Microbiology (Ch.13)
Which of the following can be broken down into smaller molecules?
-Fats -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Nucleic acids
Which of the following can be used as an electron source for photophosphorylation?
-H2O -H2S -H2
What is required for nitrogen fixation?
-N2 -nitrogenase -ATP
What is the role of dinitrogenase reductase?
Accepts electrons and binds ATP
Which of the following is not a law of thermodynamics?
Energy is used up in a chemical reaction.
What is one difference between the Entner-Doudoroff and EMP pathways?
Entner-Doudoroff produces 2 ATP, EMP produces 4 ATP.
Select the correct sequence of steps.
Glycolysis, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
Why is O2 generated from oxygenic photosynthesis?
It is given off when H2O is reduced to replace e- used to make NADPH
What is the electron donor in oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH
Which of the following is true respiration?
Respiration fuels more ATP production per NADH regenerated than fermentation.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Synthesis of ATP using the energy derived from a proton gradient that requires oxidation of a chemical substrate
How do prokaryal cells establish a proton motive force in the absence of a membrane system like that found in the mitochondria of eukaryal cells?
The plasma membrane of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells is a sufficient barrier to allow a proton motive force to be established.
How do organisms use sugars other than glucose for metabolism?
They break down more complex sugars into intermediates that can enter glycolysis.
How do organisms use lipids to generate ATP?
They use β-oxidation to generate reduced electron carriers.
What is always an outcome of respiration?
To regenerate NAD+ while forming additional ATP
Proteins must be broken down into ____ before they can used for energy.
amino acids
How do chemolithotrophs generate ATP?
by coupling oxidation of an inorganic source to oxidative phosphorylation
Metabolism is:
catabolism and anabolism
The electron transport chain (ETC) or electron transport system is located in the _____ in bacteria.
cell membrane
What is photophosphorylation?
conversion of light energy to chemical energy
What is the role of assimilative sulfate reduction in the cell?
converts SO3- into organic sulfur cmpounds
The role of an enzyme in a reaction is to
decrease the activation energy of a reaction
What is the role of glutamate synthase in the cell?
fixation of NH4+
A molecule that loses an electron is said to be
oxidized.
The difference between oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis is
oxygenic produces oxygen and anoxygenic does not.
A spontaneous reaction
proceeds without any input of energy
Glycerol can be converted to:
pyruvic acid
A molecule that gains an electron is said to be
reduced.
Anabolism is the production of larger molecules from _____.
smaller molecules
The ATP in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway comes from
substrate-level phosphorylation.
Catabolism is referred to as
the breakdown and oxidation of larger molecules.
Gibbs free energy is a measure of
the energy given off or used up in a chemical reaction.
What is proton motive force?
the potential difference between the inside and outside of the membrane
What does the redox potential measure?
the tendency of a molecule to acquire electrons
What does it mean to be part of the "aspartate family of amino acids"?
they are generated from the aspartate
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
they are not used up in a chemical reaction
What is the role of chlorophyll in photophosphorylation?
to capture photons
What is the role of the Calvin cycle?
to fix CO2 into 3 carbon sugars
What is the importance of the reductive TCA cycle?
to synthesize metabolic intermediates and acetyl-CoA fro biosynthetic reactions
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ATP
The role of ATP synthase is to:
use the energy of the proton motive force to change ADP into ATP.