Microbiology & Pathology Chapter 6

Hematuria

presence of blood in the urine, and it indicates that something is causing bleeding in genitourinary tract, which may be occurring in the kidneys, the ureters, the prostate gland, the bladder or the urthera.

Besides inherited genetic mutations of clotting agents in the blood, clotting disorders may also be associated with..

prolonged bed rest, myocardial infarction, surgery, bone fractures, burns cancer, sickle cell anemia, and oral contraceptive use.

Passive hyperemia symptoms include..

reddish-blue discoloration of the affected parts because venous return is impaired.

Active hyperemia symptoms include..

redness, loss of function, heat, swelling, and pain associated with inflammation.

A common of hematemesis results from

scars in cases of liver cirrhosis. However the most common cause of upper GI bleeding is an ulcer in the stomach or small intestine.

Ecchymosis

scientific name for a common bruise.

Thrombus

stationary blood clot and has the potential to fragment in the blood stream

Hematoma

swelling consisting of a mass of extravascular blood, which is usually clotted and confined to an organ, tissue, or space.

During a myocardial infarct..

the area of the heart muscle affected dies, which may lead to acute cardiac failure.

An embolism can result in..

the blockage of blood flow to the tissues, which is known as ischemia.

A pink or clear fluid in the nose or ears indicates purge from..

the brain

Bright red discolorations of the stool originate in

the colon

Hemoptysis

the coughing of bloody sputum from the respiratory tract. Sputum can derive from anywhere within the respiratory tract, and it may contain mucus, cellular debris, pus, caseous material, or microorganisms.

Passive Hyperemia

the engorgement of an organ or tissues with venous blood resulting from inadequate venous drainage. The presence of excess blood in the liver and other abdominal organs is an example associated with heart failure.

A hemorrhage

the escape of blood from the blood vascular system.

Thrombosis

the formation of a blood clot, and the blood clot is referred to as a thrombus.

Necrosis of tissues due to emboli typically results from..

the gradual starvation of the tissues of necessary blood for nutrients and the removal of wastes resulting from cellular respiration.

Eccymosis is often present in..

the hands and arms of the deceased due to the introduction of intravenous drugs and fluids.

Frothy red blood is a sign of purge from..

the lungs

Epitaxis typically originates from..

the nasal septum, when the nasal mucosa overlying a dilated blood vessel is injured.

Diminished Circulation

the presences of blood clots, tumors, and emboli can occlude blood vessels that are necessary for the distribution of embalming fluid throughout the deceased. If death occurred due to diminished blood flow, the distribution of embalming fluid will be inhibited.

If the cause of the purge is not treated..

the purge may reoccur during funeralization.

Epitaxis

the scientific name for blood coming from the nose.

Purge that is dark and has the appearance of coffee grounds is from..

the stomach

Embolism

the sudden obstruction of a vessel by debris.

An infarct occurs when..

the supply of nutrients to the tissues is prevented due to a blockage of the arteries leading to the tissue.

gross hematuria

the urine is pink, red, or brown and may contain small blood clots.

Hematemesis

the vomiting of blood. The bleeding is usually from the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the upper small intestine (duodenum), the stomach or the esophagus.

In head trauma the vessels may be..

torn, and the pressure associated with the introduction of embalming fluids may cause swelling of the delicate tissues that surround the eyes.

In passive hyperemia a blood clot forms in the..

vein, which causes blood to pool in the tissues, potentially leading to moist gangrene.

Stasis of blood

which means that the blood flows too slowly through the vessels, also causes blood clotting as a result of the slow blood flow

What are the two forms of Hyeremia?

1. Active hyperemia 2. Passive hyperemia

There are 8 postmortem conditions that may have implications on the embalming of persons who die due to circulatory disturbances

1. Diminished circulation 2. Edema 3. Abscess 4. Hemorrhage 5. Emaciation 6. Dehydration 7. Rapid Decomposition 8. Discoloration

Edema may result from four primary causes:

1. Increased permeability of capillary walls 2. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure. 3. Inflammatory conditions 4. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances

There are four common causes of blood clots:

1. Injuries to blood vessels 2. A reduced rate of blood flow 3. Alterations in the composition of blood 4. Certain diseases of the blood

Four common causes of hemorrhage include..

1. Trauma 2. Vascular diseases 3. High blood pressure (hypertension) 4. Diseases of the blood

Common causes of petechial hemorrhage include:

Blunt force trauma Allergic reactions to medications. Autoimmune disorders. Liver disorders such as cirrhosis. Infections such as typhus and endocarditis. Deficiencies in vitamins C,K, or B12. Deficiency of platelets in the blood. Blood transfusions Blood thinners. Blood infections. Radiation and chemotherapy for cancer. Violent vomitting or coughing.

Gas

Bubbles may enter the blood during chest injuries, surgery, or a simple inoculation (a shot).

Foreign Bodies

Emboli can be formed of any free-floating object in the blood; therefore, any of these small enough may become an embolus

Melena is usually caused by

Gastrointestinal bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or proximal small intestine in adults

Purge

In the deceased, blood or any blood fluid appearing in the nose, mouth, or ears.

microorganism

Many microorganisms spread throughout the body by multiplying in the blood, which is known as septicemia.

tumor cells

Metastasis is the process in which cancer cells spread throughout the body. It is also possible for these to block blood vessels, preventing the flow of blood

Petechiae are usually found..

On the lower legs but may be distributed all over the body

Fragments of thrombi

One of the most common forms of embolism occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) breaks apart, fragmenting into small pieces of the clot that travel throughout the bloodstream where they may become lodged in smaller vessels and block the flow of blood

Damage to the endothelial lining of the blood vessels

One of the most common reasons for blood to become prone to excessive clotting

The cause of purge

Pressure in the thorax or abdomen due to microbial growth and gas formation.

Edema

Used to be known as dropsy, is a local or generalized condition in which the body tissue contain an excessive amount of tissue fluid.

Hypoxia

a decrease in the level of oxygen within a tissue.

Embolus

a free-floating object in the bloodstream, such as blood clots, cholesterol-contains plaques, bacteria, cancer cells, amniotic fluid, fat from the marrow of broken bones and injected substances like air bubbles.

Excessive blood clotting may cause..

a severe reduction in the flow of blood to an area which is known as ischemia.

Animalparasites

a variety of animal parasites are capable of spreading through the blood and causing emboli. (some parasites require a stage of growth in a blood cell in their lifecycle to mature and replicate.)

Edema in the tissue

accompanied by decreased blood flow, results in a breeding ground for infectious agents.

Microscopic hematuria

amount of blood in the urine is so small that it cannot be seen without a microscope.

Petechia

antemortem pinpoint-size hemorrhages of small capillaries in the skin or mucous membranes.

Petechiae result from

areas of superficial bleeding into the skin, appearing as round, pinpoint-size dots that are not raised.

Melena

black, tarry feces cause by the digestion of blood in the gastrointestinal tract, and is common in the newborn.

One of the most common forms of injury to the circulatory system is..

bleeding, which is known as hemorrhaging.

Thrombi and Emboli can..

block the flow of blood within arterial blood vessels causing ischemia of the tissues distal to the blockage.

Cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

Blood clots in the heart and arterial circulation are typically due to..

damage to the endothelial lining of the vessels or the lining of the chambers of the heart.

Hydrolysis

decomposition of human remains is largely due to this process. which is the chemical reaction of a compound with water, usually resulting in the formation of one or more new compounds.

Ischemia

deficiency of arterial blood flow to an organ or tissue.

Fat

during crushing injuries, fat globules in the tissues may enter damaged blood vessels. This occurrence is particularly common in fractures of bone, where fat globules from the yellow bone marrow are able to enter the blood vessels. If a fat embolus occludes an artery of the heart or brain, it can cause sudden death.

An embolism is caused by an

embolus

A person who is dehydrated is more likely to experience..

excessive clotting because the clotting agents in the blood are closer together and the blood flows more slowly.

An acute MI is commonly referred to as..

heart attack, and it is frequently caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery.

Active Hyperemia

increased arterial blood supply to an organ for physiologic reasons. It occurs during exercise when the blood flow increases to the muscles.

Hypermia

increased flow of blood in an area of the body.

Gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

Although ischemia and hypoxia are often related, they indicate two different pathological conditions..

ischemia, which is too little blood flow, will eventually result in hypoxia, which is too little oxygen, however, hypoxia need not occur only as a result of ischemia.

Exsanguination

massive bleeding from anywhere in the body. Typically the term refers to the loss of blood to the point of death.

Bleeding disorders

may cause internal bleeding resulting in discolorations of the tissues of the deceased.

There are two types of hematuria..

microscopic and gross.

Maroon-colored stools suggest that the blood is coming from the

middle portion of the intestinal tract.

Blood clots in the blood vessels of the heart, primarily the coronary artery may lead to..

myocardial infarction (MI).