Microbiology - Ch 15: Antimicrobial Drugs

What is a peptide? A. A short chain of amino acids B. A very long chain of sugars C. A short chain of sugars D. A short chain of nucleotides E. A very long chain of amino acids

A. A short chain of amino acids

The antifungal drug flucytosine inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis in fungi but doesn't affect animal cells. How does this selective toxicity work? A. animal cells are eukaryotes and are thus, very different from prokaryotic fungal cells B. flucytosine binds to the fungal RNA polymerase, but not the animal RNA polymerase, because of structural differences C. uracil is a nucleotide that is not used in animal cells D. flucytosine is converted from a harmless molecule into an active drug inside fungal cells, but not animal cells E. cytosine is a nucleotide that is not used in animal cells

B. flucytosine binds to the fungal RNA polymerase, but not the animal RNA polymerase, because of structural differences

2. Which drug makes worms more susceptible to the actions of a patient's own immune system? A. mebendazole B. praziquantel C. niclosamide D. ivermectin E. chloroquine

B. praziquantel

Which part of the penicillin molecule is essential for penicillin's activity? A. the side chains B. the beta-lactam ring C. Every part of the molecule is essential. D. clavulanic acid E. the ring next to the beta-lactam ring

B. the beta-lactam ring

3. Which method would you use to see if an antibiotic was bactericidal or bacteriostatic? Synergy test Broth dilution test Disk-diffusion test Concentration test E test

Broth dilution test

Which of the following is NOT a class of antiretroviral drugs? Protease inhibitors Cell wall synthesis inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Entry/fusion inhibitors

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Which of the following molecules is a lipopeptide antibiotic used to treat multidrug-resistant MRSA infections? A. Polymyxin B B. Daptomycin C. Dermcidin D. Alpha defensin E. Magainin

B. Daptomycin

Which aspect of HIV makes it especially important to treat this virus with combinations of drugs? A. HIV has many strategies to infect cells B. HIV has a high mutation rate when it replicates C. It's important to use combinations of drugs, but not because of HIV itself. The reason is that the drug molecules must work together in order to be effective. D. HIV causes AIDS, which is a disease that devastates the human immune system in many ways E. HIV can be treated very well with single drugs, and combination therapy is not necessary.

B. HIV has a high mutation rate when it replicates

Why is trimethoprim selectively toxic? A. It inhibits an enzyme that is only present in bacteria. B. Its target enzyme is found in both humans and bacteria, but the drug binds much more effectively to the bacterial enzyme. C. Trimethoprim is not selectively toxic, so it must be used very carefully. D. It can't get into human cells. E. It can't get into bacterial cells.

B. Its target enzyme is found in both humans and bacteria, but the drug binds much more effectively to the bacterial enzyme.

How do sulfa drugs inhibit the first enzyme in the bacterial folic acid pathway? A. They degrade the enzyme's substrate. B. They compete with the enzyme's substrate based on structural similarity. C. They proteolytically degrade the enzyme. D. They bind to the enzyme and change its conformation. E. They cause the enzyme to be transported out of the bacterial cell.

B. They compete with the enzyme's substrate based on structural similarity.

Which organism produces penicillin? A. a bacterium called Penicillium B. a mold called Penicillium C. a bacterium called Penibacterium D. penicillin is not produced by an organism E. a mold called Penibacterium

B. a mold called Penicillium

Which type of antibiotic would definitely work against the Staphylococcus bacteria in the cut on your leg? A. broad-spectrum penicillin B. can't know for sure without testing the specific bacteria C. methicillin (has a beta-lactam ring that is resistant to beta-lactamases) D. penicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitor E. penicillin

B. can't know for sure without testing the specific bacteria

Which of these antibiotics prevents tRNAs from attaching to the A site of the ribosome? A. a streptogramin B. an oxazolidinone C. chloramphenicol D. tetracycline E. erythromycin (a macrolide) F. streptomycin (an aminoglycoside)

D. tetracycline

Because it directly kills bacteria, penicillin is . A. bacteriostatic. B. a broad-spectrum antibiotic C. bactericidal and bacteriostatic. D. an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis E. bactericidal.

E. bactericidal.

What class of antibiotic does penicillin belong to? A. quinolones B. sulfa drugs C. mycobacteria-specific antibiotics D. inhibitors of protein synthesis E. inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

E. inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

How do penicillin-treated bacteria die? A. they stop growing because they can't make proteins B. their nucleus dissolves C. they shrivel up D. their DNA breaks into tiny pieces E. they lyse because of osmotic pressure

E. they lyse because of osmotic pressure

4. Which antibiotic resistance strategy is analogous to security personnel expelling rowdy party-goers back outside? Enzymes that destroy antibiotics Efflux pumps Alternative metabolic pathways Changing the antibiotic's target molecule Restricting access into the cell

Efflux pumps

Which of these antifungal drugs inhibits microtubules? ketoconazole the echinocandins flucytosine griseofulvin amphotericin B

griseofulvin

Which of these molecules is present in fungal cell membranes but not in animal cell membranes? flucytosine fluconazole cholesterol ergosterol beta-glucan

ergosterol

What is a nucleoside analog? A nucleotide without phosphate groups A nucleotide with one or more phosphate groups added to it A fake nucleoside that stops DNA synthesis A drug that non-competitively inhibits reverse transcriptase

A fake nucleoside that stops DNA synthesis

What is broad-spectrum penicillin? A combination of penicillin, plus a second broad-spectrum antibiotic. A modified penicillin molecule that is resistant to beta-lactamases. A modified penicillin molecule that has a single beta-lactam ring. A modified penicillin molecule that can enter the porins of some Gram-negative bacteria.

A modified penicillin molecule that can enter the porins of some Gram-negative bacteria.

What is an NNRTI? A nuclear reverse transcriptase inhibitor A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor A nucleoside/nucleotide analog A nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor A nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Bacteria become resistant to rifamycin antibiotics by: A. Acquiring mutations that change the structure of RNA polymerase B. Using an alternative pathway for nucleic acid synthesis C. The bacteria cannot become resistant to rifamycins D. Secreting enzymes that degrade rifamycins E. Acquiring mutations that change the structure of topoisomerase IV

A. Acquiring mutations that change the structure of RNA polymerase

How do eukaryotic and bacterial ribosomes differ? A. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes and bacteria have 70S ribosomes, and the structures have significant differences. B. Eukaryotes have 70S ribosomes and bacteria have 80S ribosomes, and the structures have significant differences. C. Bacteria have 70S ribosomes and eukaryotes do not have ribosomes. D. Both bacteria and eukaryotes have identical 70S ribosomes. E. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes and bacteria have 70S ribosomes, but the structures are basically identical. F. Eukaryotes have 70S ribosomes and bacteria have 80S ribosomes, but the structures are basically identical.

A. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes and bacteria have 70S ribosomes, and the structures have significant differences.

How is the nucleoside analog, acyclovir, effective at treating cold sores and genital herpes? A. It blocks viral reproduction by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. B. It inhibits viruses from getting into host cells. C. It inhibits viruses from getting out of host cells. D. It increases the mutation rate of RNA viruses.

A. It blocks viral reproduction by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis.

Which bacteria keep the environment in the vagina acidic? A. L. acidophilus B. C. difficile C. A. acidophilus D. C. albicans E. L. lactus

A. L. acidophilus

An antibiotic that only works on Gram-negative bacteria is an example of what class of antibiotic? A. Narrow-spectrum B. Cell wall inhibitor C. Broad-spectrum D. Bactericidal E. Bacteriostatic

A. Narrow-spectrum

What does the drug Tamiflu (oseltamivir) actually do? A. Prevents influenza virus from exiting cells. B. Alerts cells to kill influenza virus. C. Prevents influenza virus from entering cells. D. Prevents influenza virus from synthesizing DNA and RNA. E. Dissolves influenza virus envelope.

A. Prevents influenza virus from exiting cells.

Which of the following statements about rifamycins is FALSE? A. Rifamycins cannot penetrate well into body tissues B. Rifamycins inhibit bacterial transcription C. Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics D. DNA gyrase is an enzyme involved in bacterial DNA replication E. Ciprofloxacin is an example of a fluoroquinolone

A. Rifamycins cannot penetrate well into body tissues

Jennifer has a cut in her leg, which has become infected by Staphylococcus bacteria. Which type of antibiotic would definitely work against the Staphylococcus bacteria? A. We cannot know for sure without testing the specific bacteria. B. Penicillin. C. Penicillin, plus a beta-lactamase inhibitor. D. A broad-spectrum penicillin.

A. We cannot know for sure without testing the specific bacteria.

What is the common modern meaning of the word 'antibiotic'? A. a drug that inhibits bacteria B. a drug that inhibits microbes C. a drug that inhibits protein synthesis D. a drug that promotes symbiosis E. 'good' bacteria that we eat

A. a drug that inhibits bacteria

For a minor fungal skin infection, like athlete's foot, which of these drugs would NOT be a good choice? A. amphotericin B, given systemically B. miconazole, given locally C. any of these drugs would be a good choice D. griseofulvin, given systemically E. clotrimazole, given locally

A. amphotericin B, given systemically

A patient comes into the hospital with a severe intestinal infection. She says she is a technician in a biology lab that works with the Gram-negative bacterium Shigella flexneri, which you know causes dysentery. At the moment, your hospital has run out of all antibiotics except protein synthesis inhibitors. Which of these drugs would NOT be a good choice to give your patient? A. an oxazolidinone B. any of these would be a good choice C. none of these would be a good choice D. streptomycin E. tetracycline

A. an oxazolidinone

Because penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria, it is an example of a/an antibiotic. A. narrow-spectrum B. broad-spectrum C. toxic D. synthetic E. ineffective

A. narrow-spectrum

Which of these drugs does NOT interfere with parasites' DNA? A. niclosamide B. all of these drugs inhibit parasites' DNA in some way C. chloroquine D. artemisinin-based combination therapies E. metronidazole

A. niclosamide

What is a zone of inhibition? An area on an agar plate where antibiotics are inhibited An area of the body where an antibiotic can kill bacteria An area of the body where bacteria are present in high numbers An area of the body where bacteria don't grow An area on an agar plate where bacteria don't grow because of an antibiotic

An area on an agar plate where bacteria don't grow because of an antibiotic

What is a superinfection? An infection that takes a very long time to treat An infection that occurs after or on top of another infection An infection caused by friendly bacteria An infection for which there is no treatment A really bad infection

An infection that occurs after or on top of another infection

If a patient came to the hospital with tuberculosis, which of these antibiotics would you prescribe and why? A. A rifamycin because it is bactericidal B. A rifamycin because it penetrates well into cells and tissues C. A quinolone or fluoroquinolone because they are bactericidal D. A quinolone or fluoroquinolone because they are broad-spectrum E. A rifamycin because it is broad-spectrum F. A quinolone or fluoroquinolone because they penetrate well into cells and tissues

B. A rifamycin because it penetrates well into cells and tissues

Why is the cell wall a good target for an antibiotic? A. Animal cells don't have cell walls, so the cell wall is not a good antibiotic target. B. Animal cells don't have cell walls, but nearly all bacteria do, and it is essential for their survival. C. The cell wall is where nucleic acid synthesis occurs, so antibiotics that target the cell wall are doubly toxic. D. The animal cell wall is very different than the bacterial cell wall, and it is essential for their survival. E. The cell wall is not used as an antibiotic target because bacterial and animal cell walls are too similar to each other.

B. Animal cells don't have cell walls, but nearly all bacteria do, and it is essential for their survival.

Which of the following statements about antibiotic resistance is TRUE? A. Bacteria can only develop antibiotic resistance through random mutation. B. Bacteria are evolving antibiotic resistance faster than new antibiotics are being developed. C. Antibiotic resistance and new antibiotics are developing at the same rate so far. D. New antibiotics are being developed faster than bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance. E. Bacteria can only develop antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer.

B. Bacteria are evolving antibiotic resistance faster than new antibiotics are being developed

You take a bacterial culture and spread it on an agar culture plate that contains an antibiotic. After leaving it overnight in an incubator, no colonies grow. Then you swipe a sterile swab around the plate and streak it onto a new plate that has no antibiotics. After leaving that plate overnight in an incubator, colonies grow. What type of antibiotic was in the first plate? A. Narrow-spectrum B. Bacteriostatic C. Bactericidal D. Broad-spectrum E. There is no way to know from this information

B. Bacteriostatic

Why do antibiotics that inhibit the bacterial ribosome sometimes produce mild toxicity in humans? A. Because the human ribosome is too similar to the bacterial ribosome. B. Because the human mitochondrial ribosome is too similar to the bacterial ribosome. C. Because ribosome inhibitors are, by definition, toxic. D. Antibiotics never produce toxicity in humans. E. All antibiotics are slightly toxic to humans.

B. Because the human mitochondrial ribosome is too similar to the bacterial ribosome.

A patient comes to the emergency room with a severely infected wound and symptoms that indicate bacteria are circulating in his blood. What kind of antibiotic should he receive? A. Narrow-spectrum B. Broad-spectrum C. Polymyxin B D. Penicillin E. There's no way to know which antibiotic would be appropriate

B. Broad-spectrum

2. Which of the following is why a doctor would NOT test a microbe's antibiotic susceptibility? Because antibiotic resistance is prevalent nowadays To determine the appropriate dose Because the microbe is unknown Because doctors never know which antibiotic to start with

Because doctors never know which antibiotic to start with

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? By a genetic mutation By transforming into a virus By individuals misusing antibiotics By requiring resistance from another bacterium or by a genetic mutation

By requiring resistance from another bacterium or by a genetic mutation

Antibiotics that poke holes in the plasma membranes of bacteria are: A. Bacteriostatic B. Narrow-spectrum C. Bactericidal D. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors E. Broad-spectrum

C. Bactericidal

Why is echinocandins called ''the penicillin of antifungals''? A. Because they both prevent bacteria from making new DNA and proteins. B. Because many people are allergic to it C. Because they both target the cell walls. D. Because they both inhibit microtubules. E. Because they are both used topically.

C. Because they both target the cell walls.

Probiotics are BEST described as: A. Nutrients that help good bacteria grow B. A healthy body before an infection sets in C. Beneficial bacteria we can consume for our health D. Professional bacteria (pathogens) E. The opposite of antibiotics

C. Beneficial bacteria we can consume for our health

What does it mean if two drugs have 'synergistic' effects? A. They should not be used together because they inhibit each other. B. They should not be used together because they would have toxic effects. C. It's good to use them together because they are more effective in combination. D. It's good to use them together because one drug changes the other drug to make it more effective. E. Synergism has nothing to do with drugs.

C. It's good to use them together because they are more effective in combination.

Which of the following BEST describes how normal flora protect the body? A. They use nutrients that pathogenic microbes might also use B. They take up space on body surfaces that pathogenic microbes might also colonize C. They take up space, use nutrients, and produce chemicals that may harm pathogens D. They produce chemicals that may harm pathogens E. Normal flora are bad for a person's health

C. They take up space, use nutrients, and produce chemicals that may harm pathogens

Which step of gene expression do rifamycins inhibit? A. RNA replication B. Translation of DNA into protein C. Transcription of DNA into RNA D. Translation of RNA into protein E. Transcription of RNA into DNA F. DNA replication

C. Transcription of DNA into RNA

What is a helminth? A. an amoeba B. a single-celled protozoan C. a parasitic worm D. a virus E. it means parasite

C. a parasitic worm

What is the effect of a nucleoside analog? A. alerts other cells that a virus is present B. blocks viral exit C. blocks viral DNA/RNA synthesis D. blocks viral entry E. dissolves viral membrane

C. blocks viral DNA/RNA synthesis

Which one of these antibiotics blocks the tunnel where the polypeptide chain is supposed to come out? A. streptomycin (an aminoglycoside) B. chloramphenicol C. erythromycin (a macrolide) D. an oxazolidinone E. tetracycline F. a streptogramin

C. erythromycin (a macrolide)

Which of the following is NOT a good target for a selectively toxic antimicrobial drug? A. microbial metabolism B. protein synthesis C. histones D. nucleic acid synthesis E. the cell wall F. the plasma membrane

C. histones

A patient comes into a clinic and complains of severe gastrointestinal problems. They tell the doctor that they had been swimming in a public pool recently and gotten water up their nose several times and swallowed it. Which drug might be a good choice for this patient? A. mebendazole B. artemisinin-based combination therapies C. nitazoxanide D. chloroquine E. praziquantel

C. nitazoxanide

Which of these antibiotics causes the genetic code in the mRNA sequence to be misread? A. a streptogramin B. tetracycline C. streptomycin (an aminoglycoside) D. an oxazolidinone E. erythromycin (a macrolide) F. chloramphenicol

C. streptomycin (an aminoglycoside)

5. Which kind of antibiotic must reach very high concentrations to be effective? Time-dependent Concentration-dependent Highly concentrated Antagonistic MIC

Concentration-dependent

2. All of the following depict how antibiotic misuse can increase antibiotic resistance EXCEPT: Taking antibiotics prescribed for others Taking antibiotics for illnesses not caused by bacteria Stopping antibiotic treatment too soon Becoming ill with a bacterial food poisoning from a food source that was given antibiotics Consistently taking antibiotics for a bacterial infection as ordered by the doctor

Consistently taking antibiotics for a bacterial infection as ordered by the doctor

Which of these is NOT a strategy that is known to make bacteria resistant to penicillin? A. express fewer porin channels B. express mutated penicillin-binding proteins C. express mutated porin channels D. secrete beta-lactamase inhibitors E. secrete enzymes that destroy penicillin

D. secrete beta-lactamase inhibitors

If vancomycin and bacitracin both target the same step of peptidoglycan synthesis, why can't bacitracin be used as a drug of last resort against systemic infections with multi-drug resistant pathogens? A. Almost all bacteria are already resistant to bacitracin. B. Bacitracin can be and is used in this way. C. The drugs are too similar: if a drug is resistant to vancomycin, it will be resistant to bacitracin too. D. Bacitracin has toxicity problems when used systemically, so it can only be used topically. E. Vancomycin kills all known bacteria, so it's not necessary to think of an alternative to it.

D. Bacitracin has toxicity problems when used systemically, so it can only be used topically.

Which type of antibiotics are effective against many types of bacteria? A. Narrow-spectrum B. Protein synthesis inhibitor C. Bacteriostatic D. Broad-spectrum E. Bactericidal

D. Broad-spectrum

Which bacterial process(es) do quinolones and fluoroquinolones inhibit? A. The targets of quinolones and fluoroquinolones are not known B. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones do not affect nucleic acid synthesis C. RNA synthesis D. DNA synthesis E. DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis

D. DNA synthesis

Why is it difficult to treat viruses using drugs? A. Not enough money is directed towards new drug development research. B. Taking drugs to treat viruses can be extremely ineffective. C. Taking drugs to treat viruses can result in opportunistic infections. D. It's difficult to find drugs that can inhibit viruses without inhibiting the body's own cells.

D. It's difficult to find drugs that can inhibit viruses without inhibiting the body's own cells.

Why do scientists find antimicrobial peptides particularly interesting for antibiotic development? A. Unlike other antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides can be synthesized by organisms and do not always have to be made in the lab. B. The peptides are very convenient to give to patients. C. Patients make their own antimicrobial peptides, so there is no need for treatment. D. There is very little microbial resistance to them, even though they have been around for a long time through evolution. E. Antimicrobial peptides are incredibly specific for microbial cells, so they cannot harm our own cells.

D. There is very little microbial resistance to them, even though they have been around for a long time through evolution.

What is one way that scientists believe antimicrobial peptides achieve selective toxicity? A. Animal cell plasma membranes have very different structure than bacterial plasma membranes B. Animal cells have cell walls to protect their plasma membranes C. Antimicrobial peptides are attached to antibodies that can specifically recognize bacterial surfaces D. Through positive and negative charge interactions at the cell surface E. Only bacterial cells have plasma membranes

D. Through positive and negative charge interactions at the cell surface

What is a broad-spectrum penicillin? A. a modified penicillin molecule that is resistant to beta-lactamases B. a combination of penicillin plus a beta-lactamase inhibitor C. a combination of penicillin plus a second, broad-spectrum antibiotic D. a modified penicillin molecule that can enter the porins of some Gram-negative bacteria E. a modified penicillin molecule that has a single beta-lactam ring

D. a modified penicillin molecule that can enter the porins of some Gram-negative bacteria

What is neuraminidase? A. a cold enzyme B. an influenza enzyme that allows it to enter cells C. a drug used to treat viruses D. an influenza enzyme that allows a virus to exit host cells E. a drug used to treat influenza

D. an influenza enzyme that allows a virus to exit host cells

You visit the doctor's office for a skin infection that is getting progressively worse. The doctor thinks that you might have acquired an infection caused by Staphylococcus, which are Gram-positive bacteria. During the examination, the doctor determines that in order to effectively fight the Gram-positive bacteria, it is necessary to prescribe you antibiotic pills. Which of these antibiotics would the doctor be most likely to try first? A. vancomycin B. isoniazid C. ethambutol D. cephalosporin E. bacitracin

D. cephalosporin

Antimicrobial peptides tend to be _____ charged, and bacterial surfaces tend to be _____ charged. A. negatively; positively B. positively; positively C. neutral; negatively D. positively; negatively E. neutral; positively

D. positively; negatively

4. Which test uses plastic strips with known concentrations of antibiotics? Broth dilution test E test Disk-diffusion test Synergy test Concentration test

E test

What is a nucleoside analog? A. a drug that non-competitively inhibits reverse transcriptase B. HIV's genetic material C. A nucleotide without phosphate groups D. A nucleotide with one or more phosphate groups added to it E. A fake nucleoside that stops DNA synthesis

E. A fake nucleoside that stops DNA synthesis

Which bacterium causes severe antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD)? A. C. albicans B. L. acidophilus C. C. botulinum D. L. anthracis E. C. difficile

E. C. difficile

Why are sulfa drugs selectively toxic? A. Folic acid kills bacteria B. Sulfa drugs are not selectively toxic, so they must be used very carefully. C. Human cells don't need folic acid D. Bacterial cells don't need folic acid E. Humans obtain folic acid from their food and don't have to synthesize it

E. Humans obtain folic acid from their food and don't have to synthesize it

Which of the following is TRUE of integrase? A. Integrase is the enzyme that copies HIV's DNA into new RNA copies B. Integrase inhibitors stop HIV protein chains from being cut apart into their mature forms C. Integrase incorporates HIV's RNA-based genetic material into the host cell genome D. Integrase inhibitors cut HIV DNA out of the host cell genome E. Integrase incorporates HIV's DNA-based genetic material into the host cell genome

E. Integrase incorporates HIV's DNA-based genetic material into the host cell genome

Which of these statements is not true? A. Mycobacteria can only live inside host cells. B. Ethambutol is a drug that specifically inhibits the synthesis of mycobacterial cell walls. C. Mycobacteria cause tuberculosis and leprosy. D. Anti-mycobacterial drugs must be able to penetrate cells and tissues well. E. Isoniazid is a relatively weak drug that can only be given in combination with stronger drugs.

E. Isoniazid is a relatively weak drug that can only be given in combination with stronger drugs.

Why is penicillin less effective on Gram-negative bacteria? A. They don't have cell walls B. They are completely unrelated to Gram-positive bacteria C. Penicillin can't effectively penetrate their peptidoglycan layer D. Their peptidoglycan layer is not important for their survival E. Penicillin can't effectively penetrate their outer membrane

E. Penicillin can't effectively penetrate their outer membrane

What is the difference between cephalosporins and penicillins? A. Penicillins are derived from molds, but cephalosporins are not. B. Penicillins have beta-lactam rings, but cephalosporins do not. C. Penicillins and cephalosporins have completely different structures. D. Penicillins are only effective against Gram-negative bacteria, but cephalosporins are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. E. Penicillins and cephalosporins have different ring structures.

E. Penicillins and cephalosporins have different ring structures.

What did Paul Ehrlich mean by a 'magic bullet'? A. a chemical that would kill all cell types B. he was referring to penicillin C. a chemical that would selectively kill animal cells but not microbes D. a chemical that would selectively stain microbes but not animal cells E. a chemical that would selectively kill microbes but not animal cells

E. a chemical that would selectively kill microbes but not animal cells

What is a penicillin-binding protein? A. a beta-lactamase B. an enzyme that cross-links beta-lactamase C. an enzyme involved in penicillin production D. a channel in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria E. an enzyme that cross-links peptidoglycan

E. an enzyme that cross-links peptidoglycan

3. Which antibiotic resistance strategy is similar to closing the drawbridges of a castle to prevent an invading army from coming in? Changing the antibiotic's target molecule Efflux pumps Expressing fewer porins or porins with smaller openings Alternative metabolic pathways Enzymes that destroy antibiotics

Expressing fewer porins or porins with smaller openings

A patient who has returned to the United States after vacationing in Africa was feeling ill; after a thorough examination his doctor determined that the patient is suffering from malaria. Which of these drugs would the doctor prescribe to treat the condition? a) Praziquantel b) Chloroquine c) Ivermectin d) Artemisinin-based combination therapies A. b only B. d only C. b and c D. a and c E. c and d F. c only G. b and d H. a and d I. a and b J. a only

H. a and d

5. Why does overproducing an antibiotic's target molecule sometimes help resist an antibiotic? If the antibiotic concentration is not high enough to inhibit all of the copies of a target molecule, the bacteria may be able to survive. If the bacteria produce very high amounts of the target molecule, there is a greater chance that they will make a mistake during protein synthesis and create a target molecule that the antibiotic doesn't bind to. Scientists still don't know the mechanism behind this phenomenon. If the bacteria produce incredibly high amounts of the target molecule, it will clog up the porins so the drug can't get inside. Overproducing the target molecule doesn't help resist an antibiotic; the more targets that are available, the more effective the antibiotic will be.

If the antibiotic concentration is not high enough to inhibit all of the copies of a target molecule, the bacteria may be able to survive.

Walter was recently diagnosed with a case of genital warts stemming from the human papillomavirus. Which of the following courses of treatment may his physician prescribe? Ribavirin Imiquimod Interferon alpha Docosanol

Imiquimod

Which of these statements is FALSE? Anti-mycobacterial drugs must be able to penetrate cells and tissues well. Ethambutol is a drug that specifically inhibits the synthesis of mycobacterial cell walls. Mycobacteria cause tuberculosis and leprosy. Isoniazid is a relatively weak drug that can only be given in combination with stronger drugs.

Isoniazid is a relatively weak drug that can only be given in combination with stronger drugs.

What unique cell wall structure do mycobacteria have that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria do not? Mycolic acids, which are glycoproteins in the cell wall. Mycolic acids, which are lipids in the cell wall. A mycolic matrix, which is made of glycoproteins in the cell wall. A mycolic matrix, which is made of lipids in the cell wall.

Mycolic acids, which are lipids in the cell wall.

How do we distinguish cephalosporins from penicillins? Penicillins are derived from molds, but cephalosporins are not. Penicillins have beta-lactam rings, but cephalosporins do not. Penicillins and cephalosporins have different ring structures. Penicillins are only effective against Gram-negative bacteria, but cephalosporins are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Penicillins and cephalosporins have different ring structures.

Which of the following viruses is NOT typically treated with antiviral drugs? Influenza Sinus infection Hepatitis C Herpes

Sinus infection

Which of these statements about interferons is NOT true? They directly inhibit viruses They can alert cells to produce antiviral proteins They are naturally made in our bodies Their production can be stimulated by drugs They can be given to patients as antiviral therapy

They directly inhibit viruses

What does it mean when viruses hijack host cells? They are alive. They use host cells' machinery to reproduce. They change the behavior of the host. They are difficult to target with drugs. They are always pathogens.

They use host cells' machinery to reproduce.

5. Which is resistant to more drugs: MRSA or VRSA? MRSA VRSA they are both resistant to the same exact drugs they are both resistant to the same number of drugs, but different ones neither are drug-resistant

VRSA

What is the difference between MRSA and VRSA? MRSA is a type of bacteria that is not only resistant to penicillin-type drugs (VRSA) but also methicillin. MRSA is worse than VRSA because there is no antibiotic that will kill these bacteria. VRSA is a type of bacteria that is not only resistant to penicillin-type drugs (MRSA) but also vancomycin. MRSA and VRSA are both resistant to the same exact drugs, but MRSA is more contagious. VRSA affects people with HIV more, and MRSA affects people with TB more.

VRSA is a type of bacteria that is not only resistant to penicillin-type drugs (MRSA) but also vancomycin.

Which of these statements is NOT true about drug-resistant tuberculosis? HIV patients that also get XDR tuberculosis have a life expectancy of only 3 months XDR tuberculosis is resistant to important first and second line drugs Vancomycin is the drug of last resort for XDR tuberculosis It can develop when patients fail to follow their complicated 6-9 month antibiotic regimens Multi drug-resistant tuberculosis is resistant to the two best first-line drugs

Vancomycin is the drug of last resort for XDR tuberculosis

What is folic acid? a vitamin a lipid an antibiotic a protein a nucleotide a mineral

a vitamin

2. What does the XDR stand for in XDR tuberculosis? evolved drug resistance extensively drug-resistant extraneous drug resistance excellent drug resistor extra deadly

extensively drug-resistant

How do bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance? by hiding from the immune system in response to the selective pressure that antibiotic treatment puts on them in response to the immune system evolution of antibiotic resistance is a random process that is unrelated to antibiotic treatment by breaking down antibiotic molecules

in response to the selective pressure that antibiotic treatment puts on them

3. What does MRSA stand for? multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus none of these methicillin-resistant Streptococcus aureus methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistant Streptococcus aureus

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus