Microbiology (Ch.13)

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Which of the following can be broken down into smaller molecules?

-Fats -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Nucleic acids

Which of the following can be used as an electron source for photophosphorylation?

-H2O -H2S -H2

What is required for nitrogen fixation?

-N2 -nitrogenase -ATP

What is the role of dinitrogenase reductase?

Accepts electrons and binds ATP

Which of the following is not a law of thermodynamics?

Energy is used up in a chemical reaction.

What is one difference between the Entner-Doudoroff and EMP pathways?

Entner-Doudoroff produces 2 ATP, EMP produces 4 ATP.

Select the correct sequence of steps.

Glycolysis, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

Why is O2 generated from oxygenic photosynthesis?

It is given off when H2O is reduced to replace e- used to make NADPH

What is the electron donor in oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH

Which of the following is true respiration?

Respiration fuels more ATP production per NADH regenerated than fermentation.

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Synthesis of ATP using the energy derived from a proton gradient that requires oxidation of a chemical substrate

How do prokaryal cells establish a proton motive force in the absence of a membrane system like that found in the mitochondria of eukaryal cells?

The plasma membrane of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells is a sufficient barrier to allow a proton motive force to be established.

How do organisms use sugars other than glucose for metabolism?

They break down more complex sugars into intermediates that can enter glycolysis.

How do organisms use lipids to generate ATP?

They use β-oxidation to generate reduced electron carriers.

What is always an outcome of respiration?

To regenerate NAD+ while forming additional ATP

Proteins must be broken down into ____ before they can used for energy.

amino acids

How do chemolithotrophs generate ATP?

by coupling oxidation of an inorganic source to oxidative phosphorylation

Metabolism is:

catabolism and anabolism

The electron transport chain (ETC) or electron transport system is located in the _____ in bacteria.

cell membrane

What is photophosphorylation?

conversion of light energy to chemical energy

What is the role of assimilative sulfate reduction in the cell?

converts SO3- into organic sulfur cmpounds

The role of an enzyme in a reaction is to

decrease the activation energy of a reaction

What is the role of glutamate synthase in the cell?

fixation of NH4+

A molecule that loses an electron is said to be

oxidized.

The difference between oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis is

oxygenic produces oxygen and anoxygenic does not.

A spontaneous reaction

proceeds without any input of energy

Glycerol can be converted to:

pyruvic acid

A molecule that gains an electron is said to be

reduced.

Anabolism is the production of larger molecules from _____.

smaller molecules

The ATP in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway comes from

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Catabolism is referred to as

the breakdown and oxidation of larger molecules.

Gibbs free energy is a measure of

the energy given off or used up in a chemical reaction.

What is proton motive force?

the potential difference between the inside and outside of the membrane

What does the redox potential measure?

the tendency of a molecule to acquire electrons

What does it mean to be part of the "aspartate family of amino acids"?

they are generated from the aspartate

Which of the following is true of enzymes?

they are not used up in a chemical reaction

What is the role of chlorophyll in photophosphorylation?

to capture photons

What is the role of the Calvin cycle?

to fix CO2 into 3 carbon sugars

What is the importance of the reductive TCA cycle?

to synthesize metabolic intermediates and acetyl-CoA fro biosynthetic reactions

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ATP

The role of ATP synthase is to:

use the energy of the proton motive force to change ADP into ATP.


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