microbiology chapter 22

There are approximately ___ species of fungi in the world of which only ___ are known to be pathogenic to animals.

100,000 300

Characteristics of tinea capitis include all of the following except ______. A.) rare in children B.) fungi invade scalp C.) acquired from humans or animals

A

Coccidioides immitis has a period of dormancy in the ______. A.) winter and spring B.) summer and fall

A

Common risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis include all of the following except ______. A.) impaired immune system B.) diabetics C.) oral antibiotics D.) pregnancy

A

Symptoms of tinea capitis include ______. A.) Severe inflammation B.) Small, scaly patches C.) Pigmentation loss in skin

A, B

Which are common terms associated with dermatophytoses? A.) mycetoma B.) tinea C.) chromoblastomycosis D.) ringworm

B, D

escape of ___ ___ from the lungs into the blood occurs in individuals with weakened host defenses and can result in severe complications, such as cryptococcal meningitis.

Cryptococcus neoformans

Onychomycosis occurs when Candida albicans invades ______. A.) the beard B.) the scalp C.) the groin D.) skin and nails E.) the soles of the feet

D

Thermal dimorphism enhances fungal infection of humans by making the fungi tolerant to ______. A.) high oxygen levels B.) high pH levels C.) low pH levels D.) high temperatures E.) low oxygen levels F.) low temperatures

D, E

True or false: Dermatophytes are pathogens that can cause ringworm and athlete's foot..

True

True or false: Diagnosis of ringworm usually requires direct microscopic examination.

True

The incubation period for chromoblastomycosis is very long, often lasting more than ____ years

2

Approximately ___ (use number) fungal species have been linked to disease in animals.

300

Candida albicans and its close relatives account for around ___ % of nosocomial fungal infections.

70

Blastomycosis occurs in all of the following areas except ______. A.) southwest Arizona B.) Louisiana C.) southern Canada D.) africa

A

Characteristics of the agents that cause chromoblastomycosis include ______. A.) low inherent virulence B.) high virulence C.) thermal dimorphism

A

Most fungi are more pathogenic to _____ than to man. A.) plants B.) birds C.) reptiles D.) fish

A

The general term for fungal infections of the skin, hair, or nails is _____. A.) tinea B.) dermatophyte C.) mycoses

A

What is the most typical option for controlling mycotic infections? A.) Antifungal drugs B.) Rest and fluids C.) Vaccination D.) Prophylaxis

A

What term is used to describe the ability of some fungi to switch from hyphal cells found in nature to yeast-like cells during parasitic infections? A.) Thermal dimorphism B.) Sexual dimorphism C.) Mycogenesis D.) Yeastolation E.) Binary fission

A

Which is caused by Candida albicans? A.) Candidiasis B.) bacterial vaginosis C.) Cryptococcosis

A

Which of the following are characteristics that are shared by "true" fungal infections and "opportunistic" fungal infections? A.) They cause a mycosis B.) Thermal dimorphism C.) Host is healthy

A

Which of the following can cause ringworm and athlete's foot infections? A.) Dermatophytes B.) Candida C.) Aspergillus D.) Blastomyces

A

Which of the following are names for the disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis? A.) Chicago disease B.) Gilchrist disease C.) North American blastomycosis D.) valley fever E.) Spelunker's disease

A, B, C

Identify any of the following which are regions or areas where fungi are prevalent. A.) normal flora in humans B.) in the air C.) in soil D.) under houses E.) extreme niches

A, B, C, D

Which methods are generally used to identify fungal pathogens? A.) Antigen tests for fungus-specific surface molecules B.) MALDI-TOF C.) In vitro tests for fungal antibodies in serum D.) PCR-based detection systems E.) Microarray analysis F.) DNA sequencing of fungal genomes

A, B, C, D

Which of the following are specimens that may be useful in the cultivation of fungal pathogens in the laboratory? A.) blood B.) sputum C.) cerebrospinal fluid D.) urethral exudate from males E.) skin scrapings

A, B, C, E

Which of the following could be considered virulence factors for pathogenic fungi? A.) allergens B.) Capsule formation C.) Toxin-like secretions D.) Lipopolysaccharide E.) Inflammatory stimulants F.) Hydrolytic enzymes

A, B, C, E, F

Causative agents of dermatophytoses include the genera: A.) Microspora B.) Trichophyton C.) Madurella D.) Epidermophyton E.) Pseudallescheria

A, B, D

Opportunistic infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans affect which of the following body systems? A.) Central nervous B.) Respiratory C.) Gastrointestinal D.) Mucocutaneous

A, B, D

A presumptive diagnosis of Candida albicans is made if which of the following is seen on a smear from a specimen from a localized infection? A.) pseudohyphae B.) germ tube C.) chlamydospores D.) budding yeasts E.) true hyphae

A, D

Which of the following are characteristics that are NOT shared by "true" fungal infections and "opportunistic" fungal infections? A.) Well-developed virulence. B.) Primary portal of entry may be respiratory. C.) Habitat may be soil. D.) Infection results in long-term immunity.

A, D

Which of the following geographic regions would one most likely find Histoplasma capsulatum? A.) Eastern United States B.) Northern Canada C.) china D.) Australia E.) Central United States F.) Eastern Europe

A, E

A defining characteristic of an opportunistic fungal pathogen is that ______. A.) the fungus is extremely invasive B.) the host must be immune compromised C.) must be transmitted through the respiratory tract D.) the agent is thermally dimorphic

B

After microconidia of Histoplasma capsulatum are inhaled by an individual, the patient develops a mild ______. A.) skin rash B.) pulmonary infection C.) bone infection

B

Coccidioides immitis most often is found in a ______. A.) moist, cool climate B.) hot, semiarid climate

B

Fungal infections strictly confined to the nonliving epidermal tissues and its derivatives (hair and nails) are known as ______. A.) subcutaneous lesions B.) dermatophytoses C.) sporotrichosis D.) mycetoma

B

In the body or on special media incubated at 37oC to 40oC a C. immitis will form a ______. A.) tuberculated macroconidia B.) spherule C.) microconidia D.) arthroconidia

B

It is estimated that there is approximately ______ cases of coccidioidomycosis annually in the U.S. A.) 1,000 B.) 10,000 C.) 1,000,000 D.) 100,000

B

Negative staining of specimens to detect encapsulated budding yeast cells that do not occur as pseudohyphae is the first step in detecting ______ species. A.) histoplasmal B.) crytococcal C.) candidal D.) pneumococcal

B

The first choice of therapy for dermatophytoses is ______. A.) an oral antifungal agent B.) a topical ointment C.) UV therapy

B

Which of the following is considered the primary means for fungus identification? A.) Symptoms of disease B.) Isolation and culture C.) Signs of disease

B

Which of the following makes "true" fungal pathogens more predictable than opportunistic fungal pathogens? A.) Only immunocompromised people are infected. B.) True fungal pathogens live in specific climates, soil and other natural conditions. C.) True fungal pathogens are NOT more predictable than opportunistic fungal pathogens.

B

Which of the following terms describes an infection with a fungus? A.) carditis B.) mycosis C.) Septicemia D.) Fungicosis E.) Yeastosis

B

_________ infection is a complication of Histoplasma capsulatum infection that is similar to tuberculosis. A.) Chronic systemic B.) Chronic pulmonary C.) Chronic cutaneous D.) acute systemic E.) systemic cutaneous F.) acute pulmonary

B

Which of the following are characteristics of a subcutaneous fungal infection? A.) fungi can enter through the respiratory tract B.) fungi are transferred from soil or plants C.) fungi enter through a traumatic injury

B, C

Which organisms can spread the spores of Histoplasma capsulatum through their guano? A.) foxes B.) birds C.) bats D.) wolves

B, C

Which of the following are possible microscopic structures formed by Candida albicans? A.) spherule B.) budding cells C.) hyphae D.) pseudohyphae

B, C, D

Which of the following are sites where Candida albicans can normally be found in the human body? A.) lungs B.) genitalia C.) pharynx D.) large intestine E.) skin

B, C, D, E

Which of the following are used to control fungal infections? A.) Vancomycin B.) Nystatin C.) Azoles D.) Penicillin E.) Amphotericin B F.) Lamisil

B, C, E, F

Identify which of the following names are given to a fungal pathogen species that can invade and grow in a healthy, noncompromised animal host. A.) opportunistic B.) true C.) mycosis D.) secondary E.) mycolytic F.) primary

B, F

A(an) ____ is a nodular growth in the lungs. A.) sherule B.) abscess C.) fungoma D.) cavity

C

Blood stream infections with Candida ____ are often terminal in bone marrow transplant patients. A.) parapsilosis B.) albicans C.) kreusi D.) tropicalis

C

Causative agents of dermatophytoses include the genera:Which of the following is not widely used to identify fungal pathogens? A. ) Antigen tests B.) PCR-based detection systems C.) DNA sequencing D.) MALDI-TOF E.) Antibody detection in serum

C

Ringworm infections are caused by ____. A.) helminths B.) systemic fungi C.) dermatophytes D.) yeast

C

Risk factors for people of developing onychomycosis include ______. A.) immunocompromised patients B.) cancer patients C.) hands are immersed in water D.) being a burn patient

C

Symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis includes all of the following except ______. A.) vulvar itching or burning B.) vulvar swelling C.) co-urinary tract infection D.) white or yellow discharge

C

The highest incidence of coccidioidomycosis occurs in the ______ United States. A.) southeastern B.) northwestern C.) southwestern

C

The population that usually is affected with thrush include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A.) newborn infants B.) the elderly C.) young pregnant women D.) debilitated patients

C

Which of the following is responsible for causing blastomycosis? A.) Histoplasma capsulatum B.) Cryptococcus neoformans C.) Blastomyces dermatitidis D.) Candida albicans E.) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis F.) Blastomyces immitis

C

Which opportunistic mold is second in incidence after Candida and is responsible for the most lung infections? A.) Trichosporum B.) Fusarium C.) Aspergillus

C

_____ infections with C. albicans result in more human mortalities than any other fungal pathogen. A.) UTI B.) respiratory C.) blood D.) Vaginal infections

C

Candidiasis is caused by the fungal pathogen ___ ___

Candida albicans

Blastomycosis is found in all of the following except ______. A.) cats B.) dogs C.) horses D.) fish E.) humans

D

Colonies of Candida albicans appear _____ on trypan blue medium. A.) dark blue B.) blue green C.) midnight blue D.) pale blue

D

In some cases of histoplasmosis, phagocytes containing yeast cells enter the blood and cause ______. A.) bacteremia B.) skin rash C.) mild pneumonitis D.) disseminated disease

D

Risk factors for Candidal vaginitis all of the following except ______. A.) oral antibiotics B.) diabetes C.) pregnancy D.) ethnicity

D

Subcutaneous fungal pathogens _____ disseminate from the skin to the blood and organs. A.) never B.) frequently C.) usually D.) rarely

D

Which of the following is a fungal pathogen that is responsible for the majority of invasive opportunistic fungal infections? A.) tinea B.) Sporothrix C.) Cryptococcus D.) Candida

D

Which of the following is the principal disease target for Histoplasma capsulatum in non-AIDS patients? A.) eyes B.) Brain C.) GI tact D.) lungs E.) ears

D

Which of the following true fungal pathogens is the most common cause of human disease? A.) Blastomyces dermatitidis B.) Sporothrix schenckii C.) Coccidioides immitis D.) Histoplasma capsulatum E.) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

D

Which organism is the cause of diaper rash? A.) Cryptococcus neoformans B.) Rhodotorula rubra C.) Histoplasma capsulatum D.) Candida albicans

D

Which of the following is responsible for causing aspergillosis? A.) Candida albicans B.) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis C.) Cryptoccus neoformans D.) Coccidioides immitis E.) Aspergillus spp.

E

True or false: Candida albicans cannot cause systemic infection.

False

Candida albicans causes ___ , a white, adherent, patchy infection affecting the membranes of the ___ cavity or throat

Thrush oral

Candida albicans can form pseudohyphae as well as true hyphae.

True

Dermatophytoses are most often treated with topical ointments containing ___ agents

antifungal

A general over-the-counter treatment for recurrent bouts of vulvovaginitis is a topical ___ ointment

azole

the yeast ___ is the dominant opportunistic fungal pathogen.

candida

The cause of candidiasis is most often the yeast ___ ___

candida albicans

cutaneous ___ can complicate burns and produce a scaldlike rash on the skin of neonates.

candidiasis

Vulvovaginal ___ is more commonly known as yeast infection; this disease occurs in adult women, especially those who are pregnant or diabetic or are taking oral ___

candidiasis antibiotics

Diagnosis of tinea ____ is aided by use of a long-wave UV lamp that causes infected hairs to ___

capitis fluoresce

Virulence factors for pathogenic fungi include the formation of a ___ on the cell surface, and production of ___ , which can cause allergic responses by the infected host.

capsule allergens

Coccidioidomycosis is caused by the primary fungal pathogen ___ ___

coccidioides immitits

Cryptococcosis is caused by ___ ___

cryptococcus neoformans

Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus ___ ___

histoplasma capsulatum

The true fungal pathogen that most commonly causes human disease is ___ __

histoplasma capsulatum

The mold Aspergillus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes ___ infections

lung

Histoplasma capsulatum prefers ___ , not dry, soils with a high ___ content

moist nitrogen

A mycosis usually of the foot or hand that looks superficially like a tumor is known as a ___

mycetoma

evidence that C. neoformans is a(n) ____ pathogen is supported by the fact that healthy humans have strong resistance to it and infection primarily is found in debilitated individuals.

opportunistic

Infection with Candida albicans can range from short-lived, superficial ___ irritations, to overwhelming, fatal ___ diseases

skin systemic

The spherical cell that contains endospores and results from arthrospore germination is called a ___

spherule

Exposure to Histoplasmosis capsulatum is most likely when disturbing dirt contaminated with ___ from bird and gat guano

spores

What is the typical environmental factor responsible for inducing thermal dimorphism in fungi when they turn parasitic?

temperature change

Causative agents of dermatophytoses include the genera ___, ____ and ___

trichophyton microsporum epidermophyton

____ fungal pathogens live in specific climates, soil and other natural conditions.

true

a ___ fungal pathogen is a species that can invade and grow in a healthy, noncompromised animal host.

true

Candidal ___ can infect infants during childbirth, and can be transmitted to male partners during ___ intercourse

vaginitis sexual