Microbiology: Chapter XVIII

Most cases of malaria occur in the continent of:

Africa

The plague is caused by:

Tersinia pestis

The causative agent of Chagas disease is:

Trypanosoma cruzi

Chikunguya virus is endemic in Africa, but as of 2014 has been detected in which two locations?

US and Central America endemic in Africa and recently arrived in the US

Due to the presence of __, the blood is highly protected from infection

WBCs (leukocytes), lymphocytes, and phagocytes

Damage in RBCs in malaria leads to:

anemia

__ results from the rupture of RBCs in the erythrocytic phase of a plasmodium infection

anemia

The principle mode of transmission of malaria is via the female:

anopheles mosquito

Most HIV tests rely on detecting the presence of __ in serum or other body fluids

antibodies

Dengue is also known as "__ fever" due to the severe pain it causes in the muscles and joints.

breakbone

The initial treatment for suspected septicemia is which of the following?

broad-spectrum antimicrobial

Which type of plague enters lymph nodes due to the bite of a flea?

bubonic

In addition to skin lesions, RMSF can affect the __ and the nervous systems of the body

cardiovascular

Vessels in the __ system move fluid in a cyclic pattern, whereas vessels in the __ system transport fluid in only one direction

cardiovascular; lymphatic

Bartonella henselae causes __ and is transmitted by the bite or scratch of a cat

cat-scratch disease (CSD)

__ malaria is a complication of flaciparum malaria in which the small vessels of the brain become blocked by adhering RBCs

cerebral

__ are most often affected by cat-scratch disease

children

__ are the most frequent victims of malaria

children

Most of the hemorrhagic fevers are endemic to the:

eastern hemisphere

The __ have the highest incidence of RMSF in the United States

eastern seaboard regions and southeast

There is no effective treatment for __ or __ fevers, which lead to extreme capillary fragility, although research is being conducted on a vaccine for each

ebola or marburg

In most cases, __ involves the valves of the heart

endocarditis

__ is the inflammation of the endocardium

endocarditis

Which of the following are characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

endospore former, large gram-positive bacillus, aerobe, and degrades complex macromolecules

__ from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria can cause endotoxic shock when released into the bloodstream

endotoxin

The actual walls of the heart include which three layers?

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

The defining symptom of brucellosis is:

fluctuating fever

It has been difficult to develop a vaccine against malaria because there are __ different species of Plasmodium, each with different life stages and with many variations in antigenic types

four

Which of the following is the causative agent of tularemia?

francisella tularensis

__ is the condition in which fungi are found in the bloodstream

fungemia

HIV can go through a lengthy __ period because it becomes integrated into host cell DNA

latent

The two principal means of prevention for malaria are which of the following?

long-term mosquito abatement and human chemoprophylaxis (prophylactic drugs)

Which of the following represents the most dangerous sign of septicemia?

low blood pressure

What structures are part of the lymphatic system?

lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and the spleen

Which of the following are important types of leukocytes?

lymphocytes and phagocytes

The signs/symptoms of malaria include:

malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with/without diarrhea, followed by bouts of chills, fever, and sweating

What disease caused by a protozoan threatens 40% of the world's population?

malaria

Major symptoms/signs of Ebola or Marburg virus infection are:

massive hemorrhaging; rash; bleeding from orifices/mucous membranes

The motile, infective form of Plasmodium that emerges from liver cells after undergoing schizogony in liver cells is called a:

merozoite

The initial symptoms of HIV infection resemble:

mononucleosis

In which host does Plasmodium carry out the sexual phase of its life cycle?

mosquito

The yellow fever virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of a(n) __, an insect that serves as a vector to this disease

mosquito

Many of the hemorrhagic fever diseases are transmitted by:

mosquitoes

Trypanosoma brucei multiplies in which two types of cells?

muscle and blood cells

Which of the following systems possesses normal biota?

neither system (the cardiovascular and lymphatic system are "closed" systems with no normal access to the external environment)

Signs/symptoms related to HIV infection include:

neoplasms, body wasting, generalized lymphadenopathy, opportunistic infections, and neurological disturbances

A disease characterized by high fever, but without hemorrhagic symptoms is classified as a(n):

nonhemorrhagic fever disease

Individuals who are antibody positive for HIV but remain free of the disease are called:

nonprogressors

Most of the causative agents of subacute endocarditis have low pathogenicity and originate in the:

oral cavity

Acute endocarditis is most commonly transmitted via the __ route

parenteral

Which of the following can be an underlying cause of septicemia?

parenteral introduction of the microorganisms via IV lines or surgical procedures, serious UTIs or from renal/prostatic/pancreatic/gallbladder abscesses (organ infectious and spleen malfunction)

What is used to treat anthrax?

penicillin, doxycyxline, or ciprofloxacin (antibiotics)

Populations most at risk for plague in the US are:

persons near wooded areas, veterinatians

Which type of cells are the host cells for the Brucella bacteria?

phagocytic

Members of the genus __ are the causative agents for malaira

plasmodium

The three possible types of plague infection are:

pneumonic plague, bubonic plague, and septicemic plague

Which test is used to definitively diagnose malaria?

presence of pathogen in blood smear

Treatments for HIV can:

prolong life & diminish symptoms

Which prevention is used in susceptible persons to decrease likelihood of subacute endocarditis?

prophylactic antibiotics

__ inhibitors are drugs that block the final assembly and maturation of the virus

protease

Which of the following are the main reservoirs for F. tularensis?

rabbits and rodents (muskrats and ground squirrels), wild animals (skunks, beavers, foxes, oppossums), and some domestic animals are implicated as well

The synchronized rupturing of __ is the reason why symptoms of malaria occur in 48-72 hour intervals

red blood cells

Chagas disease can NOT be transmitted in which of the following ways?

respiratory droplets and sexual transmission

The __ are a group of RNA viruses that have the mechanisms for converting their genome into a double strand of DNA

retroviruses

The enzyme possessed by retroviruses that carries our the copying of RNA to DNA is called:

reverse transcriptase

The causative agent for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is:

rickettsia rickettsii

Diagnosis of Lyme disease can be accomplished through observation of the __ lesion, isolation of __ from the patient, and serological testing

ring-shaped; spirochetes

The reservoir for the Lassa fever virus is a:

rodent

The main reservoirs for the lxodes tick are deer and:

rodents

Infectious mononucleosis is often referred to as the "kissing disease" because the EBV virus is transmitted via __, although transfer through blood transfusion, sexual contact, and organ transplants can also occur

saliva

__ and vaginal secretions have high levels of free virus and infected WBCs and are capable of transmitting HIV

semen and blood

A blood infection resulting in lowered blood pressure and therefore, a reduced amount of blood circulating to viral organs is called:

septic shock

A systemic infection in which microbes are actively multiplying and circulating in the blood is:

septicemia

As plague progresses, it leads to massive bacterial growth in the blood known as:

septicemic shock

The two main modes of transmission for HIV are:

sexual contact and transfer of blood/blood products

IV drug users can reduce the likelihood of contracting HIV through not __ needles or cleaning needles with __

sharing; bleach

Anthrax infections can exhibit their primary symptoms in which systems of the body?

skin (integumentary system), lungs (respiratory system), GI tract (digestive system), and CNS

Brucella enters the human body through which of the following portals of entry?

skin or mucous membranes of the digestive tract, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract

The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of Bartonella henselae are:

small gram-negative bacilli

Which of the following are typical signs/symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

sore throat, high fever, fatigue, sore throat, enlarged spleen, and cervical lymphadenopathy

B. burgdorferi is a large __ with irregular, loose coils and complex nutritional requirements

spirochete

The motile, spindle-shaped asexual cells of Plasmodium that are harbored in the salivary glands of the mosquito and inoculated into the victim during feeding are called:

sporozoites

The most common causative agent for acute forms of endocarditis is:

staphylococcus aureus

The early signs/symptoms of Lyme disease are:

stiff neck, headache, fever, and rash at bite site

__ endocarditis has signs/symptoms that are less severe and slower to develop than the other variation of the disease

subacute

B. burgdorferi evades the immune system by:

switching surface antigens in different hosts

A(n) __ infection is an infection that invades many different organs throughout the body via the cardiovascular system

systemic

Infection with EBV at which stage of life will usually result in infectious mononucleosis?

teens (adolescence)

Anthrax has recently become an important disease in today's world because:

terrorist attacks were launched in 2001 using anthrax spores

The two main virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis are which of the following?

tripartite toxin and capsule

The invasion of RBCs by merozoites converts the cell into a ring-shaped structure called a(n):

trophozoite

Fewer than 50 cells of Tersinia pestis is enough to cause disease

true

What infection is caused by an organism with one of the lowest infectious doses?

tularemia

__, a zoonotic disease, is caused by a highly infectious bacterial parasite and is also known as "rabbit fever"

tularemia

The asymptomatic period following an initial infection with HIV lasts an average of:

two to fifteen years

__ are the primary vector for transmission of Yersinia pestis

fleas

Place these steps in order to demonstrate your understanding of the HIV multiplication cycle:

1. absorption, endocytosis, and uncoating 2. reverse transcription of RNA into DNA 3. integration of DNA into host genome 4. reactivation of the provirus genes 5. production of viral mRNA and translation of HIV mRNA into viral components 6. assembly and budding of new virions

People who have had possible exposure to HIV but have a negative test result should be retested in:

3-6 months later

Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it is estimated that __ million people have died worldwide

30

The target cells of HIV are leukocytes and tissue cells that possess the __ receptor and a co-receptor

CD4

Which synthetic quinine is used to treat non-resistant forms of malaria?

Chloroquine

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors block viral __ synthesis

DNA

Which of the following statements about Ebola are correct?

Ebola is endemic in Africa and the natural reservoir is believed to be bats

The __ virus is linked to infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Why is the length of antibiotic therapy in tularemia important?

F. tularensis can persist in cells and cause relapses

All of the hemorrhagic fever diseases are caused by enveloped __ viruses

RNA

Coxiella burnetii is:

a small, pleomorphic gram-negative bacterium

RMSF is spread by a biological vector, in most cases:

a wood tick

The best prevention for HIV infection is:

abstinence

in __ endocarditis, symptoms have a rapid onset usually due to an overwhelming bacterial challenge in the blood-stream

acute

The two variations of infectious endocarditis are __ endocarditis and __ endocarditis

acute and subacute

AIDS-defining illnesses:

are often caused by harmless microbes that have been living on or in the host for years without causing disease and include infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, as well as certain types of cancer

The three main types of blood vessels in the body are:

arteries, veins, and capillaries

The __ phase of the Plasmodium life cycle is carried out in the human.

asexual

The __ are in the upper chambers of the heart and the __ are in the lower chambers of the heart

atria; ventricles

The main prevention for Lyme disease involves:

avoiding contact with vector

The causative agent of anthrax is:

bacillus anthracis

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood is known as:

bacteremia

Septicemia is most often caused by:

bacteria

__ are the etiological agents for all of the nonhemorrhagic fever diseases

bacteria

Controlling exposure to the malaria vector is accomplished by which of the following?

bed nets, insect repellent sprays, and insecticides used in areas of standing water

Infants can contract HIV through which of the following means?

before (in utero), during birth, or breast feeding

Brucella causes lesions in the:

bone marrow, liver, spleen, and kidney

Non-resistant forms of malaria can be treated with:

chloroquine

The __ phase of Chagas disease lasts for years, and trypanosomes are found in numerous sites around the body

chronic

The main function of the lymphatic system is to __ fluid that has left blood vessels, __ it of impurities and infectious agents, and return it to the blood

collect; filter

Which of the following are not considered modes of transmission for the Lassa fever virus?

considered: droplet contact (aerosolized rodent excretions), direct contact with infected fluids not considered: fomites and insect vectors

Tularemia can be transmitted through which of the following routes?

contact with infected animal, aerosols, and arthropod bite

Humans usually acquire Q fever from:

contaminated animal material and airborne particles

Which are chronic conditions seen in some cases of Lyme disease?

crippling arthritis and neurological complications

Which tests can give a presumptive diagnosis of anthrax?

culturing the bacterium on blood agar and performing a gram stain

Subacute endocarditis is usually preceded by which of the following?

damage to the heart valves or by congenital malformation

What is occurring in the mid to late part of the asymptomatic period of HIV infection?

decrease in CD4 T-cells

Treating mothers with an anti-HIV drug has significantly __ the rate of transmission of HIV from mothers to infants

decreased

The first cell type to become infected with HIV is a(n):

dendritic cell

Within the oral cavity, minor disruptions to the skin and mucous membranes caused by __ procedures or vigorous __ can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream

dental; toothbrushing

The skin lesions seen at the location of the tick bite in Lyme disease are called:

erythema migrans

The __ phase is the phase of plasmodium infection where merozoites invade the RBCs undergo division and differentiation, and eventually burst the RBC

erythrocytic

Brucella bacteria evade the immune system by:

existing inside the phagocytic cells

The newer recommendation call for treatment of HIV-infected individuals to begin as soon as AIDS develops

false

Ticks transmit Q fever to humans

false

The early symptoms of malaria include malaise, __, vague aches, __, and __ accompanied by fevers, chills, and sweating

fatigue; nausea; diarrhea

Th main treatment for infectious mononucleosis consist of relief of __ as well as rest

fever and sore throat

Which of the following represent typical signs/symptoms of septicemia?

fever, altered mental state, shaking chills, GI symptoms, increased breathing rate is exhibited, accompanied by respiratory alkalosis (increased pH due to breathing disorder), Low blood pressure &, inflammatory response

The signs/symptoms of Q fever include:

fever, chills, head and muscle ache, and occasionally a rash. pneumonitis, hepatitis, and endocarditis. vascular damage and endocarditis

__ and muscle aches are all early symptoms of RMSF

fever, chills, headache

The signs/symptoms of both forms of endocarditis include:

fever, fatigue, joint pain, edema (feet, legs, and abdomen), weakness, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, petechiae, anemia, and sometimes symptoms similar to myocardial infarction (heart attack, including SOB or chills)

Fuzeon primarily works against HIV preventing:

fusion with host cell membranes

The typical mode of transmission for anthrax in the US is:

handling of infected animal materials

The initial acute symptoms of tularemia include:

headache, backache, fever, chills, coughing, malaise, swollen lymph glands, and weakness

Which cell types are destroyed by HIV?

helper (CD4 or T4) class of lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and B lymphocytes

Complications of malaria include:

hemolytic anemia from lysed blood cells and organ enlargement and rupture due to cellular debris that accumulates in the spleen/liver/and kidneys

Chikungunya is a:

hemorrhagic fever disease

Viral infections characterized by fever and internal bleeding are known as:

hemorrhagic fevers

HIV infections through __ sex have increased while the number of infections through __ sex have declined

heterosexual; homosexual

Besides a positive test for HIV, a person must also meet one of which of the following additional criteria for a diagnosis of AIDS

history of at least one ADI, CD4 count below 200 cells/mm^3, and CD4 cells are less than 14% of lymphocytes

A diagnosis of HIV is contigent upon positive testing for the:

human immunodeficiency virus

Because plasmodium metabolizes glucose at a rapid rate, __ can occur in the human host

hypoglycemia

The colonization of bacteria on the valves of the heart can result in which of the following?

impaired valve function, septicemia, and emboli

The initial acute symptoms of tulaermia DO NOT include:

include: headache, backache, fever, chills, coughing, and weakness do not include: hemorrhaging, diarrhea, stiff neck, bull's eye rash, nausea/vomiting

The signs/symptoms of bubonic plague include:

inflammation and necrosis of the node, resulting in a swollen lesion called a bubo, usually in the groin or axilla, fever, chills, headache, nausea, weakness, and tenderness

__ inhibitors are experimental drugs that may prevent HIV from becoming a provirus and later multiplying in cells

integrase

Septicemia is mainly transmitted via the:

intravenous route

Which of the following can be helpful in diagnosing Lymes disease?

isolation of spirochetes, ELISA tests, characteristic ring-shaped rash, and genetic analysis

The genus of ticks that is responsible for the transmission of lyme disease is:

ixodes

The characteristic sign of yellow fever is:

jaundice

The increased viral load in initial HIV infection drops because:

the antibody immune response is effective at initially decreasing the viral load

Infectious mononucleosis is also known as "mono" and:

the kissing disease

AIDS is defined as:

the late signs/symptoms characteristic of HIV infection

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is named for:

the location where it was first detected

How are the lymphatic and cardiovascular system alike?

they both have vessels extending into most body areas, they have a direct connection between them, and immune cells are found within their cells

Humans should be vaccinated against anthrax if:

they have occupational contact with livestock or products and if they are military personnel

Which of the following are challenges to effective treatment for HIV?

to make current drugs more widely available and to develop affordable drugs and delivery mechanisms

If any microbes are found in the cardiovascular system, they are:

transient

Which symptoms/signs appear in the later stages of tularemia?

ulcerative skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation, sore throat, intestinal disruption, and pulmonary involvement

Sexually active partners can reduce their risk for contracting HIV through:

using a condom for every sexually encounter, maintaining a monogamous sex lifestyle, and screening potential sex partners

Prosthetic heart __ often cause endocarditis because they must be surgically implant and can serve as a surface upon which bacteria can colonize

valves

__ is the condition in which viruses are found in the blood-stream

viremia

The __ is used as the follow-up test to confirm an HIV diagnosis

western blot