Microbiology- Chapter 11 HW

1. In this case the patient was started antibiotic therapy for treatment indicating that the physicians believed his infection was caused by a ___. 2. What factors may have played a role in the patient's development of pneumonia after surgery? 3. Which of the following is a symptom of pneumonia?

1. Bacterium 2. His caregiver at the hospital did not use proper hand washing technique 3.Difficulty breathing

Order the four stages in the course of an infection?

1. Incubation Period 2. Prodromal Stage 3. Acute Phase 4. Convalescent Period

Order the following steps a microorganism takes in the process of establishing disease?

1. Microbe enters through portal of entry. 2. Microbe attaches to receptor on host 3. Microbe overcomes host defenses. 4. Disease is established

Epidemiology is the study of disease in the __

-community

Which of the following are virulence factors?

-enzymes, capsules, toxins (all of the above)

Organize the labels into the correct boxes indicating what types of disease manifestations are considered signs vs symptoms.

Signs- Chest sounds, fever, skin lesions, high or low leukocyte count, increased hr Symptoms- Fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal cramps. body aches.

In this case, the patient was on continual antibiotic therapy for prevent of urinary tract infections, indicating that most UTIs are caused by?

bacteria

True or false, urine is normally a sterile fluid

false

The ___ is the time between an encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms?

incubation period

COVID-19 signs and symptoms

signs- fever, dry cough, labored breathing, runny nose, bluish lips or face. Symptoms- Body aches, loss of taste or smell, headache, fatigue

When the residents microbiota prevents the establishment of a pathogen, it is called ______.

Microbial Antagonism

Select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxin.

-Require very small doses to cause toxic effects -secreted from a living cell -have very specific targets

Select all of the statements that correctly describe the infectious dose?

- the infectious dose is the minimum number of organisms that must be present for an infection to proceed -microbes with low infectious doses are highly virulent. -certain infections like tuberculosis and giardiasis may proceed even if only a small number of microbial cells are present..

Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxin, but not exhibited by exotoxins?

-Composed of LPS -Heat stable -Fever inducing

A teacher walking through her first grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket unfortunately after discarding the tissue she doesn't immediately wash her hands and acquires a strain of rhinovirus several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold based upon the scenario please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here

-Fomite

Select the patterns of indirect transmission of infectious disease?

-Food, water, Fomites, Air

Candida or Pseudomonas are ______ pathogens, meaning they are not usually pathogenic to healthy persons with normal immune system functions because these microbes do not have well-developed virulence factors.

-Opportunistic

1. According to the case, Jaelyn's urine culture showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If a gram stain was conducted on the bacterial cells in her urine, what color would the cells appear under the microscope? 2. What was the portal of entry for Pseudomonas in Jaelyn's current infection? 3. Why is Pseudomonas a current health concern?

1. red pink 2. Urinary Tract 3. Many strains are highly resistant to antibiotics.

The mother displays no evidence of active hepatitis B disease and her carrier status was discovered with routine prenatal screening. Which term best describes her carrier state?

Asymptomatic carrier

Choose the best definition of virulence factors?

Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

Assess the following statements, and select those that correctly apply to the properties of exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are made of a protein that are synthesized by a living cell, whereas endotoxins are composed of LPS found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. -Endotoxins typically causes systemic effects, whereas endotoxins precisely target a specific tissue type. -endotoxins demonstrate potent toxicity therir lethal dose is low compared to exotoxins, which require a high dose to cause disease manifestations -Hemolysins are examples of endotoxin. they may exhibit B heloysis complete lysis of rbs, or a heloysis partial lysis which manifests as a greenish tinge on blood agar.

Please complete these sentences by dragging the correct terms into the blanks to demonstrate your understanding of the use of fecal transplants

Fecal transplants have been approved for use in patients with hard-to-treat Clostridium difficile infection.This organism is a gram-positive bacterium and causes pseudomembranous colitis, infection of the colon.Typical treatments for this infection include the use of potent antibiotics such as vancomycin; however, the use of this drug only results in a 31% cure rate.Fecal transplants involve administration of an enema containing donor feces in an effort to replace the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract.In 2013, a study was published that indicated a 94% cure rate in patients treated with these transplants.

An infection that is acquired or develops during a person stay in a hospital or other health facility is called a ____ or nonsocomial infection.

Healthcare associated

The RN has administered a dose of antibiotics to the mother as ordered. Which of the following statements by the patient demonstrates understanding of the rationale for antibiotics?

I need antibiotics because my child is at risk of infection due to premature rupture of membranes.

Examples of direct transmission? Select the patterns of direct transmission of infectious disease?

Kissing touching, droplet ? not sure about this one

Which of the following is the first exposure to the infant to environmental microbes?

Passage through vaginal canal

If an infant is exposed to hepatitis B during delivery, which term best describes the pattern of transmission?

Vertical Transmission

Which of the following is a symptom of a uti?

painful urination