Microbiology - Ch 14: An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities

different

Under the same environmental conditions, E. coli and S. aureus will likely show _____ growth rates. the same very similar different

different

Under the same environmental conditions, E. coli and S. aureus will likely show _____ growth rates. very similar the same different

The spectrophotometer measures turbidity of the tube, which is influenced by both living and dead cells.

When studying population growth curves with a spectrophotometer, why is it unlikely that you will see the typical steep decrease of the curve during the death phase?

true

When the lysosome fuses with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome, antimicrobial chemicals are released in the phagolysosome causing the death of the microbe.

Antibody production

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense? Chemical barriers Antibody production Physical barriers Genetic differences

Interferons

________ are small protein molecules produced by certain leukocytes and tissue cells in response to viral infection. Bradykinins Histamines Interferons Prostaglandins

Chemotaxis

________ is the migration of WBCs to the site of infection or trauma in response to chemical messages. Opsonization Phagocytosis Diapedesis Chemotaxis Edema

Desquamation

________ is the shedding of the outermost layer of epithelial cells. Matriculation Rejuvenation Desquamation Precipitation Neutralization

Defensins

_________ are antimicrobial peptides produced by various tissues that damage cell membranes of bacteria and fungi. Lysozymes Sebaceous secretions Defensins Digestive enzymes

pour

One advantage of the ________ plate method is that it does not require a great deal of technical skill.

pus edema - refers to the actual accumulation of fluid (swelling), not the fluid itself. pus - includes the fluid plus leukocytes, microbes, and decayed tissue. plasma - leaks into the tissues at the site of inflammation and forms what is then called exudate. exudate - protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation.

Opaque matter formed during inflammation that consists of serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms is called ______. edema pus plasma exudate

true

It is likely that the boy's earlier bouts of pneumonia were due to complications stemming from CGD.

Prostaglandins

Joan's inflamed and painful joints are likely due to which of the following chemicals? Platelet-activating factor Gamma interferon Histamine Interleukin-5 Prostaglandins

pain

Joe cut his finger on a sharp twig and now is experiencing dolor. This means redness. warmth. loss of function. swelling. pain.

redness

Maria was scratched on her arm by her cat and the site is experiencing rubor. This means loss of function. pain. redness. swelling. warmth.

innate - present at birth adaptive - acquired over time

Match each type of host defense with the correct statement about the defense.

growing, dividing, replicating, or multiplying

Measuring absorbance numbers using a spectrophotometer can allow one to determine if cells are

tears

Microbes and other unwanted materials are flushed from the surface of the eyes by the flow of _____

sweat

Microbes can be removed from skin by the flushing effect of _____.

Blank 1: phagosome Blank 2: lysosome

A phagolysosome is the product of the fusion of a(n) _____ with a(n) _____.

C-reactive protein.

A protein produced by the liver that stimulates phagocytosis and promotes the complement system during the inflammatory response is called the toll-like receptor. C3 protein. antibody protein. C-reactive protein.

isolated

A successful streak plate provides _____ colonies on the top of the agar which may be used for further study.

cytokine

A(n) _____ is a chemical substance produced by blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

Tumor - the Latin term for swelling; edema would be more commonly used in the clinical setting. Edema Calor - the Latin term for heat. Inflammation - edema is one of the classic signs of inflammation, along with redness, heat, pain and loss of function. Rubor - the Latin term for redness.

Accumulation of exudate that gives rise to local swelling and hardness is known as ________. Tumor - correct answer Edema - correct answer Calor Inflammation Rubor

Blank 1: minutes or mins Blank 2: hours

Acute inflammatory responses last from a few _____ to _____.

Blank 1: neutrophil Blank 2: extracellular

After completing phagocytosis and killing of engulfed microbes, neutrophils use a system called _____-_____ traps (NETS) to capture additional pathogens.

absorbance or absorption

After using an uninoculated nutrient broth to blank the spectrophotometer, the blank must be removed and a cuvette with bacterial culture added. The cover is closed, and the _______ or optical density is read.

Blank 1: vomiting Blank 2: defecation

Microorganisms or noxious substances can be evacuated from the body by _____ or _____.

gene

All interferons bind to surface receptors on target cells and induce changes in _____ expression.

mucous or mucocutaneous

Moist _____ membranes line the eye and the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts.

growth

Most bacteria have different _____ rates. Some bacteria replicate every 20 minutes and other bacteria take much longer to replicate.

increased antibody production.

All of the following are the results of complement activation, except increased antibody production. enhanced inflammation. opsonization which enhances phagocytosis. lysis of bacterial cells.

gene

All three interferons bind to cell surface receptors and induce a change in _____ expression in the target cell, resulting in the production of antiviral proteins.

true

Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion are both reactive oxygen intermediates.

isolation

In order to study a single microorganism from a sample that contains more than one species, an _____ procedure is first needed. extraction identification enrichment isolation

exocytosis.

In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by complement. endocytosis. opsonization. exocytosis.

Blank 1: respiratory or oxidative Blank 2: reactive

In the phagolysosome, the _____ burst produces products of oxygen metabolism called _____ oxygen intermediates that damage or kill ingested microbes.

cilia

In the respiratory tract, _____ on the epithelium convey trapped foreign particles entrapped in mucus towards the pharynx for removal.

phagocytes

In this case, the granulomas found in the boy were caused by an accumulation of __________. B cells platelets phagocytes T-cells

Blank 1: physical or anatomical Blank 2: chemical Blank 3: genetic

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include _____, _____, and _____ barriers.

true

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include physical, chemical, and genetic barriers that impede the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent.

false

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

long-term prophylactic antimicrobials and gamma interferon

Treatment for CGD is __________. gene therapy a vaccine long-term prophylactic antimicrobials and gamma interferon a 10-day course of antibiotics and antifungal medications

coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes.

Opsonization is the way that complement proteins kill pathogens directly. recruit inflammatory cells and trigger cytokine release. coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes.

defensins

Peptides produced by cells and tissues that damage cell membranes and lyse bacteria and fungi are _____.

enzymes released by lysosomes.

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT enzymes released by lysosomes. phospholipids released by injured cells. chemical products of microorganisms. components of the complement system.

true

Phagocytes engulf and digest antigens such as microbes, dust and dead cells.

aerobic organisms

Phagocytes of a patient with CGD lack the ability to kill __________. anaerobic organisms aerobic organisms viruses All of these choices are correct.

Innate; adaptive

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. __________ defenses are present at birth and provide mostly nonspecific resistance to infection, whereas __________ defenses are specific defenses that must be acquired.

Destruction of microbes

There is an inherited disorder that decreases the ability of neutrophils to produce a respiratory burst. What aspect of phagocytosis will be affected by this defect? Chemotaxis Destruction of microbes Attachment Ingestion Phagolysosome formation

skin

Human _____ is an external, confluent protective barrier.

lysosome

A __________ contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest foreign bacteria. phagosome lysosome ribosome complement factor

true

Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

false

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

phagocytic white blood cells.

Components of the first line of defense include all the following, except phagocytic white blood cells. flushing action of tears and blinking. nasal hairs. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin. flushing action of urine.

first

Coughing and sneezing are ________ line defenses that expel air from the respiratory tract.

respiratory

Coughing and sneezing are first line defenses that expel air and contaminants from the _____ tract.

migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Diapedesis is the loss of blood due to hemorrhaging. production of only red blood cells. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Blank 1: exudate Blank 2: edema

During inflammation, a protein-rich fluid called _____ moves from the venules into the extracellular space, resulting in a swelling of tissue called _____.

one

During the steps of the streak plate method, the bacterial stock culture is only added to the plate _____ time. three two one

Phagocytosis

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication? Interferon production Inflammation Lysozyme production Phagocytosis Complement production

iron

Fever impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of _____. sodium water glucose iron

cancer infection allergy

Fever is an increase in body temperature that is associated with: cancer infection blood loss allergy

level two, innate

Fever would be considered what line of defense? level one, innate level two, innate level three, acquired level three, innate

synthesis and secretion of lysozyme

First line defenses provided by resident biota include all of the following EXCEPT: blocking access by pathogens synthesis and secretion of lysozyme secreting antimicrobial agents competition for nutrients and other resources

synthesis and secretion of lysozyme

First line defenses provided by resident biota include all of the following EXCEPT: synthesis and secretion of lysozyme secreting antimicrobial agents competition for nutrients and other resources blocking access by pathogens

Chronic

_____ inflammation can last anywhere from a few days to years as opposed to acute inflammation that lasts for minutes to hours.

Inflammation

_____ is a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that restores homeostasis.

Vasodilation

_____ is a term for the widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area.

edema or tumor

_____ is the medical term for swelling.

Skin

_____ is/are an external, confluent protective barrier. Phagocytosis Inflammation Lymph Antibodies Skin

false

1. Lupus patients will often have significant damage to their spleen resulting in a higher risk for developing infections.

pyrogen

A _____ is a circulating chemical substance that resets the control center in the hypothalamus to a higher body temperature setting.

When a patient has a high or prolonged fever. In cases of prolonged fevers in children. For patients with cardiovascular disease.

Allowing a low to moderate grade fever to continue is medically warranted in some cases due to several specific benefits to the patient. Under what circumstances would it be necessary to treat a patient with fever suppressant drugs like Tylenol to lower the fever? In the case of a healthy adult lacking any underlying chronic conditions. Situations that may keep a child out of school for more than a few days. When a patient has a high or prolonged fever. In cases of prolonged fevers in children. For patients with cardiovascular disease.

Blank 1: C Blank 2: reactive

An early indication of inflammation is elevated levels of _____-_____ protein produced by the liver.

neutrophils

An elevated number of white blood cells, in particular the _____, are a sign of bacterial infection.

true

As a physical barrier, the flushing of sweat glands helps remove microbes as a part of the first line of defense.

absorbed

As light passes through a culture, the light is _____ by bacterial cells, so the light passing through the culture is decreased proportionally by the number of cells in the culture. transmitted transmitted refracted absorbed

False

As the number of bacterial cells increases, the optical density of the culture decreases in a direct linear manner.

cuvettes

Bacterial cultures need to be placed into _____ for use in the spectrophotometer. cuvettes Petri plates test tubes flasks

- inhibiting the replication of temperature sensitive microbes. - reducing the availability of iron. - increasing the speed of phagocytosis.

Benefits of fever include inhibiting the replication of temperature sensitive microbes.inhibiting the replication of temperature sensitive microbes. reducing the availability of iron.reducing the availability of iron. increasing the speed of phagocytosis.increasing the speed of phagocytosis. promoting the production of antimicrobial peptides.

true

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

species

Certain pathogens have specificity for only one _________ of organisms. family genus species phylum class

attract WBCs to the site of inflammation.

Chemotactic factors are cytokines that attract WBCs to the site of inflammation. stimulate antibody production. increase blood flow into an area of inflammation. stimulate the formation of membrane attack complexes.

5, 3, 1, 4, 2

Choose the correct sequence of the events in phagocytosis: 1: Phagolysosome formation 2: Elimination 3: Ingestion 4: Destruction 5: Chemotaxis 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 2, 4, 3, 5, 1 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

redness swelling warmth pain

Choose the four signs/symptoms of inflammation. redness swelling warmth pain lack of blood flow cold, clammy

Respiratory

Ciliated epithelium and nasal hair are first-line defense adaptations that guard which body tract? Urinary Reproductive Digestive Respiratory

pyrogens

Circulating substances that can trigger fever are called ________. antigens immunogens haptens pyrogens

true

Genetic differences among species, and within a species, can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.

1 Initiation 2. Amplification 3. Polymerization 4. Membrane attack

Give the correct order for the stages of complement activation.

vasoactive mediators.

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all mediators that increase chemotaxis. mediators of T-cell activity. vasoactive mediators. fever inducers. mediators of B-cell activity.

Bind to surface receptors and induce changes in genetic expression

How do interferons activate white blood cells? Bind to surface receptors and induce changes in genetic expression Cross cell membranes to block the replication of viruses

Antibodies are produced that attack spleen cells, severely degrading the organ to the point of uselessness.

How does someone with lupus end up with significant damage to the spleen? Cytotoxic T cells attack the spleen cells by mistake. Increased frequency of infections leads to the degradation of the spleen over time. Physical trauma that leads to removal of the spleen by surgery. Antibodies are produced that attack spleen cells, severely degrading the organ to the point of uselessness.

It serves as an impervious barrier due to layers of keratin infused cells.

How does the skin function to protect the body from microbes? It serves as an impenetrable barrier most places except on the soles of the feet where the skin is particularly thin. It secretes lysozyme which has antibacterial properties. Sweat serves to help flush microbes away. It serves as an impervious barrier due to layers of keratin infused cells.

The immune system provides an overlapping network of host defenses.

How is it that we are not in a state of continuous infection from the microbes we encounter every day? The immune system modifies genes of bacteria to prevent them from causing an infection. Access to lifesaving antibiotics prevent most people from developing infections. The immune system provides an overlapping network of host defenses. We encounter an insignificant, very small number of microbes every day.

one

How many different types (species) of organisms are there in a pure culture? Hundreds Two Three One

one

How many different types (species) of organisms are there in a single colony? Hundreds Three Two One

bacterial infections difficult to control

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the inability of neutrophils to recognize C3b-bound pathogens. What is the most likely symptom of this disease? autoimmunity increase in pus production bacterial infections difficult to control decrease in white cell count

1) chemotaxis 2) engulfment/ingestion 3) phagolysosome formation 4) killing of bacterial cells 5) release of cellular debris

List the correct order of events in phagocytosis.

1. Transfer one loopful of bacterial culture into tube 1 of nutrient agar, and then transfer one loopful of tube 1 into tube 2 of nurtrient agar. 2. Transfer one loopful of tube 2 into tube 3 of nutrient agar 3. Pour tube 1 into plate 1, then pour tube 2 into plate 2, and finally, pour tube 3 into plate 3 4. Allow the media to solidify and then incubate the plate in an inverted position.

List the steps of the pour plate method in order from start to finish.

second line

Neutrophils are part of which line of immune defense? first line second line fourth line third line

Pneumococcal pneumonia is a serious, hard to treat lung infection and anyone immunocompromised has a much higher risk of death.

Normally Pneumovax is only used on elderly patients. Why is it given to people who lack a spleen or have spleen damage? Pneumococcal pneumonia is a serious, hard to treat lung infection and anyone immunocompromised has a much higher risk of death. Meningitis is a serious illness and can easily lead to death so the Pneumovax vaccine is important for someone without a spleen. Elderly patients lose function of their spleen so they need the vaccine because the pneumonia is so serious for an elderly patient. The spleen primarily protects lung tissue so anyone without one is prone to lung infections.

1. most specific; activated by antibody bound to microorganisms - classical pathway 2. nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds a sugar, called mannan, in microbial cell walls - lectin pathway 3. begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microbes - alternative pathway

Please match the complement pathways with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the complement system, its origins, and basic functions.

1. includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry - first line of defense 2. acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes - third line of defense 3. internalized system of protective cells and chemicals, which includes inflammation and phagocytosis - second line of defense

Please match the three lines of defense with the statements that most accurately describe them.

1. product of lymphocytes and macrophages - interferon alpha 2. product of fibroblasts and epithelial cells - interferon beta 3. product of T cells - interferon gamma

Please match the type of interferon with the statement that most accurately describes it.

1. products of infectious agents - exogenous pyrogens 2. liberated by white blood cells during phagocytosis -endogenous pyrogens

Please match the type of pyrogen with the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of the mechanism behind fever.

1. chemotaxis 2. adhesion of pathogen 3. ingestion 4. phagolysosome formation 5. destruction 6. elimination of debris

Please order the following choices to reflect the events of phagocytosis, from the first to the last, to test your understanding of the major stages of phagocytosis and describe what is happening at each stage.

1. Chemical mediators are released by tissue cells in response to injury or infection 2. Vasodilation of the blood vessels to increase blood flow 3. Permeability of the capillaries increases, allowing plasma and WBCs to exit the blood vessels into the inflamed tissue 4. WBCs migrate through the tissue spaces towards the actual site of injury or infection 5. Neutrophils clean up the area by phagocytosis of microbes and dead cells; accumulation can contribute to pus 6. Regeneration of the tissue or formation of scar tissue completes the repair process

Please order the following choices to reflect the stages of the inflammatory response, from the first to the last.

1. Chemotaxis by phagocyte 2. Adhesion of bacteria 3. Engulfment into phagocytic vacuole 4. Phagosome 5. Phagolysosome formation 6. Killing and destruction of bacterial cells 7. Release of residual debris

Please place the steps in the correct order to assess your understanding of the phases in the process of phagocytosis.

neutrophils monocytes macrophages

Please select all the cells that serve as phagocytes to test your understanding of phagocytosis and identify which cells serve this function. natural killer cells neutrophils monocytes macrophages

extracellular traps

Products from a lysed neutrophil that capture and immobilize microbes to keep them from spreading make up the neutrophil ______. histamine secretions extracellular traps antibody network lysis network

exudate Plasma leaks into the tissues at the site of inflammation and forms what is then called exudate. Edema refers to the actual accumulation of fluid (swelling), not the fluid itself. Pus includes the fluid plus leukocytes, microbes, and decayed tissue.

Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called ______. exudate plasma edema pus

stimulates the activities of T cells and increase the effectiveness of interferon inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms stimulates immune response and naturally protective physiological processes (hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions)

Review the beneficial effects of fever against infection choosing all correct statements below. decreases drug resistance impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of oxygen inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms stimulates immune response and naturally protective physiological processes (hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions) decreases body metabolism

sebaceous

Secretions from _____ glands in the skin can have an antimicrobial effect.

isolation

Separating a complex culture of bacteria into distinct colonies on solid media is achieved using a(n) _____ technique. isolation aseptic

keratin

Skin is protected by the insoluble protein _____

Blank 1: liquid or liquified Blank 2: solidified or solid

Solid agar liquefies at 100 ℃. When cooled to 50 ℃, agar is in the _____ state and can be inoculated with a bacterial culture. When it reaches room temperature, it is in the _____ state, allowing for the formation of visible colonies during incubation.

species

Some pathogens are capable of infecting only one host _____ such as humans or cats.

true

Streptococci and Gonococci are both termed pyogenic bacteria.

Blank 1: nasal Blank 2: hair Blank 3: ciliated

Structures that comprise some of the first line defenses in the respiratory tract are _____, _____ and _____ epithelium.

chemical mediators cytokines

Substances known as ________ are released by cells in an injured area that act on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. chemical mediators chemokines chemotactic factors cytokines

true

Tachypnea is a term for rapid breathing.

skin

The _____ provides an impervious and waterproof barrier to microbes.

complement

The _____ system of blood proteins enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

genetic defect

The cause of CGD in this patient was due to a __________. drug resistance genetic defect fungal infection bacterial infection

lysozyme

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is bile. lactic acid. hydrochloric acid. lysozyme. histamine.

accumulation of dead immune cells.

The chronic inflammation seen in CGD patients is due to accumulation of dead fungal cells. production of toxins by the pathogenic bacteria. accumulation of dead immune cells. overproduction of phagocytes in the patient.

macrophages

The clearance of pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and damaged tissue after inflammation is performed by natural killer cells. lymphocytes. eosinophils. macrophages basophils.

30

The complement system is composed of at least ________ proteins. 37 30 12 18 15

humoral immunity.

The contribution of B-cells is mainly in humoral immunity. cell-mediated immunity. complement activity. inflammation. phagocytosis.

C3

The end result of the amplification segment of the complement system is the protein ______, a key factor in polymerization of the remaining complement factors in the membrane of the target cell. C1 C4 C2 C3

body temperature

The fever response is defined as an abnormally elevated _____ _____.

mucus or fluids

The flow of _____ carries microbes away from the respiratory tract.

chills

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following, except swelling. warmth. pain. chills. redness.

digest the ingested particles or cell

The function of the phagolysosome is to ______. recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns attract additional phagocytes store inactive digestive enzymes inside of the phagocyte digest the ingested particles or cell

Blank 1: innate, nonspecific, or natural Blank 2: adaptive, specific, or acquired

The host defenses include _____ immunity which is present at birth, and _____ immunity which is acquired over time and specific in its action.

second

The host inflammatory response is a component of the ________ line of defense.

neutrophils and macrophages.

The key phagocytic cells of the body are the basophils and neutrophils. neutrophils and macrophages. natural killer cells. macrophages and lymphocytes. eosinophils and macrophages.

the assembly of a ring-shaped protein that forms holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves leaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b. initiation of the cascade. the assembly of a ring-shaped protein that forms holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes. C1q binds to surface receptors on a membrane.

fungus

The organism infecting the boy was a __________. fungus bacterium virus protozoan

false

The other arms of the human immune system are able to make up the defect in phagocytic activity in CGD patients.

melted nutrient agar

The pour plate method involves diluting one loopful of bacterial culture into a series of test tubes containing melted nutrient agar. nutrient broth. sterile water.

opsonization

The process by which complement proteins coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes is called _____.

chemotaxis

The process of _____ refers to the migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area.

diapedesis

The process of _____ refers to the transmigration of white blood cells out of capillaries into deeper tissues.

C3

The protein activated by the amplification of the complement system that goes on to facilitate polymerization of the remaining complement factors in the membrane of the target cell is called _____.

isolated

The purpose of the streak plate method is to obtain _____ bacterial colonies on the plate.

Stationary phase

The rate of cell division and cell death is relatively balanced during which phase of the growth curve? Death phase Lag phase Log phase Stationary phase

Blocking access of pathogens Competing for nutrients

The resident biota can act as a first line defense by: Forming an anatomical barrier Blocking access of pathogens Secreting lysozyme and lactoferrin Competing for nutrients

sweat

The secretion that helps remove microbes from the skin surface is ______. lysozyme defensin sweat mucus

desquamation or desquamated

The shedding of epithelial cells in the epidermis is referred to as _____

subsurface

The small rectangular-shaped colonies that grow after pour plating are _____ colonies. surface cocci rod subsurface contaminating

diapedesis

The transmigration of white blood cells across capillary walls into deeper tissues is called ________. chemotaxis differentiation diapedesis margination phagocytosis

urine

The urogenital tract receives partial protection from microbes through the flushing action of _____ flow through the urethra.

When determining the purity of food or water When determining the quality of milk When determining if a patient has a bladder infection

Under what circumstances is it relevant to establish the number of bacterial cells in a sample? When determining the purity of food or water When determining the quality of milk When determining if a patient has a bladder infection When determining the type of bacteria present

high level of CRP

What is an indication of widespread inflammation? rapid breathing liver damage high level of CRP increased levels of methotrexate

It Increases blood flow to the injured area

What is the purpose of vasodilation? It Increases blood flow to the injured area It decrease blood flow to the injured area

intracellular destruction

What stage of phagocytosis is inhibited in patients with CGD? intracellular destruction lysosome fusion ingestion of foreign microbe PAMP recognition

Aseptic technique

What technique is used to prevent contamination of cultures in the laboratory? Antiseptic technique Aseptic technique Incubation technique Isolation technique

Colony

What term is used to describe a group of bacteria growing on an agar plate or slant that is derived from a single cell? Culture Cluster Cell Colony

Langerhans

When macrophages migrate to the skin and remain there, they are called _____ cells. dendritic alveolar Langerhans GALT Kupffer

Sebum, saliva, and tears

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect? Sebum and saliva Saliva Tears and saliva Sebum, saliva, and tears Tears Sebum Sebum and tears

Cilia Fimbriae are bacterial appendages. Flagella are not present in the respiratory tract. Nasal hairs protect against the largest particles entering the nasal cavity by trapping them. The epiglottis prevents food and water from entering the lungs.

Which adaptation guards the respiratory tract by propelling particles upward and outward? Fimbriae Cilia Flagella Nasal hair Epiglottis

It increases the effectiveness of interferon. It increases metabolism. It can inhibit multiplication of some microbes.

Which are true of fever? It increases the effectiveness of interferon. It increases metabolism. It inhibits phagocytosis. It can inhibit multiplication of some microbes.

Skin

Which body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal flora? Eyes Respiratory tract Skin Digestive tract Urinary tract

Neutrophils Erythrocytes - white rather than red blood cells are elevated during microbial infections. Lymphocytes - tend to be elevated in viral infections while neutrophils spike in bacterial infections.

Which cells are elevated in bacterial infections? Neutrophils - correct answer Erythrocytes Lymphocytes

Neutrophils Monocytes - neutrophils respond first followed by macrophages, which are differentiated monocytes. Basophils and Lymphocytes are not phagocytic.

Which cells are the first phagocytes to act in inflammation? Monocytes Basophils Lymphocytes Neutrophils

both neutrophils and macrophages

Which cells of the human immune system are regarded as "professional phagocytes"? both neutrophils and macrophages macrophages lymphocytes neutrophils All of these choices are correct.

receptors for binding white blood cells

Which component of the endothelial cells lining the venules assists with the process of diapedesis? cytoskeleton allowing shape changes receptors for binding white blood cells plasma membrane for engulfing invaders

skin

Which is NOT lined by moist mucous membranes? Intestine Skin Eye Throat

Keratin Histamine is an inflammatory mediator released by mast cells and basophils. Lysozyme is a chemical in tears and saliva that destroys peptidoglycan. Sebum is lipid, not a protein, secreted by sebaceous glands of skin. Interferon is a glycoprotein that is released internally by leukocytes, fibroblasts, and other cells.

Which is an insoluble protein that protects skin? Histamine Lysozyme Keratin Sebum Interferon

Microbes, dust, and dead cells (Phagocytes engulf anything that is recognized as non-self.)

Which is engulfed by phagocytes? Microbes, dust, and dead cells Dust Microbes and dead cells Microbes Dead cells

Complement proteins only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen.

Which is incorrect about complement? Activation of complement can involve a classical pathway. Activation of complement can involve an alternate pathway. Complement is composed of at least 26 blood proteins. Complement proteins only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen. The complement system acts in a cascade reaction.

Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

Which is incorrect about inflammation? Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction. Basophils and mast cells release histamine. It can last hours to years. Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.

Streak plate

Which is not a method used to determine the number of bacteria present in a sample? Standard plate count Most probable number Streak plate Microscopic counts

Smooth agar surface with colonies on the surface and within the agar.

Which of the following accurately describes a successful pour plate? Smooth agar surface with colonies on the surface and within the agar. Lumpy agar surface with colonies on the surface and within the agar. Lumpy agar surface with subsurface colonies only. Smooth agar surface with colonies only on the surface.

Histamine Penicillin Tumor necrosis factor Acetaminophen and aspirin lower fevers.

Which of the following are NOT fever-reducing drugs? Histamine Penicillin Tumor necrosis factor Aspirin Acetaminophen

respiratory burst hydrolytic enzymes cationic proteins nitric oxide

Which of the following are phagocytic digestion mechanisms? respiratory burst hydrolytic enzymes cationic proteins grinding and crushing nitric oxide

Monocytes Neutrophils Macrophages Dendritic cells

Which of the following cell types are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system? Mast cells Monocytes Lymphocytes Neutrophils Macrophages Dendritic cells Basophils

Lymphocytes

Which of the following cell types is NOT a one of the major phagocytic cells of the immune system? Lymphocytes Macrophages Monocytes Dendritic cells Neutrophils

interleukin-2

Which of the following cytokines is the primary growth factor from T cells? interleukin-10 interleukin-5 interleukin-1 interleukin-2 interleukin-4

Chemotactic

_____ factors (chemokines) are cytokines that stimulate the movement of white blood cells.

Skin Antibody production is a component of the third line of defense. Complement is a component of the second line of defense. Phagocytosis is a component of the second line of defense. The inflammatory response is a component of the second line of defense.

Which of the following is a first line of defense? Antibodies Complement Phagocytosis Inflammation Skin

Elongation

Which of the following is not a stage of complement activation. Cascade Polymerization Elongation Amplification Membrane attack Initiation

heart

Which of the following is not considered a lymphoid organ or tissue? bone marrow heart lymph node thymus spleen

IFN

Which of the following nonspecific mediators inhibits virus replication and cellular division while increasing some lymphocyte action? IFN Chemokines IL-1 IL-6 TNF

Cannot enumerate bacteria after incubation Requires practice to master the skill of inoculating the plate

Which of the following represents a disadvantage of the streak plate method? Produces isolated colonies which may be used for further study Results in isolated colonies on the top of the agar Cannot enumerate bacteria after incubation Requires practice to master the skill of inoculating the plate

Pour plate method

Which of the following results in isolated colonies within the agar and on top of the agar? Pour plate method Streak plate method Spread plate method

Streak Plate Technique

Which of the following techniques results in isolated colonies found only in some areas on the agar surface? Pour Plate Technique Spread Plate Technique Streak Plate Technique

endogenous pyrogen endotoxin tumor necrosis factor

Which of the following will induce a fever? endogenous pyrogen edema pyogens endotoxin tumor necrosis factor

Repeated bacterial infections

Which of the following would be a likely outcome if an individual had neutrophils that were incapable of diapedesis? Reduced numbers of circulating neutrophils Numerous allergies Repeated bacterial infections Poor blood clotting Inadequate production of antibodies

macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils and damaged tissue.

Which of the following would be considered a late reaction of inflammation? chemical mediators and cytokines are released. capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema. brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation. exudate and pus can accumulate. macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils and damaged tissue.

vomiting defecation

Which processes remove noxious substances or microorganisms from the body? secretion of stomach acid saliva secretion vomiting defecation

Actively motile Readily change shape

Which properties of white blood cells assist with the process of diapedesis? Actively motile Produce antibodies Readily change shape Display processed antigen on their surfaces

Nutrient agar pours

Which type of media is used in the pour plate method? Nutrient broths Nutrient agar slants Nutrient agar pours

It can be inoculated in a liquid form at temperatures that are not harmful to most bacterial life. It solidifies at room temperature so that colonies can form on the solid medium.

Why is agar used in the medium when conducting the pour plate technique? It can be inoculated in a liquid form at temperatures that are not harmful to most bacterial life. It provides nutritional requirements to encourage the growth of bacterial colonies. It only supports the growth of a certain number of colonies, allowing for isolation of bacterial colonies. It solidifies at room temperature so that colonies can form on the solid medium.

It is an organ integral to the function of white blood cells that screen the blood for infections.

Why is the loss of a spleen such a medical problem? The spleen is the site of most red blood cell production. It is an organ integral to the function of white blood cells that screen the blood for infections. It is the primary organs that filters lymph in the lymphatic system. It is the site of T cell maturation so damage reduces the ability to produce T cells.

Neutrophils

_____ are the first phagocytes to react early in the inflammatory response.