Microbiology: Chapter XVIII
Most cases of malaria occur in the continent of:
Africa
The plague is caused by:
Tersinia pestis
The causative agent of Chagas disease is:
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chikunguya virus is endemic in Africa, but as of 2014 has been detected in which two locations?
US and Central America endemic in Africa and recently arrived in the US
Due to the presence of __, the blood is highly protected from infection
WBCs (leukocytes), lymphocytes, and phagocytes
Damage in RBCs in malaria leads to:
anemia
__ results from the rupture of RBCs in the erythrocytic phase of a plasmodium infection
anemia
The principle mode of transmission of malaria is via the female:
anopheles mosquito
Most HIV tests rely on detecting the presence of __ in serum or other body fluids
antibodies
Dengue is also known as "__ fever" due to the severe pain it causes in the muscles and joints.
breakbone
The initial treatment for suspected septicemia is which of the following?
broad-spectrum antimicrobial
Which type of plague enters lymph nodes due to the bite of a flea?
bubonic
In addition to skin lesions, RMSF can affect the __ and the nervous systems of the body
cardiovascular
Vessels in the __ system move fluid in a cyclic pattern, whereas vessels in the __ system transport fluid in only one direction
cardiovascular; lymphatic
Bartonella henselae causes __ and is transmitted by the bite or scratch of a cat
cat-scratch disease (CSD)
__ malaria is a complication of flaciparum malaria in which the small vessels of the brain become blocked by adhering RBCs
cerebral
__ are most often affected by cat-scratch disease
children
__ are the most frequent victims of malaria
children
Most of the hemorrhagic fevers are endemic to the:
eastern hemisphere
The __ have the highest incidence of RMSF in the United States
eastern seaboard regions and southeast
There is no effective treatment for __ or __ fevers, which lead to extreme capillary fragility, although research is being conducted on a vaccine for each
ebola or marburg
In most cases, __ involves the valves of the heart
endocarditis
__ is the inflammation of the endocardium
endocarditis
Which of the following are characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?
endospore former, large gram-positive bacillus, aerobe, and degrades complex macromolecules
__ from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria can cause endotoxic shock when released into the bloodstream
endotoxin
The actual walls of the heart include which three layers?
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
The defining symptom of brucellosis is:
fluctuating fever
It has been difficult to develop a vaccine against malaria because there are __ different species of Plasmodium, each with different life stages and with many variations in antigenic types
four
Which of the following is the causative agent of tularemia?
francisella tularensis
__ is the condition in which fungi are found in the bloodstream
fungemia
HIV can go through a lengthy __ period because it becomes integrated into host cell DNA
latent
The two principal means of prevention for malaria are which of the following?
long-term mosquito abatement and human chemoprophylaxis (prophylactic drugs)
Which of the following represents the most dangerous sign of septicemia?
low blood pressure
What structures are part of the lymphatic system?
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and the spleen
Which of the following are important types of leukocytes?
lymphocytes and phagocytes
The signs/symptoms of malaria include:
malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with/without diarrhea, followed by bouts of chills, fever, and sweating
What disease caused by a protozoan threatens 40% of the world's population?
malaria
Major symptoms/signs of Ebola or Marburg virus infection are:
massive hemorrhaging; rash; bleeding from orifices/mucous membranes
The motile, infective form of Plasmodium that emerges from liver cells after undergoing schizogony in liver cells is called a:
merozoite
The initial symptoms of HIV infection resemble:
mononucleosis
In which host does Plasmodium carry out the sexual phase of its life cycle?
mosquito
The yellow fever virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of a(n) __, an insect that serves as a vector to this disease
mosquito
Many of the hemorrhagic fever diseases are transmitted by:
mosquitoes
Trypanosoma brucei multiplies in which two types of cells?
muscle and blood cells
Which of the following systems possesses normal biota?
neither system (the cardiovascular and lymphatic system are "closed" systems with no normal access to the external environment)
Signs/symptoms related to HIV infection include:
neoplasms, body wasting, generalized lymphadenopathy, opportunistic infections, and neurological disturbances
A disease characterized by high fever, but without hemorrhagic symptoms is classified as a(n):
nonhemorrhagic fever disease
Individuals who are antibody positive for HIV but remain free of the disease are called:
nonprogressors
Most of the causative agents of subacute endocarditis have low pathogenicity and originate in the:
oral cavity
Acute endocarditis is most commonly transmitted via the __ route
parenteral
Which of the following can be an underlying cause of septicemia?
parenteral introduction of the microorganisms via IV lines or surgical procedures, serious UTIs or from renal/prostatic/pancreatic/gallbladder abscesses (organ infectious and spleen malfunction)
What is used to treat anthrax?
penicillin, doxycyxline, or ciprofloxacin (antibiotics)
Populations most at risk for plague in the US are:
persons near wooded areas, veterinatians
Which type of cells are the host cells for the Brucella bacteria?
phagocytic
Members of the genus __ are the causative agents for malaira
plasmodium
The three possible types of plague infection are:
pneumonic plague, bubonic plague, and septicemic plague
Which test is used to definitively diagnose malaria?
presence of pathogen in blood smear
Treatments for HIV can:
prolong life & diminish symptoms
Which prevention is used in susceptible persons to decrease likelihood of subacute endocarditis?
prophylactic antibiotics
__ inhibitors are drugs that block the final assembly and maturation of the virus
protease
Which of the following are the main reservoirs for F. tularensis?
rabbits and rodents (muskrats and ground squirrels), wild animals (skunks, beavers, foxes, oppossums), and some domestic animals are implicated as well
The synchronized rupturing of __ is the reason why symptoms of malaria occur in 48-72 hour intervals
red blood cells
Chagas disease can NOT be transmitted in which of the following ways?
respiratory droplets and sexual transmission
The __ are a group of RNA viruses that have the mechanisms for converting their genome into a double strand of DNA
retroviruses
The enzyme possessed by retroviruses that carries our the copying of RNA to DNA is called:
reverse transcriptase
The causative agent for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is:
rickettsia rickettsii
Diagnosis of Lyme disease can be accomplished through observation of the __ lesion, isolation of __ from the patient, and serological testing
ring-shaped; spirochetes
The reservoir for the Lassa fever virus is a:
rodent
The main reservoirs for the lxodes tick are deer and:
rodents
Infectious mononucleosis is often referred to as the "kissing disease" because the EBV virus is transmitted via __, although transfer through blood transfusion, sexual contact, and organ transplants can also occur
saliva
__ and vaginal secretions have high levels of free virus and infected WBCs and are capable of transmitting HIV
semen and blood
A blood infection resulting in lowered blood pressure and therefore, a reduced amount of blood circulating to viral organs is called:
septic shock
A systemic infection in which microbes are actively multiplying and circulating in the blood is:
septicemia
As plague progresses, it leads to massive bacterial growth in the blood known as:
septicemic shock
The two main modes of transmission for HIV are:
sexual contact and transfer of blood/blood products
IV drug users can reduce the likelihood of contracting HIV through not __ needles or cleaning needles with __
sharing; bleach
Anthrax infections can exhibit their primary symptoms in which systems of the body?
skin (integumentary system), lungs (respiratory system), GI tract (digestive system), and CNS
Brucella enters the human body through which of the following portals of entry?
skin or mucous membranes of the digestive tract, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract
The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Bartonella henselae are:
small gram-negative bacilli
Which of the following are typical signs/symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?
sore throat, high fever, fatigue, sore throat, enlarged spleen, and cervical lymphadenopathy
B. burgdorferi is a large __ with irregular, loose coils and complex nutritional requirements
spirochete
The motile, spindle-shaped asexual cells of Plasmodium that are harbored in the salivary glands of the mosquito and inoculated into the victim during feeding are called:
sporozoites
The most common causative agent for acute forms of endocarditis is:
staphylococcus aureus
The early signs/symptoms of Lyme disease are:
stiff neck, headache, fever, and rash at bite site
__ endocarditis has signs/symptoms that are less severe and slower to develop than the other variation of the disease
subacute
B. burgdorferi evades the immune system by:
switching surface antigens in different hosts
A(n) __ infection is an infection that invades many different organs throughout the body via the cardiovascular system
systemic
Infection with EBV at which stage of life will usually result in infectious mononucleosis?
teens (adolescence)
Anthrax has recently become an important disease in today's world because:
terrorist attacks were launched in 2001 using anthrax spores
The two main virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis are which of the following?
tripartite toxin and capsule
The invasion of RBCs by merozoites converts the cell into a ring-shaped structure called a(n):
trophozoite
Fewer than 50 cells of Tersinia pestis is enough to cause disease
true
What infection is caused by an organism with one of the lowest infectious doses?
tularemia
__, a zoonotic disease, is caused by a highly infectious bacterial parasite and is also known as "rabbit fever"
tularemia
The asymptomatic period following an initial infection with HIV lasts an average of:
two to fifteen years
__ are the primary vector for transmission of Yersinia pestis
fleas
Place these steps in order to demonstrate your understanding of the HIV multiplication cycle:
1. absorption, endocytosis, and uncoating 2. reverse transcription of RNA into DNA 3. integration of DNA into host genome 4. reactivation of the provirus genes 5. production of viral mRNA and translation of HIV mRNA into viral components 6. assembly and budding of new virions
People who have had possible exposure to HIV but have a negative test result should be retested in:
3-6 months later
Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it is estimated that __ million people have died worldwide
30
The target cells of HIV are leukocytes and tissue cells that possess the __ receptor and a co-receptor
CD4
Which synthetic quinine is used to treat non-resistant forms of malaria?
Chloroquine
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors block viral __ synthesis
DNA
Which of the following statements about Ebola are correct?
Ebola is endemic in Africa and the natural reservoir is believed to be bats
The __ virus is linked to infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Why is the length of antibiotic therapy in tularemia important?
F. tularensis can persist in cells and cause relapses
All of the hemorrhagic fever diseases are caused by enveloped __ viruses
RNA
Coxiella burnetii is:
a small, pleomorphic gram-negative bacterium
RMSF is spread by a biological vector, in most cases:
a wood tick
The best prevention for HIV infection is:
abstinence
in __ endocarditis, symptoms have a rapid onset usually due to an overwhelming bacterial challenge in the blood-stream
acute
The two variations of infectious endocarditis are __ endocarditis and __ endocarditis
acute and subacute
AIDS-defining illnesses:
are often caused by harmless microbes that have been living on or in the host for years without causing disease and include infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, as well as certain types of cancer
The three main types of blood vessels in the body are:
arteries, veins, and capillaries
The __ phase of the Plasmodium life cycle is carried out in the human.
asexual
The __ are in the upper chambers of the heart and the __ are in the lower chambers of the heart
atria; ventricles
The main prevention for Lyme disease involves:
avoiding contact with vector
The causative agent of anthrax is:
bacillus anthracis
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood is known as:
bacteremia
Septicemia is most often caused by:
bacteria
__ are the etiological agents for all of the nonhemorrhagic fever diseases
bacteria
Controlling exposure to the malaria vector is accomplished by which of the following?
bed nets, insect repellent sprays, and insecticides used in areas of standing water
Infants can contract HIV through which of the following means?
before (in utero), during birth, or breast feeding
Brucella causes lesions in the:
bone marrow, liver, spleen, and kidney
Non-resistant forms of malaria can be treated with:
chloroquine
The __ phase of Chagas disease lasts for years, and trypanosomes are found in numerous sites around the body
chronic
The main function of the lymphatic system is to __ fluid that has left blood vessels, __ it of impurities and infectious agents, and return it to the blood
collect; filter
Which of the following are not considered modes of transmission for the Lassa fever virus?
considered: droplet contact (aerosolized rodent excretions), direct contact with infected fluids not considered: fomites and insect vectors
Tularemia can be transmitted through which of the following routes?
contact with infected animal, aerosols, and arthropod bite
Humans usually acquire Q fever from:
contaminated animal material and airborne particles
Which are chronic conditions seen in some cases of Lyme disease?
crippling arthritis and neurological complications
Which tests can give a presumptive diagnosis of anthrax?
culturing the bacterium on blood agar and performing a gram stain
Subacute endocarditis is usually preceded by which of the following?
damage to the heart valves or by congenital malformation
What is occurring in the mid to late part of the asymptomatic period of HIV infection?
decrease in CD4 T-cells
Treating mothers with an anti-HIV drug has significantly __ the rate of transmission of HIV from mothers to infants
decreased
The first cell type to become infected with HIV is a(n):
dendritic cell
Within the oral cavity, minor disruptions to the skin and mucous membranes caused by __ procedures or vigorous __ can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream
dental; toothbrushing
The skin lesions seen at the location of the tick bite in Lyme disease are called:
erythema migrans
The __ phase is the phase of plasmodium infection where merozoites invade the RBCs undergo division and differentiation, and eventually burst the RBC
erythrocytic
Brucella bacteria evade the immune system by:
existing inside the phagocytic cells
The newer recommendation call for treatment of HIV-infected individuals to begin as soon as AIDS develops
false
Ticks transmit Q fever to humans
false
The early symptoms of malaria include malaise, __, vague aches, __, and __ accompanied by fevers, chills, and sweating
fatigue; nausea; diarrhea
Th main treatment for infectious mononucleosis consist of relief of __ as well as rest
fever and sore throat
Which of the following represent typical signs/symptoms of septicemia?
fever, altered mental state, shaking chills, GI symptoms, increased breathing rate is exhibited, accompanied by respiratory alkalosis (increased pH due to breathing disorder), Low blood pressure &, inflammatory response
The signs/symptoms of Q fever include:
fever, chills, head and muscle ache, and occasionally a rash. pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis. vascular damage and endocarditis
__ and muscle aches are all early symptoms of RMSF
fever, chills, headache
The signs/symptoms of both forms of endocarditis include:
fever, fatigue, joint pain, edema (feet, legs, and abdomen), weakness, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, petechiae, anemia, and sometimes symptoms similar to myocardial infarction (heart attack, including SOB or chills)
Fuzeon primarily works against HIV preventing:
fusion with host cell membranes
The typical mode of transmission for anthrax in the US is:
handling of infected animal materials
The initial acute symptoms of tularemia include:
headache, backache, fever, chills, coughing, malaise, swollen lymph glands, and weakness
Which cell types are destroyed by HIV?
helper (CD4 or T4) class of lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and B lymphocytes
Complications of malaria include:
hemolytic anemia from lysed blood cells and organ enlargement and rupture due to cellular debris that accumulates in the spleen/liver/and kidneys
Chikungunya is a:
hemorrhagic fever disease
Viral infections characterized by fever and internal bleeding are known as:
hemorrhagic fevers
HIV infections through __ sex have increased while the number of infections through __ sex have declined
heterosexual; homosexual
Besides a positive test for HIV, a person must also meet one of which of the following additional criteria for a diagnosis of AIDS
history of at least one ADI, CD4 count below 200 cells/mm^3, and CD4 cells are less than 14% of lymphocytes
A diagnosis of HIV is contigent upon positive testing for the:
human immunodeficiency virus
Because plasmodium metabolizes glucose at a rapid rate, __ can occur in the human host
hypoglycemia
The colonization of bacteria on the valves of the heart can result in which of the following?
impaired valve function, septicemia, and emboli
The initial acute symptoms of tulaermia DO NOT include:
include: headache, backache, fever, chills, coughing, and weakness do not include: hemorrhaging, diarrhea, stiff neck, bull's eye rash, nausea/vomiting
The signs/symptoms of bubonic plague include:
inflammation and necrosis of the node, resulting in a swollen lesion called a bubo, usually in the groin or axilla, fever, chills, headache, nausea, weakness, and tenderness
__ inhibitors are experimental drugs that may prevent HIV from becoming a provirus and later multiplying in cells
integrase
Septicemia is mainly transmitted via the:
intravenous route
Which of the following can be helpful in diagnosing Lymes disease?
isolation of spirochetes, ELISA tests, characteristic ring-shaped rash, and genetic analysis
The genus of ticks that is responsible for the transmission of lyme disease is:
ixodes
The characteristic sign of yellow fever is:
jaundice
The increased viral load in initial HIV infection drops because:
the antibody immune response is effective at initially decreasing the viral load
Infectious mononucleosis is also known as "mono" and:
the kissing disease
AIDS is defined as:
the late signs/symptoms characteristic of HIV infection
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is named for:
the location where it was first detected
How are the lymphatic and cardiovascular system alike?
they both have vessels extending into most body areas, they have a direct connection between them, and immune cells are found within their cells
Humans should be vaccinated against anthrax if:
they have occupational contact with livestock or products and if they are military personnel
Which of the following are challenges to effective treatment for HIV?
to make current drugs more widely available and to develop affordable drugs and delivery mechanisms
If any microbes are found in the cardiovascular system, they are:
transient
Which symptoms/signs appear in the later stages of tularemia?
ulcerative skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation, sore throat, intestinal disruption, and pulmonary involvement
Sexually active partners can reduce their risk for contracting HIV through:
using a condom for every sexually encounter, maintaining a monogamous sex lifestyle, and screening potential sex partners
Prosthetic heart __ often cause endocarditis because they must be surgically implant and can serve as a surface upon which bacteria can colonize
valves
__ is the condition in which viruses are found in the blood-stream
viremia
The __ is used as the follow-up test to confirm an HIV diagnosis
western blot