billions of years, microbes have shaped the development of earth's habitats and the evolution of other life forms. Microbes are deeply involved in the flow of energy and food through the earth's ecosystem. They play a part in photosynthesis and decomposition.They are the main forces in soil, water, and atmosphere.

Joseph Lister

Founder of antiseptic medicine

Correct writing of binomial nomenclature

Genus species (italicized, first letter capped).

Germination

Germination is the breaking of dormancy. In the presence of water and a specific germination agent, the agent stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes, digests the cortex and exposes the core to water.

Conjugation

In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.

Summarize the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes.

In developing countries, lack of knowledge and lack of medication causes more people to die of diseases that we in the US can both treat and prevent. Our antibiotics are becoming resistant to new forms of hardy microbes that are stronger due to survival of the fittest.

Reservoir

In disease communication, the natural host or habitat of a pathogen.

Transformation

In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in "naked" DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell.

Explain the Scientific Method

1. Make observations 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Most use the deductive approach to apply the SM 4. Experimentation, analysis, and testing leads to conclusions 5. Either support or refute the hypothesis.

Why is the study of microbiology relevant?

1. Microbes are the oldest organisms found in the fossil record 2. They perform essential reaction in the environment (oxygen, decomposition, etc.) 3. Microbes can be harnessed to work for us as bioengineers. 4. They sometimes cause infectious diseases.

List 3 other infectious agents smaller than viruses.

1. Prions 2. Viroids 3. Satellites

List the types of eukaryotic microorganisms and denote which are unicellular, multicellular, or both.

1. Protozoa - always unicellular 2. Fungi, Algae - may be unicellular or Multicellular 3. Helminths - always multicellular

List the 3 characteristics that differentiate bacteria and archaea from all eukaryotic organisms.

1. The way their DNA is packaged. B. and A. have nuclear material that is free inside the cytoplasm. Bacteria do not wind their DNA around proteins. 2. The makeup of their cell wall: B. has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan. A. Walls are tough and made of other chemicals. 3. Their internal structures. They do not have complex, membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm. Eukaryotes do.

Identify the 2 major divisions of the Kingdom Fungi and the 2 basic morphological types of microscopic fungi.

1. Unicellular: Yeast 2. Multi-cellular: (everything else). Candida and Crypococcus

Gram-positive

A category of bacterial cells that describes bacteria with a thick cell wall and no outer membrane.

Gram-negative

A category of bacterial cells that describes bacteria with an outer membrane, a cytoplasmic membrane, and a thin cell wall.

Eukaryotic cell

A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded sub cellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.

What 2 structures are found in the MAJORITY of bacterial cells?

A cell wall and some form of surface coating or glycocalyx.

Spirochete

A coiled, spiral-shaped bacterium that has endoflagella and flexes as it moves.

Nematodes

A common name for helminths called roundworms.

Biofilm

A complex association that arises from a mixture of microorganisms growing together on the surface of a habitat. They are accumulations of bacteria and other microbes found on surfaces. -multiple species present -several layers thick -common in the human body (plaque, implant failure, infect catheters)

Prions

A concocted word to denote "proteinaceous infectious agent"; a cytoplasmic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.

Sarcina

A cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells; the cellular arrangement of the genus Sarcina in the family Micrococcaceae.

Vibrio

A curved, rod-shaped bacterial cell.

Genetic Engineering

A field involving deliberate alterations (recombinations) of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes.

Glyocalyx

A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells. Bacterial cells protect themselves with either an S Layer or a ________________, or both. It develops as a coating of repeating polysaccharide units that may or may not include protein. They differ among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition. (Slime layer or capsule) They also help in the formation of biofilms. It serves protective, adhesive and receptor functions. It may be tight or loose.

Virion

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a VIRION.

Sporangium

A fungal cell in which asexual spores are formed by multiple cell cleavage. The case or sac in which spores are produced.

Mycoplasma

A genus of bacteria; contain no peptidoglycan/cell wall, but the cytoplasmic membrane is stabilized by sterols.

Retrovirus

A group of RNA viruses (including HIV) that have the mechanisms for converting their genome into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted on a hosts's chromosome.

Protozoa

A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms

Prophage

A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and lysis.

Colony

A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.

Eukaryotes

A member of the domain Eukarya whose cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, Protozoa, and algae.

Saprobes

A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms. Also known as a saprophyte or Saprotroph.

Syncytia

A multi-nucleated protoplasmic mass formed by consolidation of individual cells. (Syncytium is singular)

Oncogenic

A naturally occurring type of gene that when activated can transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Media/Medium

A nutrient used to grown organisms outside of their natural habitats

Photosynthesis

A process occurring in plants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the sun's energy and converts it to ATP in the cell. This energy is used to fix oxygen into organic compounds.

Adsorption

A process of adhering one molecule onto the surface of another molecule. (Attachment)

Spike (surface protein)

A receptor on the surface of certain enveloped viruses that facilitates specific attachment to the host cell.

Cell Wall

A semi-rigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell.

Nomenclature

A set system for scientifically naming organisms, enzymes, anatomical structures, and so on.

Fimbraie

A short, numerous-surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion.

Prokaryotes

A single-called organism that does not have special structures such as a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea. NO TRUE NUCLEUS. These came first.

Microbiology

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

Coccus

A spherical-shaped bacterial cell.

Capsomer

A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc. A whole bunch of these make up the capsid.

Recombinant DNA technology

A technology, also known as genetic engineering, that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses.

Helminths

A term that designates all parasitic worms

Mycolic acid

A thick, waxy, long-chain fatty acid found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium and Nocardia that confers resistance to chemicals and dyes.

Describe the structure and function of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool.

Spirillum

A type of bacterial cell with a rigid spiral shape and external flagella.

Trophozoite

A vegetative protozoan (feeding form) as opposed to a resting (cyst) form.

Classification

A way to identify viruses - animal, plant, or bacterial; enveloped or naked; DNA or RNA; helical or icosahedral. 6 orders, 94 families, 395 genera of viruses - viridae (families) - virus (genera)

An example of a glycocalyx is: A. A capsule B. A pilus C. An outer membrane D. A cell wall

A. A capsule

The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are A. Adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release B. Exocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, budding C. Adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, lysis D. Endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, exocytosis.

A. Adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release

Most Helminth infections A. Are localized to one site in the body B. Spread through major system of the body C. Develop within the spleen D. Develop within the liver

A. Are localized to one site in the body

A prophage is a stage in the development of a / an A. Bacterial virus B. Pox virus C. Lytic Virus D. Enveloped virus

A. Bacterial virus

Motility is best observed with a ___________. A. Hanging drop preparation B. Negative stain C. Streak plate D. Flagellar stain.

A. Hanging drop preparation

Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called A. Plaques B. Pocks C. Colonies D. Prions

A. Plaques

ABiogenesis refers to the A. Spontaneous generation or organisms from nonliving matter. B. Development of life forms from pre-existing life forms C. Development of aseptic technique D. Germ theory of disease

A. Spontaneous generation or organisms from nonliving matter.

What are some characteristics of viruses?

A. They are not independently living cellular organisms. They are NOT made of CELLS. B. They are simpler than cells, basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by a membrane. C. Individuals are called a virus particle or VIRION. D. They depend on the infected cell's machinery to multiply and disperse.

Name the 5 major groups of microorganisms.

Algae, bacteria, fungi, helminths, Protozoa (These can all be infected by viruses)

Species

In the levels of classification, the most specific level of organization.

Differentiate between groups of fungi based on nutritional requirements.

All fungi are heterotrophic - they acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic materials called substrates. Most fungi are saprobes, eating remnants of dead plants and animals. Fungi can be parasites, living on bodies of living animals or plants. They do not photo synthesize. Various fungi thrive with high salt or sugar content, high temps, and in snow and glaciers. Page 123

Flagellum

An appendage on bacteria which provides motility, or self-propulsion - the ability to swim freely through an aqueous habitat. 3 distinct parts: Hook (sheath), filament, and basal body.

Coccobacillis

An elongated coccus; a short, thick, oval-shaped bacterial rod.

Opportunistic Pathogen

An infection, ordinarily nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes that cause disease primarily in an immunologically compromised host.

Viroids

An infectious agent that, unlike a VIRION, lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule. Although known viroids are all plant pathogens, it is conceivable that animal versions exist.

Parasite

An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. It produces some degree of harm in the host.

Heterotrophic

An organism that relies on organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs.

Commensal

An unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.

Teichoic Acid

Anionic polymers containing glycerol that appear in the walls of gram-positive bacteria.

Pathogens

Any agent (virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, Helminth) that causes disease.

LPS (Lypopolysaccharides)

Any class of polysaccharides to which lipids are attached.

Mycoses

Any disease caused by a fungus (Mycosis)

Cell Membrane (Cytoplasmic Membrane)

Appears just beneath the cell wall and is a very thin, flexible sheet molded completely around the cytoplasm. It is a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded to varying degrees.

Define the 3 major domains.

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya: Domain Archaea are prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions. They are more closely related to Eukaryotic cells than Bacterial cells. Domain Bacteria contains prokaryotic cell types such as gram- and gram+ bacteria, endospores, spriochetes, chlamydias, and cyanobacteria. Domain Eukarya contains plants, animals, fungi, and protozoa.

What can Prokaryotic cells be distinguished by?

No true nucleus, primitive, bacteria, been around a long time and: -packaging of DNA: no encasement of nuclear material -cell wall composition - humans/animals do NOT have a cell wall -Peptidoglycan in bacteria -no membrane-bound organelles -small ribosomes for protein synthesis

Virus

Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microorganisms. Can't function without host cell.

Pleomorphism

Normal variability of cell shapes in a single species.

Domain Archaea

One of three domains of living organisms per Woese (containing prokaryotes that live in extreme heat or extreme salt).

Domain Eukarya

One of three domains of living organisms per Woese containing all eukaryotic organisms.

Domain Bacteria

One of three domains of living organisms per Woese containing all non-archaea prokaryotes.

Host

Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.

Mutualistic

Organisms living in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship.

Algae

Photosynthetic, plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.

Robert Hooke

Pioneered the use of gene sequencing and discovered the third domain of life Archae.

Phototaxis

Some photosynthetic bacteria exhibit movement in response to light rather than chemicals.

What is the order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

diplococci

Spherical or oval-shaped bacteria, typically found in pairs.

Discuss both the positive and negative roles of fungi in nature and industry.

Positive: fungi are free-living and do not require a host to complete their life cycles. Most human infection occurs through accidental contact. Humans are generally resistant to fungal infections. Fungi plays an essential role in decomposing organic matter and returning essential minerals to the soil. They form associations with plant roots that increase the ability of the roots to absorb water and nutrients. Fungi is used to make antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins, food flavorings. Negative: primary pathogens can sicken even healthy persons. Opportunistic pathogens attack ppl who are weakened in some way. Opportunistic pathogens have increased bc of techniques to keep ppl alive. Fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that cause allergies. Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms an cause death. Some fungi cause disease and cancer in animals and humans. Huge hindrance in agricultural industry. Page 126-27.

Ubiquitous

Present everywhere at the same time.

Correctly write the binomial name for a MO.

Staphylococcus aureus (italicized)

Staph

Staphylococcus aureus has oval, or bean-shaped cells, which is how it is identified.

Inclusion Bodies (Granule)

Stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed.

Strep

Streptococcus has round "BB" shaped cells, which is how it can be identified.

Evolution

Principle stating things change gradually through the years - expressed in structural and functional adaptations in organisms. Traits that favor survival are preserved and passed on - others lost.

Pili are found in which type of bacteria?

Prokaryotic, gram negative

Microcompartments

Protein-coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in the cytoplasm.

Cell Membrane

Super thin lining or covering. A thin double-layered sheet composed of lipids such as phospholipids and sterols. its primary role is to completely encase the cytoplasm.

Trypticase Soy Agar

TSA - A general-purpose media designed to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible. As a rule, they are of the complex variety and contain a mixture of nutrients that could support the growth of a variety of microbial life.

ROUS

Rodents of Unusual Size

Structure and function of the 2 specialized surface coating surrounding most bacteria.

S Layers are single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like tiny chain mail. "The Armor" of the bacterial cell. Produced only in hostile environment. Glycocalyx is a coating of repeating polysaccharide units that protects the cell and helps it adhere to surfaces in its environment.

Budding

See Exocytosis.

S Layers

Single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like tiny chain mail. They are often called the "armor" of a bacterial cell. Bacteria only produce them when they are in a hostile environment. Some bacteria use this to aid in attachment as well.

Chemotaxis

The ability of bacteria to use flagella to detect and move in response to chemical signals.

Acid-fast bacteria

The acid-fast stain differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue). It specifically detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis in specimens. These bacterial cells have an impervious outer wall that holds fast to the dye.

Decomposition

The breakdown of dead matter wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.

Transport

The cell membrane regulates this, which is the passage of nutrients into the cell and the discharge of wastes.

Mycobacterium

The cells of this bacterium do not fit the descriptions for typical gram- or gram+ cells. It contains peptidoglycan and stain gram+ but the bulk of their cell wall is composed of unique types of lipids. One of these is a very long chain fatty acid called mycolic acid, or cord factor, that contributes to the pathogenicity of this group. The have a thick waxy nature to their cell wall, responsible for resistance to chemicals and dyes making them the basis for acid-fast stain, used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy.

Nocardia

The cells of this bacterium do not fit the descriptions for typical gram- or gram+ cells. It contains peptidoglycan and stain gram+ but the bulk of their cell wall is composed of unique types of lipids. One of these is a very long chain fatty acid called mycolic acid, or cord factor, that contributes to the pathogenicity of this group. The have a thick waxy nature to their cell wall, responsible for resistance to chemicals and dyes making them the basis for acid-fast stain, used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy.

Genome

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism.

Lysis

The disintegration or rupture of the cell.

Mycelium

The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.

Francesco Redi

The first scientist to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation with a controlled experiment.

Taxonomy

The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.

Robert Koch

The founder of MODERN bacteriology and developed the four basic criteria for disease cause.

Provirus

The genome of a virus when it is integrated into a host cell's DNA.

Endoplasm

The granular inner region of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and vacuoles.

Lysogeny

The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host without bringing about the production of virions.

Compare the lifestyles of microorganisms. (1.5)

The majority of them live a free existence in habitats such as soil and water, where they are relatively harmless and often beneficial. A free-living organism can derive all required foods from the nonliving environment. Some MOs require interactions with other organisms. These are parasites. They are harbored and nourished by hosts. A parasite's actions cause damage to its host through infection and disease. Although parasites cause important diseases, they make up a small proportion of microbes.

Binomial Nomenclature

The method of assigning a specific name is called the "two-name" system of naming. Genus, species.

Paul Ehrlich

The methods of staining tissue that he developed made it possible to distinguish between different types of blood cells. He also developed the magic bullet.

Normal Biota

The native microbial forms that an individual harbors.

Ectoplasm

The outer, more viscous region of the cytoplasm of a phagocytosis cell such as an amoeba. It contains Microtubules, but not granules or organelles.

Discuss the two bacterial surface appendages specialized for attachment and mating.

The pilus and the fimbria. They provide some type of adhesion but not locomotion (flagella does that). Fimbraie stick to each other and to surfaces. This clinging leads to biofilms and colonization. Pili, is a long rigid tubular structure that mate between cells called conjugation, which involves partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another.

Edward Jenner

The pioneer of the smallpox vaccine.

Function of bacterial flagella and 2 special processes it allows bacteria cell to perform:

The primary function of flagella is motility or self-propulsion, the ability to swim freely through an aqueous habitat. Has a filament, hook (sheath) and basal body. 1. It can perform Chemotaxis, the ability to move the cell toward or away from something. (positive or negative chemotaxis) 2. It can perform Phototaxis, movement in response to light rather than chemicals.

Inductive Reasoning

The process of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases (the scientific method). Observation, Experimentation, Conclusion.

Sporulation

The process of spore formation.

Exocytosis

The process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm.

Endocytosis

The process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle.

Capsid

The protein covering of a virus's nucleic acid core. Capsids exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement or subunits called capsomers. (See icosahedron)

Cyst

The resistant, dormant but infectious form of protozoans. Can be important in spread of infectious agents such as Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia.

Biotechnology

The use of microbes or their products in the commercial or industrial realm.

What is meant by the ubiquity of microorganisms?

They are found nearly everywhere; they occur in large numbers; they play central roles in the earth's landscape that are essential to life; they live in places many other organisms cannot.

Explain why macroscopic organisms such as parasitic worms are included in the study of microbiology.

They are included because of their infective abilities and because the microscope is necessary to identify entire eggs and larvae.

Beatle and Tatem

They showed how genes direct the synthesis of enzymes that control metabolic processes. "One gene - one enzyme hypothesis"

Inoculate

To implant microorganisms into or upon culture media.

Porin proteins

Transmembane protein of the outer membrane of gram-negative cells that permits transport of small molecules into the periplasmic space but bars the penetration of larger molecules.

Briefly explain the relationship between viruses and the development of cancer.

Up to 20% of human cancers are caused by viruses. These viruses are termed oncogenic, and their effect on the cell is called transformation. In some cases, the virus carries genes that directly cause the cancer. Transformed cells have an increased rate of growth, alterations in chromosomes, changes in the cell's surface molecules, and the capacity to divide for an indefinite period, unlike normal animal cells. Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors are called oncoviruses. (Page 159)

How is the world of infectious diseases and microbiology evolving?

We are seeing an increasing number of emerging diseases. We are linking known diseases to MO's. Increasing number of drug resistant strains are evolving.

Endotoxin

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever.

Lysogenic Conversion

A bacterium acquires a new genetic trait due to the presence of genetic material from an infecting phage.

What do ALL bacteria cells have?

Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Chromosomes or Nucleoid, Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane

Features of the nuclear envelope include A. Ribosomes B. A double-membrane structure C. Pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm D. B and c E. All of these

D or E. All of these: Ribosomes, a double-membrane structure, pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm.

The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes? A. Fungi B. Algae C. Protozoa D. A and B

D. A and B (fungi and algae)

Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells? A. Cell membrane B. A Nucleoid C. Ribosomes D. Actinlike Cytoskeleton

D. Actinlike cytoskeleton

Viruses are known to infect A. Plants B. Bacteria C. Fungi D. All organisms

D. All organisms

Viruses cannot be cultivated in / on A. Tissue culture B. Bird Embroyos C. Live mammals D. Blood agar

D. Blood agar

Which of the following are not eukaryotic? A. Bacteria B. Archaea C. Protozoa D. Both a and b

D. Both a and b

All mature sporozoa are A. Parasitic B. Nonmotile C. Carried by vectors D. Both a and b

D. Both a and b (parasitic and nonmotile)

Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes? A. Focusing screw B. Lens C. Specimen holder D. Condenser

D. Condenser

The nucleic acid of a virus is A. DNA only B. RNA only C. Both DNA and RNA D. Either DNA or RNA

D. Either DNA or RNA

Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? A. Alga B. Bacterium C. Protozoan D. Mushroom

D. Mushroom

Darkly stained granules are concentrated crystals of ___________ that are found in _____________. A. Fat, Mycobacterium B. Dipicolinic acid, Bacillus C. Sulfur, Thiobacillus D. PO4, Corynebacterium

D. Po4, Corynebacterium

Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material? A. Bioremediation B. Biotechnology C. Decomposition D. Recombinant DNA technology

D. Recombinant DNA technology

A bacterial arrangement in packets of 8 cells is described as a ____________________. A. Micrococcus B. Dipplococcus C. Tetrad D. Sarcina

D. Sarcina

Almost all Protozoa have a A. Locomotor organelle B. Cyst stage C. Pellicle D. Trophozoite stage

D. Trophozoite stage

Using Table 6.1, review the general properties of viruses.

-Are not cells -are obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, algae, plants,and animals -do not independently fulfill the characteristics of life -are inactive macromolecules outside the host cell and active only inside host cells -have basic structure of protein shell (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid core -are ubiquitous in nature and have had major impact on development of biological life -are ultramicroscope can in size (20nm-450 nm) -can have either DNA or RNA but not both -can have ds DNA, ss DNA, ss RNA, or ds RNA -carry molecules on surface that determine specificity for attachment to host cell -multiply by taking control of host cell's genetic material and regulating the synthesis and assembly of new viruses -lack enzymes for most metabolic processes -lack machinery for synthesizing proteins (page 144)

What is the nature of microorganisms which makes them both very easy and very difficult to study?

-Rapid reproduction -Large populations grow in the lab -Can't be seen with the naked eye

Ribosome

A bilobed macromolecular complex of ribonucleoprotein that coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and, in so doing, constitutes the peptide assembly site.

Bacteria

1) One of 3 domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all nonarchaea prokaryotes. 2) Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosomes.. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth's habitats.

Archaea

1) Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats. 2) One of three domains of living organisms per Woese

To find out what family a virus is in, what 3 main questions should you ask?

1. Are you naked? Meaning, do you have an outer envelope or not? 2. Are you DNA or RNA? 3. What shape are you?

Describe 3 ways in which viruses are cultivated.

1. Chicken eggs (embryos) 2. Live animals (research animals like Guinea pigs) 3. Nutrient agar, tissue

Identify the 3 means of locomotion exhibited by Protozoa and list the 4 groups into which protozoans are classified.

1. Cilia, flagella, pseudopod (false foot) 2. (Page 132) --those using flagella to move --those using ameboid motion to move (pseudopod) --those using cilia to move --those with no mobility (Sporozoa)

Review all internal structures found in eukaryotic cells.

1. Cytoplasm 2. Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope, Nucleolus, Chromosomes 3. Organelles (Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts) 4. Ribosomes 5.Cytoskeleton (Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments, Actin Filaments). Flowchart page 112

Outline the major groups and divisions of parasitic helminths.

1. Flatworms: Trematodes and Cestodes 2. Roundworms: Nematodes page 136

Explain 3 new ways humans manipulate organisms for their own use.

1. Genetic engineering - creating new products/foods (GMOs). 2. Recombinant DNA technology - engineering mibrobes to synthesize desireable proteins (drugs, hormones, enzymes) 3. Bioremediation - By using them to clean up oil spills, chemical spills, water and sewage treatment.

Identify 5 structures that may be found in bacterial cytoplasm.

1. Inclusion bodies 2. Plasmid 3. Microcompartments 4. Actin cytoskeleton 5. Nucleoid 6. Endospore 7. Intracellular membranes

The 5 I's

1. Inoculation - Sterilize instruments used for sampling and inoculation. Introduce tiny sample (inoculum) into a container.... 2. Incubation - temp-controlled chamber 3. Isolation - cell is separated from other cells in order to grow a colony. 4. Inspection - Observe appearance under microscope 5. Identification - Determine genus and species of a microorganism by testing and analysis.

Discuss virus induced damage to host cells.

1. Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance is termed "CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS" (CPEs): individual cells can become disoriented, undergo major changes in shape or size, or develop intracellular changes. 2. INCLUSION BODIES or compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles can be found in the nucleus or cytoplasm. 3. Also SYNCYTIA is a viruses ability to fuse membranes - the fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei. 4. PROVIRUS - when viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host (chronic latent state becoming deactivated) 5. ONCOGENIC - transformation of virus into cancer causing or oncoviruses. (Page 158)

Cell Envelope

2-3 basic layers of the external covering of bacteria: the cell wall, the cell membrane, the outer membrane.

Describe the structure and function of viral capsids. Include definitions of enveloped and naked viruses, as well as surface proteins or spikes.

All viruses have a protein capsid, or shell, that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core. Together the capsid and the nucleic acid are referred to as the nucleocapsid. An external covering external to the capsid is called an envelope (flexible membrane), which is usually a modified piece of the host's cell membrane. Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are naked viruses. The enveloped viruses differ from the naked viruses in the way that they enter and leave a host cell. The capsid is made of individual capsomers. The protruding molecules called spikes when they are on enveloped viruses are essential for the attachment of viruses to the next host cell. Surface proteins are exposed on the outside of the envelope (spikes). (Page 147-148)

Taxonomy

Classifying living things

What are the 3 major shapes of bacteria?

Coccus, Bacillus (Rod), Spirillum

Sterile

Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses.

Nucleoid (or Bacterial Chromosome)

Composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins.

Differentiate bt the 2 main types of bacterial envelope structure.

Gram positive stains purple. It has two layers like an open-faced sandwich. The cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram negative stains pink/red. It has three layers, or the complete sandwich. Like a castle with a moat. The outer membrane, cell wall, and cytopasmic membrane.

Tetrads

Groups of four.

Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)

He invented Taxonomy, binomial nomenclature

Note the protozoan characteristics that illustrate why they are informally placed into a single group.

I NEED HELP WITH THIS ANSWER Protozoans (animal like). Kingdom Protista, Subkingdom Protozoa. 1. Bacteria-like 2. Not plants 3. Not animals 4. Not fungus 5. Single-celled They are free living, few are parasites, most harmless, photosynthetic (make their own food), no cell wall.

Consider the 3 stages in a parasitic helminth's lifecycle and discuss the significance of an intermediate host, definitive host, and transport host.

The 3 stages in a parasitic helminth's lifecycle include the fertilized egg (embryo), larval, and adult stages. The host in which larval development occurs is the intermediate (secondary) host, and adulthood and mating occur in the definitive (final) host. A transport host is an intermediate host that experiences no parasitic development but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle. (Page 136) Significance: humans are definitive hosts for many parasites. Animals or insect vectors serve as reservoirs to complete worm development in some cases. They can lay over 20,000 eggs a day.

Compare relative sizes of the different microbes and the lifestyles of microorganisms. (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microbes, and viruses.)

The smallest is the virus which sometimes can't be seen with a microscope. Then the Prokaryotics with no nucleus such as bacteria and archaea. The largest would be those with a true nucleus, the Eukaryotic microbes.

Synthesis (viral)

The step in viral multiplication in which viral genetic material and proteins are made through replication and transcription / translation.

Compare and contrast the composition of a viral genome to that of a cellular organism's genome.

The sum total of the genetic information carried by any organism is known as its genome. The genetic info. Of living cells is carried by nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). Viruses contain either DNA or RNA but not both. In a normal cellular organism, DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded. In viruses they can be opposite: for example, Parvovirus is ssDNA and Retrovirus is dsRNA. RNA viruses are mostly single stranded. Positive sense RNA: genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins. Negative sense RNA: genomes have to be converted into the proper form to be made into proteins. Segmented: individual genes exist on separate pieces of RNA (such as HIV). (From notes and page 150)

Define Trophozoite. Explain the importance of cyst formation in some protozoans.

Trophozoite is a stage in Protozoa that requires ample food and moisture to remain active. (Page 130) Most Protozoa can be recognized in their motile feeding stage called the Trophozoite. A large number of species are also capable of entering into a dormant, resting stage called a cyst when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding. During encystment, the Troph. Cell rounds up into a sphere and its ectoplasm secretes a tough thick cuticle around the cell membrane. This enables them to survive adverse periods. If provided wit moisture and nutrients, a cyst breaks open and release the active Troph.

Hyphae that are divided into compartments by cross walls are called septate hyphae.

True

T or F Bacteria and eukaryotes arose from the same kind of primordial cell.

True

T or F In lysogeny, viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome.

True

T or F? A collection of bacteria that share an overall similar pattern of traits is called a species.

True

T or F? A subculture is a culture made from an isolated colony.

True

T or F? Archaea have no nucleus.

True

T or F? Both bacteria and archaea used to be known as prokaryotes.

True

T or F? In order to be called a theory, a scientific idea has to undergo a great deal of testing.

True

T or F? Microbes are ubiquitous.

True

T or F? Nanobes may or may not actually be bacteria.

True

T or F Viruses that persist in the (host) cell and cause recurrent disease are called latent.

True.