Microbiology Chapter 6
In the viral multiplication cycle, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virions during the________step. Please give the specific term for this step.
assembly
Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n)_____.
bacteriophage
This helical capsid is comprised of protein subunits called_____. Blue with purple swiggly pointing at the blue
capsomeres
Multinucleated cells, giant cells, and inclusion bodies are examples of______effects on cells previously infected with a virus.
cytopathic
Multinucleated cells, giant cells, and inclusion bodies are examples of_____effects on cells previously infected with a virus.
cytopathic
The two principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are______(engulfment) and direct fusion.
endocytosis
When viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle it is called______, a type of penetration.
endocytosis
True or false: Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms.
false
True or false: Chicken eggs have a monolayer of cells within them which offer a good place to propagate virus.
false
True or false: Most bacteria engulf bacteriophages as part of the phage replication strategy.
false
True or false: The viral envelope and capsid are the same thing.
false
The limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade are refereed to as_____the range.
host
Some viruses burst cells during the release stage of viral multiplication, this is referred to as_____.
lysis
Fill in the blank question. When a bacterium acquires a new trait from a temperate phage,______conversion has occurred.
lysogenic
Collectively, the capsid and nucleic acid of a nonenveloped virusare referred to as the_____.
nucleocapsid
A proteinaceous infectious agent associated with spongiform encephalopathies is called a(n)_____.
prion
Phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome is called a(n)_____.
prophage
All viruses are composed of at least nucleic acid covered by a coating comprised of_____.
protein
Capsomeres are composed of_____.(Hint: it is a macromolecule)
protein
Because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription, HIV is described as a(n)______.
retrovirus
A preformed protein carried by HIV, which is responsible for converting its RNA genome into DNA, is the enzyme______.
reverse transcriptase
In some viruses, including HIV, the enzyme_____transcribes RNA into DNA.
reverse transcriptase
Viral glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope and attach to host cell receptors are termed_____.
spikes
Phages that enter the prophage state are______phages, while______phages burst the host cell.
temperate, lytic
True or false: Most active viral infections lead to cell death regardless of the type of release process.
true
True or false: Most infections caused by animal viruses do not result in death of the host organism.
true
True or false: Most viruses are smaller than 0.2 microns.
true
True or false: Temperate phages do not immediately lyse or change the appearance of host cells.
true
True or false: Viral nucleic acid may be single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
true
True or false: Viruses are among the smallest infective agents.
true
True or false: Viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.
true
True or false: Viruses cannot be called organisms.
true
When viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid are dissolved within a vacuole it is referred to as_____.
uncoating
A full formed, single virus particle is known as a(n)______.
virion
This electron micrograph, magnified 150,000x, shows_______. grey picture
virus
The term "in________" implies that a virus is being propagated in a living animal.
vivo
Is it possible for a bacterial cell infected with a temperate phage to replicate? No Yes
yes
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top 5. Release 3. Synthesis 1. Adsorption 4. Assembly 2. Penetration/ uncoating
1. Adsorption 2. Penetration/ uncoating 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release
An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called______. A. reverse transcriptase B. reverse translation C. retro transcriptase D. reversable genetics
A
Different viruses can infect which of the following? A. Human, bacterial, or plant cells B. Plant cells only C. Bacterial cells only D. Human cells only
A
Genes for synthesizing the viral capsid, for regulating actions of the host cell, and for packaging the mature virus are found in the ______ genome. A. viral B. eukaryotic C. host D. bacterial
A
In this image of a naked virus, the structure indicated by the arrow is the ______. Blue virus A. spike B. nucleic acid C. capsid
A
In this image of an enveloped virus, the structure labeled with the arrow is the ______. Arrow pointing at yellow swiggle A. nucleic acid B. spike C. envelope D. capsid
A
Lysogeny is best described as ______. A. integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome B. fragmentation of the host chromosome C. lysis of the host cell D. replication of virions
A
Prior to a discovery in 2014, the largest known virus was the Blank______. Discovered in 2013, it is as big as the Streptococcus bacterium and is visible in a light microscope. A. pandoravirus B. parvovirus C. polio virus D. bacteriophage
A
The smallest animal virus, parvovirus, is approximately what size? A. 20 nanometers B. 0.2 millimeters C. 20 micrometers
A
The virus indicated by the letter A is a(n) ______ virus. 2 virus pictures A. naked B. enveloped C. crystalline D. living
A
Viral nucleic acids are______. A. either single-stranded or double-stranded B. single-stranded only if RNA C. double-stranded only D. single-stranded only
A
What are the viral spikes typically composed of? A. Glycoproteins B. Lipoproteins C. Nucleic acids
A
What term is used to describe the viral proteins which protrude from the envelope and aid in attachment to host receptors? A. Spikes B. Nucleocapsid C. Capsomeres
A
When an enveloped virus buds off the cell membrane, the membrane differs______ from the host cell's membrane. A. significantly B. modestly C. not at all
A
Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? A. The egg contains a tissue monolayer B. The egg is self-supporting C. The interior environment of the egg is sterile
A
Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor? A. Adsorption B. Penetration C. Absorption
A
Which of the following is an enzyme found in HIV that is responsible for converting its RNA genome into a DNA genome? A. Reverse transcriptase B. Reverse polymerase C. Retro transcriptase D. Auto convertase
A
Which of the following viral release methods will not initially destroy the cell? A. Budding B. Lysis
A
Which process involves gene recombination via bacteriophage transfer? A. Transduction B. Conjugation C. Transposition
A
Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? A. Uncoating B. Absorption C. Release D. Shedding
A
Which term is used to describe the process when a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? A. Endocytosis B. Budding C. Lysis D. Exocytosis
A
At minimum, all viruses are composed of ______. A. Proteins B. Nucleic acids C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids
A, B
Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate. Select all that apply. A. Bacterial cells B. Human cells C. Animal cells D. Marine water E. Freshwater
A, B, C
A single virion could contain a genome of ______. Select all that apply. A. DNA only B. neither RNA or DNA C. RNA only D. both RNA and DNA
A, C
Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Select all that apply. A. Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane B. Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane C. Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus
A, C
At a minimum, a viral genome must include genes for ______. Select all that apply. A. synthesizing the viral capsid B. synthesizing new ribosomes following infection C. packaging the mature virus particles D. regulating the actions of the host cell E. generating ATP for energy
A, C, D
Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid. Select all that apply. A. Nucleic acid B. Envelope C. Scaffolding proteins D. Capsid E. Polymerase
A, D
Budding is a type of______ process where enveloped viruses are released from the host cell membrane. A. cytolytic B. exocytic C. lysogenic
B
Identify the smallest pathogenic agent. A. Bacterial cell B. Virus C. Fungal cell D. Helminth
B
In this image of an enveloped virus, the arrow is pointing to the______. cell with yellow swiggle but red arrow pointing at the yellow part A. capsid B. envelope C. spike D. nucleic acid
B
In this image of an enveloped virus, the red arrow is pointing to the _____. yellow swiggly virus pointing at purple A. capsid B. spike C. envelope D. nucleic acid
B
Most viruses are on the order of what size unit? A. Picometer B. Nanometer C. Meter D. Micrometer
B
The virus indicated by the letter B is a(n) ______ virus. Has both the blue virus and the on with yellow swiggles A. naked B. enveloped C. living D. crystalline
B
This micrograph illustrating viruses documents that the best method for viewing viruses is ______. grey photo A. fluorescence microscopy B. electron microscopy C. dark field microscopy D. light microscope
B
Viruses ______ depend on a host cell for replication. A. partially B. completely C. never
B
Viruses were discovered by ______. A. protein analysis B. using a filter C. by microscopy D. DNA analysis
B
What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria? A. Prion B. Bacteriophage C. Plasmid D. Archaea E. Viroid
B
What was the significance of the discovery of filterable viruses? A. It demonstrated that infections could only be caused by cellular, rather than acellular, microbial agents. B. It demonstrated that infections could be caused by agents that were smaller than bacteria. C. It demonstrated that viruses could infect bacteria.
B
When a temperate phage infects a bacterium, giving the bacterium new traits, this is called ______. A. latency B. lysogenic conversion C. the lysogenic cycle
B
When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to______. A. uncoating B. release C. absorption D. penetration
B
Which macromolecule composes capsomeres? A. Lipids B. Proteins C. Nucleic acids D. Carbohydrates
B
Which of the following best describes a prion? A. Obligate aerobe B. Proteinaceous infectious agent C. RNA-based infectious agent D. Obligate intracellular parasite
B
Which of the following best describes the relationship between viruses and their host cell? A. Mutualism B. Parasitism C. Commensalism
B
Which of the following describes the size of most viruses? A. Smaller than 0.2 picometers B. Smaller than 0.2 micrometers C. Smaller than 0.2 nanometers
B
Which of the following is a true statement? A. Viruses and yeast cells are of similar size. B. Viruses are smaller than yeast cells. C. Yeast cells are smaller than viruses.
B
Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome? A. Temperate B. Prophage C. Bacteriophage D. Persistent infection E. Lysogenic
B
Which of the following statements regarding the membrane on an enveloped virus is true? A. The viral envelope is not a lipid bilayer. B. Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane. C. The membrane is identical to the host cell membrane. D. The membrane gives the virus particle a distinct shape.
B
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the size of viruses? A. Most viruses are visible with light microscopy and staining. B. The mimivirus is larger than some bacteria. C. Trillions of viruses can fit into a human cell. D. All viruses are smaller than bacterial cells.
B
Which term describes a nonliving microscopic agent? A. Microbe B. Infectious particle C. Microorganism
B
Which term refers to the persistence of bacteriophages within host cells? A. Latency B. Lysogeny
B
Which type of phage generally can increase the pathogenicity of a bacterium? A. Lytic phage B. Temperate phage
B
Which viral stage occurs first? A. Assembly B. Adsorption C. Penetration D. Synthesis E. Uncoating F. Release
B
A single virion could contain a genome of ______. A. both RNA and DNA B. RNA only C. DNA only D. neither RNA or DNA
B, C
Identify the commonalities between temperate phages and lytic phages. Select all that apply. A. Integration of the viral genome into the host genome B. Adsorption C. Release D. Biosynthesis of viral components E. Assembly F. Penetration
B, C, D, E, F
A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a______. A. prion B. hapten C. virion D. serotype
C
Active viral infections ______ lead to cell death. A. never B. rarely C. usually
C
Bacteriophages can infect which of the following? A. Eukaryotes only B. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes C. Prokaryotes only
C
Genes for synthesizing the viral capsid, for regulating actions of the host cell, and for packaging the mature virus are found in the______ genome. A. bacterial B. eukaryotic C. viral D. host
C
How does bacteriophage nucleic acid enter the host cell? A. Osmosis B. Engulfment C. Injection
C
Identify any of the following which can be used as primary cell lines. A. Adult tissue cells B. Fetal cells C. Any of the answers listed here D. Cancer cells E. Embryonic tissue
C
In this image of a naked virus, the arrow is pointing to its______. blue virus pic A. capsid B. spike C. nucleic acid
C
In which way do enveloped viruses leave their host cell? A. Endocytosis B. Lysis C. Budding D. Fusion E. Rupture
C
Most human viral infections are______. A. lethal B. chronic for life C. self-limiting
C
What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA? A. Reverse viruses (Rev-viruses) B. Autoviruses C. Retroviruses D. RD viruses
C
Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus? A. Envelope B. Spike C. Capsid
C
Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid? A. Protein B. Amino acid C. Capsomere D. Fiber E. Facet
C
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the size of viruses? A. Trillions of viruses can fit into a human cell. B. Most viruses are visible with light microscopy and staining. C. The mimivirus is larger than some bacteria. D. All viruses are smaller than bacterial cells.
C
Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid? A. Cell wall B. Envelope C. Capsid
C
Which term correctly refers to viral bursting of any host cell? A. Plasmolysis B. Hemolysis C. Lysis
C
Which three of the following steps are found in both the animal virus life cycle and the bacteriophage life cycle? A. uncoating B. oncogenesis C. penetration D. adsorption E. assembly
C, D, E
The membrane receptors that viruses attach to during adsorption are typically composed of______. A. phospholipids B. nucleic acid C. lipids D. glycoproteins
D
The virus indicated by the letter A is a(n) ______ virus. picture of both viruses A. crystalline B. enveloped C. living D. naked
D
The virus indicated by the letter B is a(n) ______ virus. 2 Virus Picture A. naked B. living C. crystalline D. enveloped
D
Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance is termed______. A. cellular persistent effect B. cellular pathogenic effect C. cytopathogenic effect D. cytopathic effect
D
Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions? A. Release B. Absorption C. Penetration D. Assembly
D
Which of the following is a term used to describe the different types of cells which a virus can infect? A. Virus range B. Compatible range C. Spread D. Host range
D
Which of the following steps of the animal virus life cycle is not found in the bacteriophage life cycle? A. assembly B. lysis C. adsorption D. penetration E. uncoating
E
A protein subunit that forms the viral capsid describes a(n)_____.
capsomere
Fill in the blank question. The viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus is called_____.
adsoprtion
Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through_______(exocytosis) by enveloped viruses, and through______(rupture) by naked viruses.
budding, lysis
The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the______, a coat of proteins.
capsid
When a phage transfers genes between bacteria it is called______.
transduction
True or false: Bacteriophages can increase the pathogenicity of their bacterial host.
true
True or false: Budding viruses do not lyse the host cell during release.
true
True or false: Embryonic tissue can serve as a primary cell line for viral culture.
true
True or false: Inoculation of laboratory animals is an in vivo method of viral cultivation.
true